US History Chapter 4 Test

Coercive Acts

1. Closed the port of boston until the tea was paid for. 2. Reduced the power of the MA legislature 3. Allowed royal officials accused of crimes to be tried in England 4. enabled british troops to be quartered in private homes.

Boston Tea Party

150 men masqueraded as Natives and dumped much tea into the harbor on December 16, 1773 in this event as part of a larger colonial effort to prevent the landing of British tea in opposition to the Tea Act.

Robert Walpole

A British Prime Minister who deliberately refrained from enforcing the Navigation

Sieur de la Salle

A French explorer who went to Louisiana at the Mississippi Delta in 1682.

Iroquois balance power

A Native nation maintained this fragile peace in the Ohio valley between the French and English. Major trading concessions to English resulted in this rapidly deteriorating.

Cause of Revolution

A diverging of ideas and institutions between colonies and England because of harsh policies that snapped seemingly unbreakable bonds enacted by British.

Territorialist

A faction in England arguing that land itself was money, who prevailed over the policy of American land.

7 Years War

A global war that began in 1756 as England and France declared war on each other, marked with complex alliances. War was fought in the colonies, India, and the West Indies.

Patrick Henry

A malcontent in the "trumpet of sedition" among the House of Burgesses. His radical resolutions that Americans pocessed English rights were printed and circulated as the "Virginia Resolves".

King George III

A monarch who assumed power in 1760 who created a new coalition through patronage and bribes. He was prone to bouts of madness and insecurity.

Albany Plan

A plan approved in 1754 by colonial representatives that formed a colonial federation of defense against the French and Indians, each colony retaining its own constitution and appointing a new general governor approved by the king.

Lexington and Concord

A skirmish in which the British at first defeated several dozen minutemen but were then subject to guerrilla attacks on the way back to Boston, losing many.

Boston Massacre

A term coined by the famous engraving of Paul Revere that portrayed the 3/5 incident as a calculated assault on a peaceful crowd, convincing many that soldiers were guilty of murder.

Sons of Liberty

A terrorist organization that terrorized stamp agents and burnt stamps, later enforcing boycotts. These were common laymen led by prominent members of society.

King George's War

A war because of trading disputes between England and Spain resulted in this colonial war with the Spanish and French, resulting the capture of Fort Louisburg in Maine.

Mary Otis Warren

A woman who formed the "daughters of liberty", a militaristic terrorist sect and wrote dissent literature.

Division of sovereignty

Americans argued for this by arguing only provincial assemblies could legislate for individual colonies or actual representation, unlike the British virtual version.

Home Rule

Americans saw this idea endangered by the British government circumventing colonial assemblies.

General Edward Braddock

An English general who was killed by a native ambush during his attempt to recapture Fort Necessity in 1755.

James Wolfe

An English general whose dramatic capture of impregnable Quebec in 1759 helped England secure victory in the 7 Years War.

Queen Anne's War

An European war over succession issues that produced border clashes with the French, Spanish, and Natives in the colonies, ending with the Treaty of Utrecht

King William's War

An European war spilling over to the continent with indecisive clashes with the French and no major territorial changes.

Tea Act of 1773

An act that gave the British East India Company the right to export directly to colonies without paying any navigation taxes, their products would not be taxed.

Repeal of the Stamp Act

Because of colonial boycotts of British goods, popular through intimidation, the new PM Marquis of Rockingham repealed the Stamp Act of 1766.

Proclamation of 1763

British issued this to prevent fighting threatening Western trade, forbidding settlers to advance past the Appalachian Mountains.

English Constitution

Colonials considered this the best government document, though not an actual document distributing power among monarchy, aristocracy, and common-folk.

Quebec Act

Extended boundaries of Quebec and granted equal rights to Catholics and recognized legality Catholic Church in the territory; colonists feared this meant that a pope would soon oversee the colonies.

Regulators

Farmers in North Carolina who organized opposition to sheriff taxes and began a small civil war after failing to win redress in their colonial assembly. They were defeated by the governor.

Iroquois Confederacy

Five native nations who forged an important commercial relationship to the Dutch and English and so astutely played the French and English off each other.

French communities

French lords established large estates on the banks of the St. Lawrence River. Quebec was founded on a high bluff and was center of empire. Plantations emerged, owned by creoles, on the lower Mississippi.

General Thomas Gage

Head of the British Army in Boston who sent 1,000 soldiers to arrest Sam Adams and John Hancock.

Sovereignty of colonial assemblies

In the 1750s', American assemblies claimed rights to levy taxes and pass laws. Legislation, even subject to veto by governor or privy council, could still be passed through leverage or circumvention.

Peace of Paris

In this agreement in 1763 that ceased hostilities between France and England, the former ceded West and East Indian colonies to British.

1st Continental Congress

In this event, representatives from all 13 colonies but Georgia came to Philadelphia and endorsed a statement of grievances, passed resolutions recommending military formation, and agreed to stop trade with Britain.

Paxton Boys

Men who besieged Philadelphia in response to local taxes and for relief money against native tribes.

Effect of Greenville Programs

Northern merchants suffered restraints on commerce and manufacturing with taxes, the West was closed to land speculation, and an economic bust was precipitated.

March 5, 1770

On this night, British troops killed 5 colonists in front of the customs house after persistent molestation by these colonists, who were dockworkers and "liberty boys".

Repeal of Townshend Duties

PM Lord North secured this action in 1767 except for the tea tax in response to a colonial boycott and Benjamin Franklin.

Conciliatory Propositions

Plan whereby Parliament would "forbear" taxation of Americans in colonies whose assemblies imposed taxes considered satisfactory by the British government

French and British

Religious and commercial tensions, as a result of increased French development, helped destabilize previous coexistence of these two peoples.

Effect of War on Britain

The 7 Years War greatly expanded English territory and debt, officials in England were contemptuous at American ineptitude, and leaders were persuaded that authority over colonies would be needed.

Matyr

The Coercive Acts made MASS. this, sparking new resistance in the form of supportive legislation, a boycott, and a supply line to MASS.

Lord Hillsborough

The English political who issued a response letter stating that any assembly that supported the MASS. anti-Townshend Duties circulatory letter would be dissolved. MASS. and other assemblies rallied in opposition to this.

George Greenville

The Prime Minister most directly responsible for colonial problems by imposing a new system of control on the loose colonies.

Treaty of Utrecht

The agreement that ended Queen Anne's war that transferred Acadia and Newfoundland to the English, though fishing rights to colonists were restricted.

Minutemen

The farmer and townspeople of Massachusetts had been gathering arms and training as this, preparing to fight at an instant.

Fort Necessity

The governor of Virginia send a militia under Colonel Washington to build a crude stockade before it was surrendered to the French, beginning the 7 years war.

Samuel Adams

The leading figure of colonial outrage arguing that only in America did public virtue survive in Boston Town Meeting. He began 'a committee of correspondence' to publicize grievances against England.

Board of Trade and Plantations

The nearest equivalent to a British colonial office in the 17th century only as an advisory body.

Affront

The presence of British redcoats in America were seen as a constant ______ to the colonial sense of expansion and social mobility and as a sign of oppression.

Neglect

The yielding policies of officials, who found it expedient to yield to resistance on trade restrictions alongside a policy of this weakened British hold on colonies.

Acadians

These people previously living in French Canada were uprooted by the English and scattered through the colonies. Those in Louisiana became Cajuns.

French and Natives

These two peoples had a mutually-beneficial relationship with tolerance and adjustment of behavior in order to facilitate a lucrative fur trade.

Townshend Duties

This Act passed in 1767 taxed some imported goods from England like tea, paper, paint, and lead and set up a new board of custom commissioners to regulate trading.

Sugar Act of of 1764

This act established vice-admirality courts to try smugglers and taxed sugar, but lowered taxes on molasses.

Declaratory Act

This act in 1766 asserted Parliamentary authority to colonies in response to the repeal of the stamp act.

Currency Act of 1764

This act required colonial assemblies to stop printing their own paper money.

Stamp Act of 1765

This act that required all printed documents have a royal stamp evoked opposition from those in power in the colonies, seen as a direct attempt by England to raise revenues without the colonists' consent and would open the door to future taxation.

Tribes and Proclamation of 1763

This document failed to meet even modest Native expectations, as white settlers still swarmed into the Ohio Valley.

Stamp Act Congress

This inter-colonial meeting of representatives against taxation was called together by Benjamin Franklin and petitioned Parliament against the Stamp Act.

Committees of Correspondence

This organization begun by Sam Adams in 1772 made possible continuous cross-colonial cooperation.

Colonial Postal Service

This service connected the disparate colonies as a result of growth in colonial population that led to inter-colonial trade and construction in roads.

Impressment

This system of forcefully enlisting colonists into the military began to be used when PM William Pitt brought the American War under British control and sometimes resulted in rioting.

Charles Townshend

This young politician led the British government for much of the 2nd term of William Pitt Sr. He disbanded the New York Assemblies and levied the Townshend Duties.

Effect of War on Natives

Tribes allied to French earned English enmity, Iroquois confederacy began to crumble, and native forces no longer became a military equal to West.

Mutiny Act of 1765

Under this law, colonists became required to assist in the provisioning of the British military, after she stationed permanent troops to increase influence. this led to the Boston Massacre.