US History Final Exam
The peace-loving nations must make a concerted effort in opposition to those violations of treaties and those ignoring's of humane instincts which today are creating a state of international anarchy and instability from which there is no escape through mere isolation or neutrality. Those who cherish their freedom and recognize and respect the equal right of their neighbors to be free and live in peace, must work together for the triumph of law and moral principles in order that peace, justice, and confidence may prevail in the world. There must be a return to a belief the pledged word, in the value of a signed treaty. There must be recognition of the fact that national morality is as vital as private morality. - Franklin Roosevelt, 1937 Which of the following US policies is most consistent with the ideas expressed in the except?
Lend-Lease
"Un agresor potencial debe saber que no siempre puede prescribir condiciones de batalla que se adapten a él ... La forma de disuadir la agresión es que la comunidad libre esté dispuesta y sea capaz de responder enérgicamente en los lugares y con los medios que elija". - John Foster Dulles, 1954 In this text, Dulles announced the policy of
Massive Retaliation
Paragraph 1.1. Marriages between Jews and citizens of German or German related blood are forbidden. Marriages which have been performed in spite of this law, even if they have been performed in a foreign country are void.2. The complaint declaring them void can only originate with the District Attorney... Paragraph 5.1. Whoever acts against Paragraph 1 will be punished with forced labor.-Text from the Nuremberg Laws, September 15, 1935 Purpose of Pargraph 1 of the law quoted above was to
Isolate the Jews
"The soldiers were walking the streets, the fellas who had fought for democracy in Germany. They thought they should get the bonus right then and there because they needed the money. A fella by the name of Waters, I think, got up the idea of these ex-soldiers would go to Washington, make the kind of trip the hoboes made with Coxey in 1898, they would be able to get the government to come through...There was none of this hatred you see now when strange people come to town, or strangers come to a neighborhood...That's one of the things about the Depression. There was more camaraderie than there is now... When we got to Washington, there was quite a few ex-servicemen there before us...They had come to petition Hoover, to give them the bonus before it was due. And Hoover refused this...They would hold midnight vigils around the White House and march around the White House in shifts...The picture I'll always remember...here is MacArthur coming down Pennsylvania Avenue. And, believe me, ladies and gentlemen, he came on a white horse. He was riding a white horse. Behind him were tanks, troops of the regular army..." -The Great Depression: An Oral Account One direct effect of the Army's attack on the Bonus Marchers was that
It further undermined President Hoover's reputation
How did the Battle of the Bulge ultimately damage Hitler's efforts?
It used up Germn Reserves and demoralized German troops
What idea is Seuss trying to get across in this cartoon?
Japanese-Americans cannot be trusted and ar eprobably spies and saboteurs
The devastation depicted in the image most directly impacted what work of American Literature?
John Steinbeck's The Grape of Wrath
(Wonder why we're not keeping pace?" Picture) Which event of the 1950s most likely led to the publication of the cartoon?
Launching of Sputnik
"I rode a tank. Held a general's rank. When the _________ rages And the bodies stank" -The Rolling Stones- Sympathy for the Devil Which of the following is the most appropriate term to use to fill in the blank above?
Blitzkreig
(Politcial Cartoon: "America the Last Refuge of Democracy", Capitol Building, American Guy, Women with Democracy on her pants) Which of the following public figures was a leading spokesperson for the perspective of this cartoon?
Charles Lindbergh
"The truth of the matter is that Europe's requirements for the next three or four years of foreign food and other essential products principally from America - are so much greater than her present ability to pay that she must have substantial additional help or face economic, social, and political deterioration of a very grave character...Aside from the demoralizing effect on the world at large and the possibilities of disturbances arriving as a result of the desperation of the people concerned, the consequences to the economy of the United States should be apparent to all. It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace." - Secretary of State George Marshall, speech at Harvard University, 1947 By striving to prevent "disturbances arriving as a result of the desperation of the people," the author hopes to support what larger Us strategy?
Containing communism
"If Soviet Russia does start to march it would seem to be completely inevitable that the United States will be the ultimate target and that we shall inevitably be in that war Pact or no Pact. So it seems to me that in our best insurance is to make our position plan in advance. This includes above all else a clear demonstration that our objectives are totally defensive; that we have no goal except peace with honor and justice in a live- and-let-live world. If you are right and this proposed North Atlantic Pact is 'another provocation to another World War' then the Pact ought to be rejected. If I am right in believing that the Pact is our best protection against another World War then the Pact ought to be ratified." - Sen. Arthur H. Vandenburg, The Private Papers of Senator Vandenburg. "On NATO," 18 March 1949 Vandenburg would most likely have agreed with which of the following American policies?
Containment of communism to the areas that it was already in place
After coming to power in Italy, Benito Mussolini
banned political parties, took over the press, and suppressed strikes
"A shadow has fallen upon the scenes so lately lichted hy the Allied victory. Nobody knows what Soviet Russia and its Communist international organisation intends to do in the immediate future, or what are thne nmits, if any, to their expansive and proselytising tendencies...We understand the Russian need to be secure on her western frontiers by the removal of all possibility of German aggression...From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subiect in one form or another...to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of control from Moscow...The Russian-dominated Polish Government has been encouraged to make enormous and wrongful inroads upon Germans on a scale grievous and undreamed-of are now taking very small in all these Eastern States of Europe, have been raised to pre-eminence and power far beyond their numbers and are seeking everywhere to obtain totalitarian control. Police governments are prevailing in nearly every case, and so far, except in Czechoslovakia, there is no true democracy...These are sombre facts for anyone to have to recite on the morrow of a victory gained by so much splendid comradeship in arms and in the cause of freedom and democracy; but we should be most unwise not to face them squarely while time remains." a veru of millions of which were and mass expulsions place. Communist parties, The - Winston Churchill, Iron Curtain speech, 5 March 1946 One significant effects of the situation described by Churchill was
An economic aid plan to ensure that the standard of living in Western European countries would be significantly higher than that of Eastern Europe
(Wonder why we're not keeping pace?" Picture) Which of the following trends was most likely influenced by the perspective depicted in the cartoon?
An increase in US spending on education
The largest Nazi death camp was located at...
Auschwitz
This is not an issue as to whether the people are going hungry or cold in the United States. It is solely a question of the best method by which hunger and cold can be prevented. It is a question as to whether the American people on the one hand will maintain the spirit of charity of mutual self-help through and anpron giving and the responsibility of local government as distinguished on the other hand from "ppropriations out of the Federal Treasury for such purposes. My own conviction is strongly that if we countar n the sense of responsibility, of individual generosity to individual, and mutual self-help in the nuy in times of national difficulty and if we start appropriations of this character we have not only mpaired something infinitely valuable in the life of the American people but have struck at the roots of Self-government. Once this has happened it is not the cost of a few score millions, but we are faced with the abyss of reliance in the future upon Government charity indeed the least some form or other. The money involved is I the costs to American ideals and American institutions... - President Herbert Hoover, Press Statement, 3 February 1931 Which of the following quotes from the excerpt most explicitly provides the rationale behind the answer to the previous question?
"Once this thing has happened... we are faced with the abyss of reliance in the future upon government charity in some form or other."
"Our many Jewish friends and acquaintances are being taken away in droves. The Gestapo is treating them very roughly and transporting them in cattle cars to Westerbork, the big camp in Drenthe to which they're sending all the Jews.... If it's that bad in Holland, what must it be like in those faraway and uncivilized places where the Germans are sending them? We assume that most of them are being murdered. The English radio says they're being gassed." -Anne Frank, the Diary of Anne Frank, Oct. 9, 1942 What was the Westerbork to which Frank referred?
A concentration camp
(Picture of Levittown, NY 1951) The image best represents which post WWII societal shift?
A population shift from urban areas to the suburbs
"Economic growth was indeed the most decisive force in the shaping of attitudes and expectations in the postwar era. The prosperity of the period broadened gradually in the late 1940s, accelerated in the 1950s, and soared to unimaginable heights in the 1960s. By then it was a boom that astonished observers. One economist, writing about the twenty-five years following World War II, put it simply by saying that this was a 'quarter century of sustained growth at the highest rates in recorded history.' Former Prime Minister Edward Heath of Great Britain agreed, observing that the United States at the time was enjoying 'the greatest prosperity the world has ever known. " - James T. Patterson, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 Which of the following factors most directly contributed to the economic trend that Patterson describes?
A surge in the national birthrate
(Political cartoon:Poland(littler red riding hood), Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia(wolves) and are laying in a bed) The point the artist is trying to make in this cartoon is that
A&B
Which of the Following describes the Battle of Midway?
Admiral Yamamoto wanted to force US defenses back to the California coast
(Picture of Levittown, NY 1951) The community depicted in the image most directly reflects
America's postwar emphasis on conformity to white, middle-class norms
"The so-called Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan are particularly glaring examples of the way in which the principles of the United Nations are violated.... As is now clear, the Marshall Plan constitutes in essence merely a variant of the Truman Doctrine adapted to the conditions of postwar Europe. In bringing forward this plan, the United States government apparently counted on the cooperation of the Governments of the United Kingdom and France to confront the European countries in need of relief with the necessity of renouncing their inalienable right to dispose of their economic resources and to plan their national economy in their own way. The United States also counted on making all these countries directly dependent on the interests of American monopolies by an accelerated export of commodities and capital to Europe." - Soviet Foreign Secretary Andrei Vyshinsky 1947 Which change in America was behind its growing prominence in the world seemed to concern the Soviets the most, according to this document?
America's postwar prosperity
(Politcial Cartoon: "America the Last Refuge of Democracy", Capitol Building, American Guy, Women with Democracy on her pants) Which of the following groups would most likely support the perspective of this cartoon?
American First Committee
"As you know, this is the first time I bave been bere for a long time. A great many things have happened during that time. The Manhattan Engincer District has been made known to the world. We brought about peace; there is no question aabout that In 1942 when talking to Mr. Carpenter, president of duPont, I told him that the first country which developed this could effect an end to the war in a hurry and it would be to their advantage. That same thing was told to Tennessee Eastman Corporation and the Union Carbide and Carbon Chemical Corporation. I think my estimate of the situation was correct...There is no question but what we ended the war months before it could have ended otherwise, and by so doing, we saved a great many thousands of American lives. If the truth were known we probably also saved a great many Jap lives i1 we remember that the ratio is ten Japs to every one American. It is not an inhuman weapon. I have no apologies or excuses for its use. I think our best answer to anyone who doubts this is that we did not start the war and if they don't like the way that we ended it, to remember that they started. 1 want to extend my thanks to you for myself, the war Department, and the United States." -General Groves, Address to Officers Regarding the Atomic Bomb, 1945 According to the excerpt, which is the most likely reason that Truman decided to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki?
Dropping the bomb would prevent the additional loss of human lives that might result from a prolonged war
"The truth of the matter is that Europe's requirements for the next three or four years of foreign food and other essential products principally from America - are so much greater than her present ability to pay that she must have substantial additional help or face economic, social, and political deterioration of a very grave character...Aside from the demoralizing effect on the world at large and the possibilities of disturbances arriving as a result of the desperation of the people concerned, the consequences to the economy of the United States should be apparent to all. It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health in the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace." - Secretary of State George Marshall, speech at Harvard University, 1947 The implementation of the idea described in the excerpt most directly led to
Economic prosperity in the US., as Europeans spent money on American goods
Progressive Era Legislation Food & Drug Act: prohibited the interstate transportation and sale of adulterated food. Clayton Antitrust Act: excluded labor unions from antitrust laws. Underwood Simmons Act: reduced the nation's tariff rates substantially for the first time since the Civi War Federal Trade Commission Act: created a five-nerson Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to regulate businesses and investigate possible violations of antitrust laws. 17 Amendment: allowed for the direct election of U.S. Senators instead of through state legislators. 19th Amendment: guaranteed all women the right to vote Newlands Reclamation Ace: funded irrigation proiects for the arid lands of 20 states in the American West Federal Reserve Act: created the Federal Reserve System to act as the Central Bank and take charge of monetary policy in the U.S. New Deal Programs · Civilian Conservation Corps: provided three million young men with jobs in road building, forestry labor, and flood control. · Federal Emergency Relief Act: established the Federal Relief Administration to distribute $500 million to states and localities for direct relief. Agricultural Adjustment Act: decreased crop surpluses by providing farmers with subsidies for voluntarily cutting back on production. Works Progress Administration: employed millions of people to carry out public world projects. Fair Labor Standards Act: outlawed child labor and established a national minimum wage Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: provided insurance of bank of deposits up to $2500. 21st Amendment: repealed Prohibition Wagner Act: prohibited employers from engaging in unfair practices such as discriminating against workers who organized or joined unions. Based on the information in the chart, which of the following examples best refutes the claim presented in the previous question?
Establishment of the Civilian Conservation Corps
..All citizens alike, both in and out of uniform, feel the impact of war in greater or lesser measure. Citizenship has its responsibilities as well as its privileges, and in time of war the burden is always heavier. Compulsory exclusion of large groups of citizens from their homes, except under circumstances of direct emergency and peril, is inconsistent with our basic governmental institutions. But when under conditions of modern warfare our shores are threatened by forces, the power to protect must be commensurate with the threatened danger.... - Majority opinion of the Supreme Court(delievered by Justice Hugo Black) in Koremastu vs. United States, 1994 Which of the following polices is being debated in the excerpt?
Executive Order 9066
The artist in this cartoon is showing support for which of FDR's actions?
FDR cutting off vital supplies to Japn after their invasion of French Indochina
(Political Cartoon: FDR in a crown holding the constitution) What action by FDR is the artist criticizing in this cartoon?
FDR decideing to run for a 3rd term in 1940
Which of the following best represents the idea illustrated above?
FDR used radio to connect with citizens and let them know what he was doing to help them
"Connie My Dearest,... Well, here I am just off the coast of Normandy taking part in the invasion of Europe. We are doing remarkable well, especially when you take into consideration the opposition we are up against. ... Well the troops were landed and then there was one continued stream of reinforcements and stores pouring in. We saw a sight during the first evening that was unbelievable. The airborne came over and it is utterly impossible for me to describe our feelings when we saw them. From one horizon to the other that is as far as the eye can see, the sky was blacked out by transports and gliders, there were hundreds besides the fighter cover that accompanied them. Never had anyone seen anything like it. ..." -W Cutler, to his fiancee, June 1944 What effect did the D-Day invasion have on WWII?
Forced the Germans to fight the war on two fronts
"It has been said, times without number, that if Hitler cannot cross the English Channel he cannot cross three thousand miles of sea. But there is only one reason why he has not crossed the English Channel. That is because forty-five million determined Britons, in a heroic resistance, have converted their island into a armed base, from which proceeds a steady stream of sea and air power. As Secretary Hull has said: "It is not the water that bars the way. It is the reso- lute determination of British arms. Were the control of the seas by Britain lost, the Atlantic would no longer be an obstacle-rather, it would become a broad highway for a conqueror moving westward." -The New York Times, April 30, 1941 Who of the following would most likely support the sentiments found in this excerpt?
Franklin Roosevelt
"It is impossible for the United States to preserve itself as a republic or as a democracy when 600 families own more of this Nation's wealth...as all the balance of the people put together... America can have enough for all to live in comfort and still permit millionaires to own more than they can ever spend...but America cannot allow the multimillionaires and the billionaires, a mere handful of them, to own everything unless we are willing to inflict starvation upon 125,000,000 people...God's law commanded that the wealth of the country should be redistributed ever so often, so that none should become too rich and none should become too poor; it commanded that debts should be canceled and released ever so often, so that the human race would not be loaded with a burden which it could never pay... Here is the whole sum and substance of the share-our-wealth movement: 1. Every family to be furnished by the Government a homestead allowance, free of debt, of not less than one-third the average family wealth of the country, which means, at the lowest, that every family shall have the reasonable comforts of life... 2. The yearly income of every family shall be not less than one-third of the average family income... 4. An old-age pension to the persons over 60. 6. To pay the veterans of our wars what we owe them and to care for their disabled. 7. Education and training for all children to be equal in opportunity in all schools... The theory of the Share Our Wealth Society is to have enough for all, but not to have one with so much that less than enough remains for the balance of the people..." - Huey Long, "Share Our Wealth," 1935 Which of the following most directly expresses FDR's view of Long?
He considered him a dangerous demagogue
This is not an issue as to whether the people are going hungry or cold in the United States. It is solely a question of the best method by which hunger and cold can be prevented. It is a question as to whether the American people on the one hand will maintain the spirit of charity of mutual self-help through and anpron giving and the responsibility of local government as distinguished on the other hand from "ppropriations out of the Federal Treasury for such purposes. My own conviction is strongly that if we countar n the sense of responsibility, of individual generosity to individual, and mutual self-help in the nuy in times of national difficulty and if we start appropriations of this character we have not only mpaired something infinitely valuable in the life of the American people but have struck at the roots of Self-government. Once this has happened it is not the cost of a few score millions, but we are faced with the abyss of reliance in the future upon Government charity indeed the least some form or other. The money involved is I the costs to American ideals and American institutions... - President Herbert Hoover, Press Statement, 3 February 1931 Based on the excerpt, which of the following conclusions can best be made about Herbert Hoover?
He opposed direct relief policies
"The time is past when a boy's chief possession was his bike and a girl's party wardrobe consisted of a fancy dress worn with a string of dime-store pearls... Today's teenagers surround themselves with a fantastic array of garish and often expensive baubles and amusements. They own 10 million phonographs, over a million TV sets, 13 million cameras." - LIFE, August 31, 1959 This text underlies what growing phenomenon of the 1950s?
Increased consumption
"Rationing is a vital part of your country's war effort. Any attempt to violate the rules is an effort to deny someone his share and will create hardship and help the enemy. This book is our Government's assurance of your right to buy your fair share of certain goods made scare by war. Price ceilings have also been estab- lished for your protection. Dealers must post these prices conspicuously. Don't pay more. Give your whole support to rationing and thereby conserve our vital goods. Be guided by the rule: "If you don't need it, DON'T BUY IT." "IMPORTANT: When you used your ration, salvage the TIN CANS and WASTE FATS. They are needed to make munitions for our fighting men. Coop- erate with your local Salvage Committee." -War Ration Books 3 and 4, Office of Price Administration, 1943 Which of the following best explains the campaign behind the above government documents?
Industrial production was essential to successful modern warfare and it required an effort by the entire nation
"Is a tractor bad? Is the power that turns the long furrows wrong? If this tractor were ours, it would be good-not mine, but ours.. We could love that tractor then as we have loved this land when it was ours. But this tractor does two things-it turns the land and turns us off the land. There is little difference between this tractor and a tank. The people are driven, intimidated, hurt by both." -John Steinbeck, novelist, The Grapes of Wrath, 1939 Which of the following was the most direct effect of conditions such as those described in the excerpt?
Internal migration in search of better economic opportunities
"As an American, I am shocked at the way Republicans and Democrats alike are playing directly into the Communist design of "confuse, divide, and conquer." As an American, I don't want a Democratic Administration "whitewash" or "cover-up" any more than I want a Republican smear or witch hunt. As an American, I condemn a Republican "Fascist" just as much I condemn a Democratic "Communist." I condemn a Democrat "Fascist" just as much as I condemn a Republican "Communist." They are equally dangerous to you and me and to our country. As an American, I want to see our nation recapture the strength and unity it once had when we fought the enemy instead of ourselves." - Senator Margaret Chase Smith, "Declaration of Conscience" In this speech, Senator Smith is discussing the dangers of
McCarthyism
"Soviet power...bears within itself the seeds of its own decay, and the sprouting of these seeds is well advanced...[If] anything were ever to disrupt the unity and efficacy of the Party as a political instrument, Soviet Russia might be changed overnight from one of the strongest to one of the weakest and most pitiable of national societies....This would...warrant the United States entering with reasonable confidence upon a policy of firm containment, designed to confront the Russians with unalterable counter-force at every point where they show signs of encroaching upon the interests of a peaceful and stable world." - George Kennan, U.S. State Department, "The Long Telegram", 22 Feb. 1946 The policy excerpted would later be identified as justification for which of the following?
Military engagement in Korea
(Picture of Levittown, NY 1951) Which of the following best explains the dramatic increase in personal ownership of homes after WW2?
Mortgages were at low rates and government-insured
"Soviet power...bears within itself the seeds of its own decay, and the sprouting of these seeds is well advanced...[If] anything were ever to disrupt the unity and efficacy of the Party as a political instrument, Soviet Russia might be changed overnight from one of the strongest to one of the weakest and most pitiable of national societies....This would...warrant the United States entering with reasonable confidence upon a policy of firm containment, designed to confront the Russians with unalterable counter-force at every point where they show signs of encroaching upon the interests of a peaceful and stable world." - George Kennan, U.S. State Department, "The Long Telegram", 22 Feb. 1946 Which of the following organizations most directly resulted from the policy described in the excerpt?
NATO
(Poltical Cartoon: Down Lover's Lane. Hitlor wooed Stalin.. but with larger forces stationed right on Russia's doorstep) What does this cartoon suggest about the pact between Germany and the Soviet Union?
Neither side trust the other
"When an epidemic of physical disease starts to spread, the community approves and joins in a quarantine of the patients in order to protect the health of the community against the spread of the disease.... War is a contagion, whether it be declared or undeclared. It can engulf states and peoples remote from the original scene of hostilities. We are determined to keep out of war, yet we cannot insure ourselves against the disastrous effects of war and the dangers of involvement. -President Franklin Roosevelt, Quarantine speech, October 5, 1937 What sentence best expresses President Roosevelt's message?
No nation can be completely isolated from other nation
(Politcial Cartoon: "America the Last Refuge of Democracy", Capitol Building, American Guy, Women with Democracy on her pants) Which of the following most directly contributed to the perspective of the cartoon?
Nye Committee
Though Franklin himself never tried to discourage me and was undisturbed by nything I wanted to say or do, other people were frequently less happy about my actions. I knew, for instance, that many of my racial beliefs and activities in the held of social work caused.... grave concern. They were afraid that l would hurt my husband politically and socially, and I imagine they thought I was doing many things without Franklin's knowledge and agreement. On occasion they blew up to him and to other people, I knew it at the time, but there was no use in my trying to explain, because our basic values were very different." -- -Eleanor Roosevelt, This I Remember, 1949 Eleanor Roosevelt expressed the most independence from FDR and his advisors in her
Opposition to radical discrimination
Progressive Era Legislation Food & Drug Act: prohibited the interstate transportation and sale of adulterated food. Clayton Antitrust Act: excluded labor unions from antitrust laws. Underwood Simmons Act: reduced the nation's tariff rates substantially for the first time since the Civi War Federal Trade Commission Act: created a five-nerson Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to regulate businesses and investigate possible violations of antitrust laws. 17 Amendment: allowed for the direct election of U.S. Senators instead of through state legislators. 19th Amendment: guaranteed all women the right to vote Newlands Reclamation Ace: funded irrigation proiects for the arid lands of 20 states in the American West Federal Reserve Act: created the Federal Reserve System to act as the Central Bank and take charge of monetary policy in the U.S. New Deal Programs · Civilian Conservation Corps: provided three million young men with jobs in road building, forestry labor, and flood control. · Federal Emergency Relief Act: established the Federal Relief Administration to distribute $500 million to states and localities for direct relief. Agricultural Adjustment Act: decreased crop surpluses by providing farmers with subsidies for voluntarily cutting back on production. Works Progress Administration: employed millions of people to carry out public world projects. Fair Labor Standards Act: outlawed child labor and established a national minimum wage Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: provided insurance of bank of deposits up to $2500. 21st Amendment: repealed Prohibition Wagner Act: prohibited employers from engaging in unfair practices such as discriminating against workers who organized or joined unions. Based on the information in the chart, which of the following examples best supports that the progressive principle of conservation was neglected during the New Deal?
Passage of the Agricultural adjustments Act
"It has been said, times without number, that if Hitler cannot cross the English Channel he cannot cross three thousand miles of sea. But there is only one reason why he has not crossed the English Channel. That is because forty-five million determined Britons, in a heroic resistance, have converted their island into a armed base, from which proceeds a steady stream of sea and air power. As Secretary Hull has said: "It is not the water that bars the way. It is the reso- lute determination of British arms. Were the control of the seas by Britain lost, the Atlantic would no longer be an obstacle-rather, it would become a broad highway for a conqueror moving westward." -The New York Times, April 30, 1941 Which of the following would the author(s) or this excerpt most likely support?
Passing the Lend Lease Act
"You usually will know where the front is by the sound of gunfire, and that's the direction you should proceed. Now, suppose you lose a hand or an ear is shot off, or perhaps a piece of your nose, and you think you should walk back to get first aid. If I see you, it will be the last ... walk you'll ever take." -General George S. Patton, Jr., addressing his junior officers Based on this quote, which word best describes General Patton?
Persistent
"The country needs and, unless I mistake its temper, the country demands bold, persistent experimentation. It is common sense to take a method and to try it. If it fails, admit it frankly and try another. But above all, try something!" -Franklin D. Roosevelt, speech at Oglethorpe University, May 22, 1932 What actions did Roosevelt take during the first year of his presidency that show the sentiment expressed in this quote?
President Roosevelt acted quickly and proposed a number of major relief and reform bills in his first Hundred Days in office.
"My most immediate concern is in carrying out the purposes of the great work program just enacted by the Congress. Its first objective is to put men and women now on the relief rolls to work and, incidentally, to assist materially in our already unmistakable march toward recovery.. We must begin now to make provision for the future. That is why our social security program is an important part of the complete picture. It proposes, by means of old age pensions, to help those who have reached the age of retirement to give up their jobs and thus give to the younger generation greater opportunities for work and to give to all a feeling of security as they look toward old age. Provisions for social security, however, are protections for the future. Our responsibility for the immediate necessities of the unemployed has been met by the Congress through the most comprehensive work plan in the history of the Nation. Our problem is to put to work three and one-half million employable persons now on the relief rolls. It is a problem quite as much for private industry as for the government." -Franklin D. Roosevelt, Fireside Chat, April 28, 1935 What connection did President Roosevelt draw between social security and unemployment?
President Roosevelt stated that social security would ease unemployment by encouraging older workers to retire and opening up jobs for younger workers
Progressive Era Legislation Food & Drug Act: prohibited the interstate transportation and sale of adulterated food. Clayton Antitrust Act: excluded labor unions from antitrust laws. Underwood Simmons Act: reduced the nation's tariff rates substantially for the first time since the Civi War Federal Trade Commission Act: created a five-nerson Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to regulate businesses and investigate possible violations of antitrust laws. 17 Amendment: allowed for the direct election of U.S. Senators instead of through state legislators. 19th Amendment: guaranteed all women the right to vote Newlands Reclamation Ace: funded irrigation proiects for the arid lands of 20 states in the American West Federal Reserve Act: created the Federal Reserve System to act as the Central Bank and take charge of monetary policy in the U.S. New Deal Programs · Civilian Conservation Corps: provided three million young men with jobs in road building, forestry labor, and flood control. · Federal Emergency Relief Act: established the Federal Relief Administration to distribute $500 million to states and localities for direct relief. Agricultural Adjustment Act: decreased crop surpluses by providing farmers with subsidies for voluntarily cutting back on production. Works Progress Administration: employed millions of people to carry out public world projects. Fair Labor Standards Act: outlawed child labor and established a national minimum wage Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation: provided insurance of bank of deposits up to $2500. 21st Amendment: repealed Prohibition Wagner Act: prohibited employers from engaging in unfair practices such as discriminating against workers who organized or joined unions. Which of the following conclusions can best be made from the information in the chart?
Progressives considered consumer protection a priority while a man objective of the New Deal was job creation
Truman found saving the free world easier than governing America. .... By the time war broke out in Korea, the Fair Deal was over, Truman had tried to accomplish too much with too little, ending up with practically nothing. Without a liberal majority in Congress there could not be much in the way of liberal legislation. Through the Truman years domestic politics was a thing of rags and patches, a time when problems were ignored, programs shelved, and partisanship allowed to run rampant. Yet a recent history of the period 1945-1950 is called The Best Years because that is how they were remembered." William L. O'Neill, historian, American High, 1986 Which of the following coalition provided the strongest opposition to Truman's domestic programs?
Republicans and southern Democrats
"Economic growth was indeed the most decisive force in the shaping of attitudes and expectations in the postwar era. The prosperity of the period broadened gradually in the late 1940s, accelerated in the 1950s, and soared to unimaginable heights in the 1960s. By then it was a boom that astonished observers. One economist, writing about the twenty-five years following World War II, put it simply by saying that this was a 'quarter century of sustained growth at the highest rates in recorded history.' Former Prime Minister Edward Heath of Great Britain agreed, observing that the United States at the time was enjoying 'the greatest prosperity the world has ever known. " - James T. Patterson, Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 One significant results of the economic trend described in the excerpt was the
Rise of the sunbelt as a political and economic force
Which of the following took place at the Teheran Conference?
Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to attack Germany on the Western Front
The ________ is considered to be the first assault rifle in history
STG 44
The situation depicted in the photograph was a continuation of what earlier trend, beginning in the late 1800s?
Severe economic distress among farmers for multiple reasons
(Political Cartoon: Two Beds(USA and Europe), Europe with different dieases) What idea is Seuss trying to get across in this cartoon?
Sooner or later, the problems that are plagueing Europe will eventually plague the US as well
Though Franklin himself never tried to discourage me and was undisturbed by nything I wanted to say or do, other people were frequently less happy about my actions. I knew, for instance, that many of my racial beliefs and activities in the held of social work caused.... grave concern. They were afraid that l would hurt my husband politically and socially, and I imagine they thought I was doing many things without Franklin's knowledge and agreement. On occasion they blew up to him and to other people, I knew it at the time, but there was no use in my trying to explain, because our basic values were very different." -- -Eleanor Roosevelt, This I Remember, 1949 The excerpt suggests that Eleanor Roosevelt knew that her positions could most harm her husband's standing with which of the following groups?
Southern Democrats
...All citizens alike, both in and out of uniform, feel the impact of war in greater or lesser measure. Citizenship has its responsibilities as well as its privileges, and in time of war the burden is always heavier. Compulsory exclusion of large groups of citizens from their homes, except under circumstances of direct emergency and peril, is inconsistent with our basic governmental institutions. But when under conditions of modern warfare our shores are threatened by forces, the power to protect must be commensurate with the threatened danger.... -Majority opinion of the Supreme Court(delievered by Justice Hugo Black) in Koremastu vs. United States, 1994 The main point argued in the excerpt is most consistent with the sentiments presented in which of the following?
Supreme Court's ruling in Schenck v. United States
(Picture of Stalin and Truman) What is the most likely reason President Truman and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin are smiling in this image of the two at the Potsdamn Conference in 1945?
The Allied powers had defeated Germany and, despite disagreements, the leaders hoped to project an image of unity
"I wish to draw your attention to the development which has taken place since the conference that was arranged through your good offices in October last year between scientists engaged in this work and governmental representatives. Since the outbreak of the war, interest in uranium has intensified Germany. I have now learned that research there is carried out in great secrecy and that it has been extended to another of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes, the Institute of Physics. The latter has been taken over by the government and a group of physicists, under the leadership of C. F. von Weizsācker, who is now working there on uranium in collaboration with the Institute of Chemistry. The former director was sent away on leave of absence, apparently for the duration of the war." -Letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt from Albert Einstein, March 7, 1940 What concern is Einstein expressing in this letter?
The Axis powers may be developing an atomic weapon
"The United States troops have done almost all the fighting and have suffered almost all the losses. They have suffered losses almost equal to those of both sides at the Battle of Gettysburg.... [it] will, I believe, be regarded as an ever-famous American victory. -Winston Churchill, Address to the House of Commons, Jan. 18,1945 In this address, Prime Minister Churchill is referencing
The Battle of the Bulge
"The developments resulting from our assault movements have now assumed a clear definition. All hope of localization of the Korean conflict to enemy forces comp elements can now be completely abandoned... No pretext of minor support under the guise of volunteerism or other subterfuge now has the slightest validity. We face an entirely new war." of North Korean troops with alien token - telegram from General Douglas MacArthur to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, November 28, 1950 General MacAurthur sees recent developments as creating "an entirely new war" because
The Chinese entered the Korean War
"While we sympathize with the Serbian or the Russian, with the Jew in Germany or the Christian in Russia, the major portion of our sympathy is extended to our dispossessed farmer, our disconsolate laborers who are being crushed at this moment while the spirit of internationalism runs rampant in the corridors of the Capitol, hoping to participate in setting the world aright while chaos clamors at our doors." -Father Charles Coughlin This quote best reflects Father Coughlin's point of view that
The United States was not doing enough to help its own citizens
"This is a time of the "cold war." This is a time when all the world is split into two vast, increasingly hostile armed camps...The reason why we find ourselves in a position of impotency is not because our only powerful potential enemy has sent men to invade our shores, but rather because of the traitorous actions of those who have been treated so well by this Nation. It has not been the less fortunate or members of minority groups who have been selling this Nation out, but rather those who have had all the benefits that the wealthiest nation on earth has to offer-the finest homes, the finest college education, and the finest jobs in Government. This is glaringly true in the State Department. There the bright young men who are born with silver spoons in their mouths are the ones who have been the worst...I have in my hand 57 cases of individuals who would appear to be either card carrying members or certainly loyal to the Communist Party, but who nevertheless are still helping to shape our foreign policy...This will end only when the whole sorry mess of twisted, warped thinkers are swept from the national scene so that we may have a new birth of national honesty and decency in government." - Sen. Joseph McCarthy, Wheeling, WV speech, 1950 Which of the following cases of communist influence would best serve as evidence for McCarthy's claims in the excerpt?
The accusation that Alger Hiss was spying for the soviets
"Connie My Dearest,... Well, here I am just off the coast of Normandy taking part in the invasion of Europe. We are doing remarkable well, especially when you take into consideration the opposition we are up against. ... Well the troops were landed and then there was one continued stream of reinforcements and stores pouring in. We saw a sight during the first evening that was unbelievable. The airborne came over and it is utterly impossible for me to describe our feelings when we saw them. From one horizon to the other that is as far as the eye can see, the sky was blacked out by transports and gliders, there were hundreds besides the fighter cover that accompanied them. Never had anyone seen anything like it. ..." -W Cutler, to his fiancee, June 1944 What development did Cutler call "Unbelievable"?
The arrival of Allied transport and glider planes
"When this war is over the Japanesse lanuage will be spoken only in hell" -Admirla Bill Halsey The above quote is atrributed to Halsey after what event?
The attack on Pearl Harbor
"It has been said, times without number, that if Hitler cannot cross the English Channel he cannot cross three thousand miles of sea. But there is only one reason why he has not crossed the English Channel. That is because forty-five million determined Britons, in a heroic resistance, have converted their island into a armed base, from which proceeds a steady stream of sea and air power. As Secretary Hull has said: "It is not the water that bars the way. It is the reso- lute determination of British arms. Were the control of the seas by Britain lost, the Atlantic would no longer be an obstacle-rather, it would become a broad highway for a conqueror moving westward." -The New York Times, April 30, 1941 At the time this excerpt was published, which of the following was the most pressing problem faced by the British?
The attacks on suppy lines by German submarines in the Atlantic
Which of the following was an immediate consequence of the Sputnik Launch?
The creation of a new federal agency and expanded funding for education
.the fifties appear to be an orderly era, one with a minimum of social dissent. Photographs from the period tend to show people who dressed carefully: men in suits, ties, and-when outdoors-hats: the women with their hair in modified page-boys, pert and upbeat. Young people seemed, more than anything else, "square" and largely accepting of the given social covenants. At the beginning of the decade their music was still slow and saccharine, mirroring the generally bland popular taste... The American Dream was to exercise personal freedom not in social and political terms, but rather in economic ones. Eager to be part of the burgeoning middle class, young men and women opted for material well-being, particularly if it came with some form of guaranteed employment. For the young, eager veteran just out of college... security meant finding a good white-collar job with a large, benevolent company, getting married, having children, and buying a house in the suburbs. - David Halberstam, The Fifties, 1994 The prosperity of the 1950s was accompanied by
The development of franchises & multinational corporations
Truman found saving the free world easier than governing America. .... By the time war broke out in Korea, the Fair Deal was over, Truman had tried to accomplish too much with too little, ending up with practically nothing. Without a liberal majority in Congress there could not be much in the way of liberal legislation. Through the Truman years domestic politics was a thing of rags and patches, a time when problems were ignored, programs shelved, and partisanship allowed to run rampant. Yet a recent history of the period 1945-1950 is called The Best Years because that is how they were remembered." William L. O'Neill, historian, American High, 1986 Which of the following advanced liberal domestic policies during the Truman administration?
The executive order ending racial discrimination in the military
.the fifties appear to be an orderly era, one with a minimum of social dissent. Photographs from the period tend to show people who dressed carefully: men in suits, ties, and-when outdoors-hats: the women with their hair in modified page-boys, pert and upbeat. Young people seemed, more than anything else, "square" and largely accepting of the given social covenants. At the beginning of the decade their music was still slow and saccharine, mirroring the generally bland popular taste... The American Dream was to exercise personal freedom not in social and political terms, but rather in economic ones. Eager to be part of the burgeoning middle class, young men and women opted for material well-being, particularly if it came with some form of guaranteed employment. For the young, eager veteran just out of college... security meant finding a good white-collar job with a large, benevolent company, getting married, having children, and buying a house in the suburbs. - David Halberstam, The Fifties, 1994 The conformity of the 1950s as described in the excerpt was most directly challenged by which of the following?
The rising popularity of rock and roll music
Why did the Allies pursue a "Europe First" strategy?
They considered Germany ro be their most dangerous enemy
What did American leaders learn at the Kasserine PAss in North Africa?
They needed aggressive officers and troops better trained for desert fighting
"We call upon you to fight for jobs in National Defense. We call upon you to struggle for the integration of Negroes in the armed forces, such as the Air Corps, Navy, Army and Marine Corps of the Nation. We call upon you to demonstrate for the abolition of Jim-Crowism, in all Government departments and defense employment. This is an hour of crisis. It is a crisis of democracy. It is a crisis of minority groups. It is a crisis of Negro Americans. What is this crisis? To American Negroes, it is the denial of jobs in Government defense projects. It is racial discrimination in Government departments. It is wide-spread Jim-Crowism in the armed forces of the Nation. While billions of the taxpayers' money are being spent for war weapons, Negro workers are being turned away from the gates of factories, mines and mills-being flatly told, "NOTHING DOING."...Dear fellow Negro Americans, be not dismayed in these terrible times. You possess power, great power. Our problem is to harness and hitch it up for action on the broadest, daring and most gigantic scale. In this period of power politics, nothing counts but pressure, more pressure, and still more pressure, through the tactic and strategy of broad, organized, aggressive mass action behind the vital and important issues of the Negro. To this end, we propose that ten thousand Negroes March on Washington for jobs in National Defense and equal integration in the fighting forces of the United States..." - A. Philip Randolph, A Call for A March om Washington, 1941 How did members of the Roosevelt administration initially react to Randolph's plan for an all-black march on Washington, D.C?
They tried to get him to postpone or cancle the march
"The soldiers were walking the streets, the fellas who had fought for democracy in Germany. They thought they should get the bonus right then and there because they needed the money. A fella by the name of Waters, I think, got up the idea of these ex-soldiers would go to Washington, make the kind of trip the hoboes made with Coxey in 1898, they would be able to get the government to come through...There was none of this hatred you see now when strange people come to town, or strangers come to a neighborhood...That's one of the things about the Depression. There was more camaraderie than there is now... When we got to Washington, there was quite a few ex-servicemen there before us...They had come to petition Hoover, to give them the bonus before it was due. And Hoover refused this...They would hold midnight vigils around the White House and march around the White House in shifts...The picture I'll always remember...here is MacArthur coming down Pennsylvania Avenue. And, believe me, ladies and gentlemen, he came on a white horse. He was riding a white horse. Behind him were tanks, troops of the regular army..." The Great Depression: An Oral Account Which of the following is the most accurate characterization of the Bonus Army?
They were a racially inter grated group of WWI vets who camped together many months in Washington DC in order to demand early payment bonuses
What was the purpose of the Einsatzgruppen?
They were mobile death squads created by the Nazis to elimate undesirables
"We have reached complete agreement as to the scope and timing of the operations to be undertaken from the east, west and south. The common understanding which we have here reached guarantees that victory will be ours. ... No power on earth can prevent our destroying the German armies by land, their U Boats by sea, and their war planes from the air." -Declaration of the Three Powers, December 1,1943 What was the purpose of this declartion, which was issued after a meeting of the leaders of the United States, Great Britain and the Soviet Union?
To show that the Allies were unified in their efforts to defeat Germany
This political Cartoon implies that President Roosevelt is
Trying to appoint justices who agree with his views
Truman found saving the free world easier than governing America. .... By the time war broke out in Korea, the Fair Deal was over, Truman had tried to accomplish too much with too little, ending up with practically nothing. Without a liberal majority in Congress there could not be much in the way of liberal legislation. Through the Truman years domestic politics was a thing of rags and patches, a time when problems were ignored, programs shelved, and partisanship allowed to run rampant. Yet a recent history of the period 1945-1950 is called The Best Years because that is how they were remembered." William L. O'Neill, historian, American High, 1986 Which of the following is an example of a Fair Deal reform that would best support the passage that "problem were ignored, programs shelved?"
Two term limit for the President
At the __________ Conference, SS General Reinhart Heydrich and other Nazi leaders laid out the framework for the final solution
Wannsee
Which of the following groups was NOT part of the voting coalition that supported the New Deal?
White people in the South
The inmediate response of most Americans to the rise of the Facist dictators Mussolini and Hitler was
a deeper commitment to remain isolated from the European problems
Which of the following limited the US response to the Holocaust?
the focus of US resources on defeating Hitlor
The advertisement for Social Security most directly reflects which of the following developments during the New Deal?
the idea that government could provide citizens with some aid to deal with life's ups and downs
The Battle of Stalingrad
ended any realistic plans Hitlor had for dominating Europe
The peace-loving nations must make a concerted effort in opposition to those violations of treaties and those ignoring's of humane instincts which today are creating a state of international anarchy and instability from which there is no escape through mere isolation or neutrality. Those who cherish their freedom and recognize and respect the equal right of their neighbors to be free and live in peace, must work together for the triumph of law and moral principles in order that peace, justice, and confidence may prevail in the world. There must be a return to a belief the pledged word, in the value of a signed treaty. There must be recognition of the fact that national morality is as vital as private morality. - Franklin Roosevelt, 1937 The excerpt best reflects an effort by Roosevelt to
expand the role of the US in the world
"A combination of fear and massive propaganda kept Stalin in power. Publicity about Stalin was designed to create an idol, encouraging a cult of personality in which he was credited for all good things. In newspapers, billboards, and schools, the public was fed a constant diet of communist success. Soviet art was censored; only positive images of Stalin and soviet life were permitted. Images showing Stalin as a kindly father figure masked the reality of labor camps and the consequences of any resistance to his rule. Based on the text, what was on signifact factor that solidified Stalin's political power in the Soviet Union?
his use of Soviet media to mold public perception
In the 1930's, the movement led by Dr. Francis Townsend contributed to congressional approval of a law
implementing a federal program of old-age benefits
"While some economists argue that full employment can be restored if wages are allowed to fall to lower levels, Keynesians maintain that employers will not employ workers to produce goods that cannot be sold. Because they believe unemployment results from an insufficient demand for goods and services, Keynesianism is considered a "demand-side" theory that focuses on short-run economic fluctuations. Keynes argued that investment, which responds to variations in the interest rate and to expectations about the future, is the dynamic factor determining the level of economic activity. He also maintained that deliberate government action could foster full employment. Keynesian economists claim that the government can directly influence the demand for goods and services by altering tax policies and public expenditures." -Encyclopedia Britannica John Maynard Keynes argued that the best way to lower unemployment is to
increase government spending in order to increase demand for goods and service
Why was the Doolittle Raid important?
it bolstered American morale for the long fight ahead in the Pacific
The Great Depression-era photograph above was taken with the goal of
publicizing the plight of migrant farmworkers and their families
The Battle of Coral Sea was crucial because it
renewed the cofidence of the United States
Many Jews were prevented from leaving Germany because
some countries refused to accept them during the Great Depression
"We call upon you to fight for jobs in National Defense. We call upon you to struggle for the integration of Negroes in the armed forces, such as the Air Corps, Navy, Army and Marine Corps of the Nation. We call upon you to demonstrate for the abolition of Jim-Crowism, in all Government departments and defense employment. This is an hour of crisis. It is a crisis of democracy. It is a crisis of minority groups. It is a crisis of Negro Americans. What is this crisis? To American Negroes, it is the denial of jobs in Government defense projects. It is racial discrimination in Government departments. It is wide-spread Jim-Crowism in the armed forces of the Nation. While billions of the taxpayers' money are being spent for war weapons, Negro workers are being turned away from the gates of factories, mines and mills-being flatly told, "NOTHING DOING."...Dear fellow Negro Americans, be not dismayed in these terrible times. You possess power, great power. Our problem is to harness and hitch it up for action on the broadest, daring and most gigantic scale. In this period of power politics, nothing counts but pressure, more pressure, and still more pressure, through the tactic and strategy of broad, organized, aggressive mass action behind the vital and important issues of the Negro. To this end, we propose that ten thousand Negroes March on Washington for jobs in National Defense and equal integration in the fighting forces of the United States..." - A. Philip Randolph, A Call for A March om Washington, 1941 How did members of the Roosevelt administration initially react to Randolph's plan for an all-black march on Washington DC
tensions over continuing segregation and discrimination in the public an dprivate sectors
During the 1945 conference in Potsdam,
the Big Three formalized the plan to divide Germany into four zones of occupation
Hitlor's plans to invade Britain depended on
the Luftwaffe controlling the skies above the English Channel
The "destroyers-for-bases" deal of of 1940 provided that
the US would give Britain fifty American destroyers in exchange for leases on British bases in the Americas
One means by which President Hoover attempted to fight the Great Depression was
the establishment of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation
The twin events that precipitated the reversal of American policy from neutrality to active, though nonbelligerent, support of the Allied cause were
the fall of France & the battle of Britain
"As you know, this is the first time I bave been bere for a long time. A great many things have happened during that time. The Manhattan Engincer District has been made known to the world. We brought about peace; there is no question aabout that In 1942 when talking to Mr. Carpenter, president of duPont, I told him that the first country which developed this could effect an end to the war in a hurry and it would be to their advantage. That same thing was told to Tennessee Eastman Corporation and the Union Carbide and Carbon Chemical Corporation. I think my estimate of the situation was correct...There is no question but what we ended the war months before it could have ended otherwise, and by so doing, we saved a great many thousands of American lives. If the truth were known we probably also saved a great many Jap lives i1 we remember that the ratio is ten Japs to every one American. It is not an inhuman weapon. I have no apologies or excuses for its use. I think our best answer to anyone who doubts this is that we did not start the war and if they don't like the way that we ended it, to remember that they started. 1 want to extend my thanks to you for myself, the war Department, and the United States." -General Groves, Address to Officers Regarding the Atomic Bomb, 1945 The development of the atomic bomb was accompanied by similar breakthroughs in medicine and technology. Which of the following best explains these advances?
the involovment of American businesses in developing products that would help the war effort
The politcal Cartoon above was a respose to
the numerous programs and growing power of the federal government as FDR dealt with the hardships of the Great Depression
At Yalta, the "Big Three" agreed that
the soviets would entet the war against the Japanesse
