U.S. History Chapter 17
Platt Amendment
The Platt Amendment stipulated that the Cuban government could not enter and foreign agreements, must allow the United States to establish naval bases as needed on the island, and must give the United States the right to intervene whenever necessary.
Great White Fleet
A force of United States Navy ships that undertook a world cruise in 1907
Yellow Journalism (jingoism)
A type of journalism that presents little or no legitimate well-researched news and instead uses eye-catching headlines to sell more newspapers.
Cuban Rebellion
In 1895, after the island's economy had collapsed, Cubans rebelled again. Spain sent 150, 000 troops and general Valeriano Weyler, to put down the rebellion. Weyler forced hundreds of thousands of Cubans into guarded camps.
Philippine Rebellion
On the other side of the world, the people of another of Spain's last remaining possessions, the Philippine Islands, also were rebelling. The Philippines could become a key base from which the United States might protect its Asian trade
Describe the United States navy by 1900
By 1900 the United States had one of the most powerful navies in the world.
Emilio Aguinaldo
Captured Philippines capital with the help of Filipino rebels
Japan
Isolationism - to have little to do with the political affairs of other nations. - Fearing the influence of outsiders, Japan chose to completely isolate itself from other nations in the 1600's
McKinley's War Message (Spanish-American War 1898)
In late March, in a final attempt at a peaceful solution, McKinley sent a list of demands to Spain, and these include compensation for the Maine, and end to reconstruction camps, a truce in Cuba, and Cuban independence. Spain accepted all but the last one. April 11, he sent a war message to congress and a few days later, rallying to the cry of "Remember the Maine" congress recognized Cuban independence and authorized force against Spain.
Who were some prominent members of the Anti-Imperialist League?
Included editor E. L. Godkin, Democratic politician William Jennings Bryan, settlement house leader Jane Addams, and novelist Mark Twain.
Nationalism
Nationalism is the feeling of pride for your country, a patriotic feeling.
Was Wilson's "moral diplomacy" in Mexico successful?
No, the attempt was to make Mexico democratic and that did not happen.
Imperialism
Policy by a stronger nation to attempt to create an empire by dominating weaker nations economically, politically, culturally, or militarily.
Annex
To join or attach, as in the joining of a new territory to an existing country.
Boxer Rebellion
When angry Chinese people tried to get rid of all foreigners, attacked and killed over 200 foreigners
How is the term "banana republic" symbolic of U.S. influence in Central America?
"The Banana Republic" is symbolic of U.S. influence in Central America because Minor C. Keith won long-term leases for lands and railroad lines, so he was able to export 50 million bunches of bananas a year to the U.S. Because he also influenced government policies, these countries were nicknamed "banana republics"
War in the Philippines after Spain's defeat
- Filipinos were angry with the US for refusing to grant them independence - Therefore, Emilio Aguinaldo and his troops continued to fight against the US - The war ended in 1901 when Aguinaldo was captured Over 4,000 americans and 220,000 Filipinos died on the war, including 20,000 Filipino soldiers - The Philippines were finally given their independence The US gained control over Puerto Rico in the Caribbean and Guam in the Pacific which we still own today The Philippines gained their independence in 1946
Cuba was forced to sign the PLATT AMENDMENT
- Limited Cuba's right to make treaties and borrow money. - Allowed US to intervene in Cuba - Gave US control of the naval base in Guantanamo Bay
Alaska
- Russia asked SOS if we would buy Alaska - Seward thought it would be good to: get rid of Russia from North America eventually take over Canada - The purchase of Alaska was criticized as Seward's Folly and Seward's Icebox but later gold will be found, then oil
Samoa
- The US almost went to war with Germany and England for this coaling situation - England gave up its claim, and Germany was defeated in WWI - Part of Samoa is a protectorate of the US today - Strategic location used for naval bases
Spanish-American War
- The US sympathized with Cuban rebels wanting freedom from Spain. - Spanish General Weyler "The Butcher" turned Cuban towns into concentration camps. - In the US, the yellow press wanted to sell papers. Pulitzer and Hearst competed to publish the most grisly stories of Spanish cruelty. Explosion of the U.S. battleship Maine; and the phrase "Remember the Maine!" Spain was accused of destroying the Maine Dewey defeated the Spanish in the Philippines after only 6 hours of battle thanks to Teddy Roosevelt (Assistant Secretary of the Navy) warning him Details: McKinley asked congress for a declaration of war in 1898 The war lasted 3 months Roosevelt resigned to become a rough rider and was responsible for the charge up San Juan Hill; in 1900 he became McKinley's vice president
China
- The United States won "most favored nation" status, which opened trade - Later, in 1900, the "Open Door Policy" was put into effect, resulting in the uprising called the Boxer Reblellion killed over 200 foreigners - International response to the Boxer Rebellion, because so many nationalities were involved.
Causes of U.S. Imperialism
1) Jealousy- other countries had worldwide empires 2) Money- U.S. businessmen wanted to expand trade 3) Fuel- needed coaling stations for steam powered ships 4) Power- Captain Mahan said, "US should become a world power by becoming a sea power." 5) Manifest Destiny- people believed "It is our fate to control other peoples around the world." 6) Monroe Doctrine (1823)- The U.S. had warned Europe to stay out of Latin America; other presidents will build on this idea
Sea Power
1. Future prosperity depended on foreign trade 2. U.S. would need a large navy 3. U.S. would need naval bases throughout the world *Teddy Roosevelt sent the Great White Fleet around the world to demonstrate American naval power
Summarize the four main reasons why imperialism grew in the late 1800s
1.) Economic - motives included the desire to make money, to expand and control foreign trade, to create new markets for products, to acquire raw materials and cheap labor, to compete for investments and resources, and to export industrial technology and transportation methods. 2.) Political- motives were based on a nation's desire to gain power, to compete with other European countries, to expand territory, to exercise military force, to gain prestige by winning colonies, and to boost national pride and security. 3.) Religious- motives included the desire to spread Christianity, to protect European missionaries in other lands, to spread European values and moral beliefs, to educate peoples of other cultures, and to end slave trade in Africa. 4.) Exploratory- motives were based on the desire to explore "unknown" or uncharted territory, to conduct scientific research, to conduct medical searches for the causes and treatment of diseases, to go on an adventure, and to investigate "unknown" lands and cultures.
Why did Roosevelt help the Panamanian revolt against Colombia, and what did the Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty do?
A canal built across Central America would link two oceans, making global shipping much faster and cheaper. The revolt took place in November 1903, with US warships waiting offshore to provide support to the rebels. The US immediately recognized an independent Panama and became its protector. In return, Panama signed the Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty, giving the US a permanent grant of a 10-mile-wide strip of land for a Canal Zone over which the United States would have complete sovereignty. In return, the Panamanians received a $10 million payment.
Banana Republics
A nickname given to the Central American countries as a result of Minor C. Keith's United Fruit Company exporting some 50 million bananas a year out of Costa Rica. This also played a significant role in the governments and economies of Costa Rica, Guatemala, and Honduras
U.S.S. Maine
Battleship that President McKinley moved into Havana's harbor to protect American citizens and property.
Panama Canal
Built because U.S. could not get from one ocean to the other quick enough T. Roosevelt used U.S. warships to threaten Colombia and helped Panama gain independence this is called the "big stick" policy Then we signed a treaty with Panama to build the Panama Canal
Captain Alfred T. Mahan
Captain Alfred T. Mahan was the most influential officers who joined with business interests to convince Congress to build modern steam powered ships. He thought the US needed a strong army to protects the markets against foreign rivals.
Chronology of U.S. Imperialism
China Japan Alaska Samoa Hawaii
Where did Commodore Matthew C. Perry sail, and what type of agreement did he achieve?
Commodore Matthew C Perry sailed to Tokyo, Japan, which forced Japan to trade with the united states.
Results of the War
Cuba was given it's independence (but...) The U.S. was given control of the islands of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines Spain received $20 million dollars
Hawaii
Hawaii had become increasingly important to the U.S. business interests in the late 1800s. In 1887 Hawaii and the United States renewed a trade treaty that allowed Hawaiian sugar to be sold duty-free in the United States. Hawaii also leased Pearl Harbor to the United States as a fueling and repair station for naval vessels.
George Washington's Farewell Address
In his Farewell Address in 1796, President George Washington had advised Americans to "steer clear of permanent alliances" with other countries.
What was George Washington's warning in his Farewell Address?
In his Farewell Address in 1796, President George Washington had advised Americans to "steer clear of permanent alliances" with other countries.
Captain Mahan's book The Influence of Sea Power Upon History made what two points about American security:
Mahan argued that the nation's economic future hinged on gaining new markets abroad. In his view, the United States needed a powerful navy to protect these markets from foreign rivals.
Hawaii
Of strategic importance 1875 - Hawaii gave US control of the seaport Pearl Harbor United States had right to vote in Hawaii, but many Hawaiians did not Queen Liliuokalani became leader oF Hawaii and attempted to restore the kingdom In 1893, the US Marines forced the Queen to surrender at gunpoint without permission of the US government Standard Dole became president of Hawaii
Admiral Dewey in the Philippines
On May 1, 1898 Admiral Dewey launched a surprise attack on Spanish ships anchored in Manila Bay, destroying Spain's entire fleet in less than seven hours.
Theodore Roosevelt
Panama Canal Won the Nobel Peace Prize for ending Russo-Japanese war Created the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine: Monroe Doctrine said stay out of the Western Hemisphere Roosevelt added "...or else!!" Result: Increased U.S. power (Imperialism
What 2 kind of people did Roosevelt recruit
Polo players Cowboys
Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico didn't become independent, unlike Cuba. The US maintained military control over the territory until 1900. With the passage of the Foraker Act in 1900, the US removed its military control and established a civil government, still under control by the US. We have slowly been allowing more freedom and control to the Puerto Ricans.
Racism
Racism is the belief all member of each race possess characteristics specific to race. All races are equal.
How did Roosevelt help end the Russo-Japanese War in 1905, and what award did he receive for this involvement?
Roosevelt helped end the Russo-Japanese war by inviting delegates from the two nations to New Hampshire, where he persuaded Japan to be satisfied with the small grants of land and control over Korea, instead of a huge payment of money. He also secured a promise from Russia to vacate Manchuria, which remained part of China. He also kept trade in China open to all nations. He received the Nobel Peace Prize for this.
Why did Roosevelt send the Great White Fleet on a world cruise in 1907?
Roosevelt sent the Great White Fleet because he wanted to demonstrate the power of the U.S. Navy. He wanted to rally U.S. public opinion in support of the Navy and win over members of Congress who opposed his shipbuilding program.
What is the social Darwinism theory of expansion
Social Darwinists believed that expansion was not only this nation's destiny but also a noble pursuit, for it introduced Christianity and modernization to other "heathen" peoples around the world.
Valeriano Weyler
Spain's best general, sent him to put down the rebellion
Describe President Taft's dollar diplomacy and evaluate its success
Taft's foreign policy goals were to keep the open door to Asia and preserve stability in Latin America. Taft's dollar diplomacy was a policy of encouraging American investment in foreign economies. It did not succeed as well as Taft wanted, but it increased the level of US financial involvement abroad. It also created enemies in Latin America.
Rough Riders charge up San Juan Hill
Teddy lacked military experience, so he suggested that Leonard Wood be given command of the volunteer cavalry regiment; and accordingly Wood became colonel, and TR was made lieutenant colonel, of the First U.S. Volunteer Cavalry, soon popularly known as the "Rough Riders.".
How did the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine ("Big Stick" Policy) affect U.S. actions in Latin America?
The "Big Stick" Policy affected the U.S. actions in Latin America because it strengthened the President's powers and weakened theirs.
Monroe Doctrine (list both parts)
The Monroe Doctrine had been the main principle of foreign policy in the U.S.. (1) U.S. had declared itself neutral in European wars. (2) Warned other nations not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere.
Explain how the Monroe Doctrine was used toward Mexico and then later the Alaska purchase (Seward's Folly)
The Monroe Doctrine was used when Seward sent over 50,000 troops to Mexico when France placed an emperor on the Mexican throne and scared the French army away. And then later purchasing Alaska from Russia in hopes to force the British out of Canada (Seward's Folly).
Samoa
The Polynesian islands of Samoa represented another possible stepping stone to the growing trade with Asia, Back in 1878 the United States had negotiated a treaty with Samoa's fine harbor at Pago Pago. spheres of influence- area of economic and political control exerted by one nation over another nation or other nations
Why did the United States want to build the Panama Canal
The Spanish-American War brought a need for a shorter route between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. A canal built across Central America would make global shipping much faster and cheaper. It would also allow the United States Navy be able to move from ocean to ocean in a time of war.
Restate the economic argument for United States expansion
The US built a strong industrial economy, but Americans alone couldn't consume everything that was being produced. Overproduction of food and goods led to financial panics and frequent economic depressions. Workers and farmers convinced political leaders that expanding industry internationally would prevent depressions and financial panics.
Open Door Policy
The statement reaffirmed the principle that all countries should have equal access to any Chinese port open to trade. The U.S. sent notes to Britain, Germany, France, Italy, Japan, and Russia explaining the policy to prevent them from establishing separate spheres of influence in China. Their replies were evasive, but the U.S. considered them acceptances of the policy.
How did the United States control the Pacific islands of Midway and Hawaii?
They controlled the islands to use them as refueling and repair stations for naval vessels. The U.S signed a treaty with Hawaii that Hawaiians could sell sugar in the U.S duty free, as long as they did not sell or lease territory to any foreign power.
Social Darwinism Theory of Expansion
This theory states that nations like England, Germany and the United States had superior civilizations than the societies they conquered.
Why did the US want to establish a relationship with Japan?
Trade - to sell US goods to Japanese consumers/sailors Fuel - to purchase fuel from the Japanese for ships, etc. - Japan had been closed to all foreigners for 200 years Commodore Matthew Perry demanded Japanese trading rights - Japan realized that they needed to become more modern and industrialized.
Results of Imperialism
U.S. becomes a world power Many Americans (Like the Anti-Imperialist League) object to imperialism; said it violates our own Declaration of Independence
Unincorporated Territories
U.S. signed Treaty of Paris with Spain-Spain gave up the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Pacific island of Guam to the U.S., these became "unincorporated" territories of U.S., these lands were not intended for eventual statehood
Commodore Matthew C. Perry
US naval commander who sailed to Japan and demanded trade
Yankee Go Home
United States people go back to your country; used to express anger at US presence in a foreign land
Dollar Diplomacy
Using U.S. military to expand and protect trade (William Howard Taft)
Why did Wilson send General Pershing and the Army to Mexico to search for Pancho Villa?
Villa began terrorizing Americans in Mexico and raiding border towns in the United States. Therefore, Wilson sent General John J "Black Jack" Pershing, with more than 5,000 American troops, into Mexico to pursue Villa. When the troops chased Villa deep into Mexico, Carranza demanded that they leave. Bloody clashes took place between regular Mexican troops and Pershing's forces. Pershing failed to find Villa, and in 1917, Wilson withdrew his troops.
William Randolph Hearst
William Randolph Hearst was an American newspaper publisher who built the nation's largest newspaper chain and whose methods profoundly influenced American journalism
Anti-Imperialists
a league made of of mostly well-to-do professionals. Anti-imperialists used a variety of arguments, the strongest being moral and political in nature.
What were the main arguments of the Anti-Imperialist League The main arguments of the Anti-Imperialist league were:
moral and political- They believed that expansionist behavior was a rejection of the nation's foundation of "liberty for all." They argued that people who lived in territories controlled by the US should have the same guarantees in the Constitution as US citizens. They believed that no one should wait to enjoy liberty. They also noted that imperialism threatened the nation's democratic foundations. Racial- anti-imperialists feared that imperialist policies would discourage people of different races to move to the US. Economic- anti-imperialists believed it was not the right time for the US to expand because it would be costly. Samuel Gompers argued that laborers coming to the US from annexed territory would compete with Americans for jobs. Finally, the cheaply made goods in the annexed territories could be imported to the US without custom duties, hurting American industries.