US History Chapter 16de ju
Abington School District v. Schempp
(1963) Prayer in classrooms was determined to be in violation of the First Amendment.
Reynolds v. Sims
14th amendment requires state legislative districts reflect fair "one person, one vote" rule
black panthers
A black political organization that was against peaceful protest and for violence if needed. The organization marked a shift in policy of the black movement, favoring militant ideals rather than peaceful protest.
Gideon v. Wainwright
A person who cannot afford an attorney may have one appointed by the government
affirmative action
A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities
affrimative action
A policy in educational admissions or job hiring that gives special attention or compensatory treatment to traditionally disadvantaged groups in an effort to overcome present effects of past discrimination.
Boynton v. Virginia
Banned segregation in facilities associated with interstate travel, this will include bus stations, airports, restaurants along the interstate.
McLaurin v. Oklahoma
Minority student with a graduate degree who wanted a doctorate, applied and went to school and was told he could not attend that class but there would be another class at another time for him. Ruling was once admitted to a graduate school, you couldn't discriminate.
describe the purpose of the president's commission on the status of women
Established the President's Commission on the Status of Women, Blue ribbon panel that studied how poverty and discrimination affected women
mapp v. ohio
Established the exclusionary rule was applicable to the states (evidence seized illegally cannot be used in court)
what did president kennedy call for in his televised address to the nation on june 11, 1963
That evening, President Kennedy delivered a moving televised address Calling civil rights a moral issue, he declared that the nation had an obligation to fulfill its promise of giving all Americans equal rights and equal opportunities He sent to congress a proposal for sweeping civil rights legislation
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
Segregated law school in Texas was held to be an illegal violation of civil rights, leading to open enrollment.
explain how many white americans percieved the black power movement
Whites believed it meant violence
WHERE and WAYS african americans faced de facto segregation
denied housing, employment, higher rates of poverty, lower life expectancy
explain the significance of the ratificaiton of the 24th amendment
ended poll taxes
medicare
federal program created in 1965 to provide basic hospital insurance to most Americans age 65 and over
medicaid
federal program created in 1965 to provide low-cost health insurance to poor americans of any age
immigration and nationality act of 1965
law that changed the national quota system to limits of 170,000 immigrants per year from the Eastern Hemisphere and 120,000 per year from the Western Hemisphere
civil rights act of 1957
law that established a federal civil rights commission to investigate violations of civil rights
what happened in the race riot that occurred in the watts neghborhoods of LA
less than a week after Johnson singed the voting Rights Act, a violent mob erupted in the neighborhood of Watts in LA Violence, looting, arson, spread for several days
controversy over these two cases
some people beleive that relgion is wrong and others believe it is okay
what branch of government did the NAACO turn to to try and accomplish goals
supreme court (judicial)
Filibuster
tactic by which senators give long speeches to hold up legislative business
describe how the televised presidential debates impacted the election of 1960 and identify how people listening on the radio percieved it
those watching on tv clearly though Kennedy won but those listening on the radio thought Nixon won
Brown v. Board of Education
1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.
freedom ride
1961 protest by activists who rode buses through southern states to test their compliance with the ban on segregation on interstate buses
March on Washington
1963 demonstration in which more than 200,000 people rallied for economic equality and civil rights
equal pay act
1963 law that required both men and women to receive equal pay for equal work
freedom summer
1964 effort to register African American voters in Mississippi
civil rights act
1964 law that banned discrimination in public places and employment based on race, religion, or national origin
Escobedo v. Illinois
1964--Ruled that a defendant must be allowed access to a lawyer before questioning by police.
explain the signifcance of the elementary and secondary education act
1965 elementary and secondary education act was designed to aid schools in poorer communities Provided federal funds to improve school libraries, learning centers, language laboratories, services in impoverished school districts Increased funding for Indian, inner-city, Mexican American schools
Tinker v. Des Moines (1969)
1969 supreme court case in which the court ruled that the right to free speech extended to other types of expression besides the spoken word
Hernandez v. Texas
A 1954 Supreme Court decision that extended protection against discrimination to Hispanics.
space race
A competition of space exploration between the United States and Soviet Union.
medicare
A federal program of health insurance for persons 65 years of age and older
nation of islam
A group of militant Black Americans who profess Islamic religious beliefs and advocate independence for Black Americans
black power
A slogan used to reflect solidarity and racial consciousness, used by Malcolm X. It meant that equality could not be given, but had to be seized by a powerful, organized Black community.
when and where was MLK assasinated
April 4th outside his hotel room
describe how the public safety commissioner for birmingham bull connor responed to the continued protests and demonstrations by african americans in birmingham
Birminham's Public Safety Commissioner, woud not tolerate the demonstrations any longer He used police dogs and fire hoses on the protestors
identify and describe the significan civil rights legislation the president johnson was able to get through congress
Civil rights act - 1964 law that banned discrimination in public places and employment based on race, religion, or national origin
describe the significance of the civil rights act of 1964
Civil rights acts of 1964 - outlawed discrimination in public places and employment bases on race, religion, on national origin The act also allowed the Justice Department to prosecute individuals who violated people's civil rights and outlawed discrimination in employment on account of race, color, sex, or national origin It also established the Equal Employment Oppotunity Commssion, which is responsible for enforcing these provisions and investigating charges of job discrimination
explain why some people were highly critical of the supreme court and the decisios they arrived at
Critics complained that the court interpreted the constitution too closely, taking their judicial interpretation too far They believe they extended their interpretation beyond the framers intent
identify and describe the differing goals of barry goldwater
Goldwater believed that the federal government was the problem He promised to reduce the federal government's size and restrict its activities Favored tract cuts, Opposed social welfare legislation Spending on education Public housing Urban renewal programs
deficit spending
Government practice of spending more than it takes in from taxes
describe the ideas and teachings of the nation of islam
He preached a message of self-reliance and self-protection
summarize malcom X's time with the nation of islam
He preached a message of self-reliance and self-protection He called for black pride and spread the idea of black nationalism In 1964, he broke away from islam and formed his own orgination After his trip to mecca he was willing to have little acceptance of whites In february 1965 he was shot and killed and 3 memebrs of the Nation of Islam were convicted of the murder
brown v. board of education of topeka 2
In Brown II, the court called for the implementation of its decision "with all deliberate speed" across the nation
who won the elction on 1960
JFK
explain the importance of JFK selecting LBJ as his vice
JFK needed LBJ because he wanted the mexican vote and it make them both look better
new fronteir
JFK's liberal legislative agenda to increase education, health insurance amd creating a Department of Urban Affairs
who killed MLK
James Earl Ray
When did the US land on the moon?
July 20, 1969. Neil Armstrong
identify and describe ways in which president kennedy was going to advance the civil rights of african americans
Kennedy pursued a timid approach toward civil rights He had little influence in congress or even complete partisan support Didn't want to again his party African Americans challenged segregation in the south 1961 freedom rides 1963 MLK took the civil rights to Alabama 1963, Kennedy introduced a civil rights bill that demanded prosecution for voting-rights violations and federal money to aid school desegregation
describe how presidnet kennedy and the federal governmetn assisted those participating in the freedom rides
Kennedy took action to stem the violence against the freedom riders Police and state troopers agreed to protect the riders The federal transportation commission also issued an order mandating the desegregation of interstate transportation
Why did MLK go to Memphis in 1968?
King went to Memphis to offer his assistance to sanitation workers who were striking for better wages and working conditions On April 3, king addressed his collowers and referred to the threats that had been made against his life
when was president kennedy assissinated and by who
Lee Harvey Oswald killed Kennedy in Dallas Texas during a parade
who became president after kennedy
Lyndon B. Johnson
who won the election of 1964
Lyndon B. Johnson
explain why many americans became outraged at the treatment of the nonviolent protesters in birmingham
Many americans were shocked by photographs and news coverages of nonviolent protesters set upon by dogs and overwhlemed by the powerful jets of water from fire hoses
explain why the march on washington was to occur
March on Washington, in full March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, political demonstration held in Washington, D.C., in 1963 by civil rights leaders to protest racial discrimination and to show support for major civil rights legislation that was pending in Congress.
explain why there was tension between state governmentes and the federal government when it came to desegregating schools
Most southerners had no intention of desegregating their schools without a fight In 1956, about 100 southern members of Congress endorsed "the southern manifesto" They pledged o oppose the Brown ruling through all "lawful means" The Ku Klux klan staged a revival Many prominent white southerners and businessmen organized "White Citizens Councils" that declared that the south would not be integrated
candidates of the 1960 election
Nixon and JFK
places segregated in the south
Officials enforced segregation of schools, hospitals, transportation, restaurants, cemeteries, and beaches
describe the significant action teken by four young african americans at a woolworht's store in north carolina
On February 1, 1960, four african american college students ordered doughnuts and coffee at a Wooworths lunch counter in Greensboro, North Carolina Whites refused to serve them In the south, nearly all restaurants refused to serve to blacks To protest this discrimination, the four students sat down on the stools at the lunch counter, where they stayed until close
describe how president kennedy utilitzed the federal government to make sure two african american students could attend the university of alabama
On June 11, 1963, in order to facilitate the registration of Malone and Hood, Kennedy ordered the secretary of defense to call up the Alabama national guard This forced Wallace to back down He stepped aside and allowed the two students to enter the University
what occurred during the montomery bus boycott and explain its impact
Over the next few days, a core of civil rights activists in Montgomery organized a one-day bus boycott They called upon the black community to refuse to ride the buses as a way to express their opposition to Parks's arrest Her choice to not give up her seat was an effective form of nonviolent protests and an influential moment in the civil rights movement's struggle for the equality of political rights
explain the purpose of the formation of the kerner commission and why their findings were controversial
Presdient Johnson established the National Advisory Commision on Civil Disorders to determine the causes of the riots It decied the long term racial discrimination was the cause They recommend establishing and expanding federal programs to overcome problems of America's urban ghettos Conservatives said that this rewarded the rioters
great society
President Johnson called his version of the Democratic reform program the Great Society. In 1965, Congress passed many Great Society measures, including Medicare, civil rights legislation, and federal aid to education.
war on poverty
President Lyndon B. Johnson's program in the 1960's to provide greater social services for the poor and elderly
great society
President Lyndon Johnson's goals in the areas of health care, education, the environment, discrimination, and poverty
war on poverty
President Lyndon Johnson's programs aimed at aiding the country's poor through education, job training, proper health care, and nutrition
Warren Commssion
Presidents Commission on the assassination of President Kennedy established by Lyndon B. Johnson in 1963 to investigate assassination
what key action did rosa parks take in montgomery
Rosa Parks boarded a bus in Montgomery, Alabam, and sat down in an empty seat The bus driver requested that she give up her seat to a white passenger Montgomery law required African American passengers to give up their seats to whites After she reduced to obey the law she was arrested
de facto segregation
Segregation resulting from economic or social conditions or personal choice.
goals of the student nonviolent coordinating committee
She helped the young activist to establish a new civil rights organization, the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, or SNCC Stuent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee - grass-roots movement founded in 1960 by young civil rights activists
silent spring and unsafe at any speed
Silent Spring detailed how chemical fertilizers and pesticides were damaging the fragile ecosystem Unsafe at Any Speed attacked the automotive industry for its lack of concern for passenger safety Both books helped foster environmental consumer activity and led to several important pieces of legislation
what major roadblocks did african americans encounter in the south when it came to thier right to vote
South used literacy tests, poll taxes, and intimidation to keep blacks from voting
How did Baker v. Carr effect voting?
State legislatures became more fairly elected
Tinker v. Des Moines
Students have the right to symbolic speech at school as long as it is not disruptive
Miranda v. Arizona
Supreme Court held that criminal suspects must be informed of their right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination prior to questioning by police.
warren court
Supreme Court of the 1960s under Chief Justice Earl Warren, whose decisions supported civil rights
Engel v. Vitale
The 1962 Supreme Court decision holding that state officials violated the First Amendment when they wrote a prayer to be recited by New York's schoolchildren.
describe the significance of the creation of the southern christian leadership conference by dr. king and minister ralph abernathy
The SCLC went on to organize a series of protests, including a Prayer Pilgrimage in Washington D.C. Which helped convince congress to pass civil rights legislation
why was MLK arrested in birmingham alabama on april 12, 1963
The campaign began nonviolently at first with protest marches and sit-ins City officials got a court order prohibiting the demonstations On Good Friday, April 12, 1963, King decided to violate the order and join the demonstration personally
New Frontier
The campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election. He promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights.
accomplishments of the civil rights movement and some areas they still wanted to make gains
The civil rights movement succeeded in eliminating legal segregation and knocking down barriers to African American voting and participation in the political precess African american poverty rates fell Median income rose Number of graduated rose Appointment of judge thurgood Marshall to the supreme court in 1967 signified real progress After King's murder congress passed the Fair housing Act that banned discrimination in housing
twenty-fourth amendment
The constitutional amendment passed in 1964 that declared poll taxes void in federal elections.
explain why many people are critical of the decisions reached by the supreme court in these cases
The decisions divided people and some supported the government and others were against it
what goals did the freedom riders achieve
The freedom riders achieved their immediate goal They compelled a reluctant federal government to act By refusing to allow violent mobs to deter them, the riders also displayed that intimidation would not defeat the movement
Who was Thurgood Marshall?
The lead attorney for the NAACP in the Brown v. Board of Education case. First african american on supreme court
summarize the events that took place in regards to the integreation of ecentral high school in little rock in 1957
The little rock school board had established a plan to gradually desegregate its schools, beginning with Central High School Nine young African students volunteered to enroll When the nine students arrived at Central high school, the soldiers blocked their way None of them gained entrance to the school that day
explain the significance of the march on washington
The march on washington was one of the largest political demonstrations in U.S. History It increased awareness of the movement and built momentum for the passage of civil rights legislation
describe some of the immediate and long term significance of the moon landing
The space programs innovations improved American's quality of life Today some cordless tools use the same technology astronauts used Manufacturers of athletic schools applied high-tech features found in astronaut boots Memory foam, enriched baby food, freeze-drying technology
how did the supreme court weaken the heart of the voting rights act of 1965 in 2013
The supreme court redefined the scope of the act's provisions It ruled the first district in North Carolina to elect and African American to congress was shaped in a way that violated the rights of white voters In 2013, th court weakend the heart of the action The court released nine states from federal supervision
who were the black panthers and waht they did for neighborhoods
They organized armed patrols of neighborhoods to protect people from police brutality Also created antipoverty programs Gained national attention when they entered the state capitol in Sacramento carrying guns and wearing leather jacks to protest their rights to bear arms Some changed their name to celebrate their black heritage Panthers miltancy often led to violent confrontations with police
what was one way in which the federal courts sought to desegregate schools
To achieve desegregated schools, the federal court had ordered to use or forced busing Nixon criticized busing as a means of attaining racial balance
voting rights act of 1965
a law designed to help end formal and informal barriers to African-American suffrage
explain the significance of the passage of the civil rights act of 1957
a law that established a federal Civil Rights Commission to investigate violations of civil rights It empowered the U.S> attorney general to bring lawsuits to address civil rights violations The law also gave the Attorney General greater power to protect the voting rights of African Americans
Economic Opportunity Act
a law, enacted in 1964, that provided funds for youth programs, antipoverty measures, small-business loans, and job training
freedom rides
a series of political protests against segregation by Blacks and Whites who rode buses together through the American South in 1961
Warren Commission
committee that investigated the assassination of President Kennedy
Kerner Commission
created in July, 1967 by President Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the causes of the 1967 race riots in the United States
problems that african americans had to deal with compared to white citizens
crime, poverty, unemployment, racism
sit-in
form of protest during which participants sit and refuse to move
goals of the Congress of Racial Equality and describe ways in which they hoped to acheive those goals
goal of ending discriminatory policies and improving relations between races. Its members were deeply influenced by the teaching of Henry David Thoreau and Mohandas Gandhi about the use of nonviolent protection to confront justice Core organized nonviolent protests such as sit-ins against segregation in public facilities in Chicago, Detroit, Denver, and other northern cities
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee
grass-roots movement founded in 1960 by young civil rights activists
de jure segregation
segregation imposed by the law
what significant exectuive order did Presidnet Truman sign in 1948
he signed exectuve order (9981) which desegregated the military
explain why presdient kennedy was slow in advancing the civil rights of african americans
he was more worried about the col dwar at the time
describe the skills that LBJ possessed that made him a good politican
he was very good at talking to peole and could get his way. Very convincing
ricks of those who went on freedom rides
jail, fights, brutality, death
economic opporunity act
law passed in 1964 creating antipoverty programs
voting rights act
law that banned literacy tests and empowered the federal government to oversee voter registration
describe the signifcance of the march from selma
n 1965m MLK and the SCLC organized a campaign in Selma Alabama to pressure the federal government to enact voting rights legislation First 3 confrontations took place on March 7, 1965 (black sunday) Heavily armed state troopers and other authorities attacked marchers On March 15, President Johnson went on tv and called for a strong federal voting rights law Historically it had been left to the states but johnson felt it was necessary
sit-in
nonviolent protests in which a person sits and refuses to leave
Civil Rights Act of 1964
outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin
Judicial Interpretation
practice by which the courts expand and apply the Constitution's intent beyond the meaning of its written words
de jure segregation
segregation by law
de facto segregation
segregation by unwritten custom or tradition
by what date did president kennedy want to land on the moon
the end of the 60's
medicade
the government insurance program for low-income individuals & familys that is funded both by the federal government & each individual state
identify the significant messages/ideas of barry goldwater that suck in the minds of many americans and would later be transformative
the idea of smaller government would influence ronald regan, who would run for presidnet and win
explain the significance of the plessy v. ferguson case (1896)
the supreme court ruled that segregation was legal as long as they were "seperate but equal"
some problems facing medicare and medicaid today
there are too many people and health expensives are not cheap
how did americans react to kennedy's assassination
they were very sad
identify the stance of alabama governor george wallace on segregation
we wanted segregation now and forever
