US History II Industry Comes of Age chapter 24
Company town
a town or city in which most or all real estate, buildings (both residential and commercial), utilities, hospitals, small businesses such as grocery stores and gas stations, and other necessities or luxuries of life within its borders are owned by a single company. [community whose residents rely upon one company for jobs, housing, and shopping]
Horizontal integration
allying with competitors to monopolize a given market
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States, forbade restraint of trade and did not distinguish good from bad trusts, ineffective due to lack of enforcement mechanism (waited for Clayton Anti-Trust Act)
syndicates
an association of financiers organized to carry out projects requiring very large amounts of capital
James J. Hill perceived that the prosperity of his railroad depended on the prosperity of the ____ that it served; his enterprise was soundly organized and had no major problems
area
Thomas Edison
as a boy he was considered so dull-witted that he was taken out of school. He was the most versatile 19th century inventor quoted as saying, "Genius is one percent inspiration and 99% perspiration."
Union
association of workers that hoped to find strengthen in numbers by arguing for better working wages and conditions
Paddies
construction gangs many of whom were Irish and fought for the Union in the Civil War; worked quickly on railroads (UP RR), nickname for irish on railway construction gangs-Union Pacific."patricks"
Textile mills
eventually became a part of the Southern economy
Transcontinental railroad building was so ____ and risky as to require government subsidies; the extension of rails into thinly populated regions was unprofitable. Private promoters were unwilling to suffer heavy initial losses; Congress thus began to advance liberal money loads to favored cross-continent companies in ____.
expensive, 1862
stock watering
in this practice, railroad promoters grossly inflated their claims about a given line's assets and profitability and sold stocks and bonds far in excess of the value of the railroads
Self-justification by the wealth inevitably involved contempt for the poor; many of the _____ had pulled themselves up and hence they concluded that those who stayed ____ must by lazy and lacking in enterprise (formidable roadblock to social reform)
rich, poor
Real wages were ____ and times were good for workers who were working; but with dependence on wages came vulnerability to the swings of the ____ and employer.
rising, economy
National Labor Union
the labor union formed in 1866 that attracted 600,000 members including the skilled, unskilled, and farmers. It pushed social reform, an eight-hour day, and arbitration of labor disputes
American Federation of Labor
the labor union of the late 1800s composed mostly of highly skilled craft unions unwilling to sacrifice for unskilled workers easily replaced by scabs during a strike
Great Northern
the last spike of the last of the five transcontinental railroads was hammered in 1893. This railroad ran from Duluth to Seattle
Richard Olney
the leading corporate lawyer of the 1880s who noted that the new Interstate Commerce Commission could be of great use to the railroads. It would quiet the clamor for regulation while at the same time it had little power
Interstate Commerce Act
the legislation of 1887 that attempted to end most of the corrupt practices of the railroads
James Buchanan Duke
the man who cornered the cigarette industry through the American Tobacco Company. Later Trinity College in North Carolina changed its name to honor him
Westinghouse air brake
the marvelous contribution to railroad safety and efficiency which was generally adopted in the 1870s
Jay Gould
the millionaire considered the brains of the 1869 attempt to corner the gold market
. Standard Oil Company
the oil company formed in the late 1800s that finally monopolized the industry by 1882
When Indians would attack to defend their lands;
the paddies would grab their rifles
A major goal of Gompers was the "____ agreement" authorizing the "closed shop"—or ____ labor—his chief weapons were the walkout and the boycott (prolonged strikes).
trade, all-union
"stock watering"
where stock promoters inflated claims about a line's assets and sold more stocks than the railroad's actual value
Ogden, Utah
where the transcontinental Railroad was completed in 1869
Samuel Gompers
led The American Federation of Labor
Knights of Labor
led by Terence V. Powderly
The depression of 1870 led
led people to protest the railroad monopoly
Wondrous devices poured out of his "invention factory"—the phonograph, the mimeograph, the Dictaphone, and the moving picture. He is probably best known for his perfection in 1879 of the electric _____ ____; this turned night into day and transformed ancient human habits as well
light bulb
Offering superior railway service at ____ rates, he amassed a fortune of $100 million; his name is perhaps remembered through his contribution to the Vanderbilt University
lower
To help corporations, the courses ingeniously interpreted the Fourteenth Amendment, which was designed to protect the rights of ex-slaves, so as-to
Avoid corporate regulation by the states
Generally, the Supreme Court in the late nineteenth century interpreted the Constitution in such a way as to favor
Corporations
The embattled Knights refused to thrust their lance into ____; instead they campaigned for economic and social reform, including producers' cooperatives and codes for ____ and health (they frowned upon industrial warfare).
politics, safety
Gompers shunned ____ for economic strategies and goals—he demanded a fairer share for labor—promoting what he called a "pure and ____" unionism, he sought better wages, hours, and working conditions (bitter here and now).
politics, simple
Plutocracy
a government ruled by the rich, not much different than aristocracy, which tends to be "old money". In a a pure plutocracy, even the overnight billionaire can be a ruler.Greek: "ploutos" meaning wealth.Latin: "cracy" -a form of rulership or government. *Put them together, and you get plutocracy, a government ruled by the rich.
Colored National Labor Union
a labor union organized by blacks that couldn't combine with the other labor union because of their mixed views
The Grange
group of American farmers who led the protest in the economic recession of the 1870's
land grants
growing railroads took up more land than they were allotted because their land grants were given over a broad path through the proposed route. Within these paths the RRs were allowed to choose alternate mile square sections in a checkerboard fashion; The railroad owners would then choose the route to build on (all land would be withheld until they so decided). President Grover Cleveland ended the land dispute in 1887 when he opened up all the unclaimed public portions of the grants to the public.
Air Brake
invention made by George Westinghouse that helped train cars stop at the same time, making them more safe
Railroads were "wheeled torture chambers" and potential funeral pyres, for the wooden cars were equipped with swaying ____ lamps; appalling accidents continued to be almost daily tragedies, despite safety devices like the ____.
kerosene, telegraph
They could call upon the ____ courts to issue injunctions ordering strikers to cease striking—if defiance and disorders ensued, the company could request the state and federal authorities to bring in ____ (rebellious workers locked out by employers).
labor union, debt
The textile mills proved a mixed blessing to the economically blighted ____; they slowly wove an industrial thread into the fabric of southern life (human cost). South Cheap ____ was the South's major attraction for potential investors and keeping this cheap became a "religion" among southern industrialists (denominated communities).
labor,
Urban centers mushroomed as the insatiable factories demanded more American ____ and immigrants swarmed in to the new jobs. As ____ declined in relation to manufacturing, America could no longer aspire to be a nation of small free-hold farms (Jefferson's concepts of free enterprise out).
labor, agriculture,
Rockefeller showed little mercy in employing ____ and extorting secret rebates from the railroads, he forced the lines to pay him ____ on the freight bills of his competitors. Rockefeller thought "the time was ripe" for aggressive consolidation, but on the other side of the account book, Rockefeller's oil monopoly did turn out a superior product at a relatively ____ price.
spies, rebates, cheap
The Interstate Commerce Act tended to ____, not revolutionize, the system. It was the first large-scale attempt by ____ to regulate business in the interest of society at large; it heralded the arrival of a series of independent regulatory ____ in the next century, which would be an irreversible commit by the ____ to the task of monitoring and guiding the private economy
stabilized, Washington, commissions, government
"ironclad oaths" or "yellow-dog contracts
stating that the workers would not join a labor union.
A bitter example of this economic discrimination against the South was the "Pittsburgh plus" pricing system in the ____ industry rich deposits of coal and iron ore near Birmingham, Alabama, should have given steel manufacturers the competitive edge.
steel
_____ ultimately held together these new civilization, from skyscrapers to coal scuttles, while providing it with food, shelter, and transportation (rails for railroads). Steel making typified the dominance of "heavy industry," concentrated on making "____ ____," which was entirely different from "consumer goods".
steel, capital goods
Tycoons like Andrew Carnegie, the ____ king; John D. Rockefeller, the ____ baron; and J. Pierpont Morgan, the bankers' ____, exercised genius to circumvent competition.
steel, oil, banker
Two significant new improvements proved a boon to the railroads. One was the ____ rail, which Vanderbilt helped popularize when he replaced the old iron tracks of the New York Central with the tougher metal; this was ____ and more ____ because it could bear a heavier load
steel, safer, economical
The corporation could get rid of the individual worker much more easily than the worker could get rid of the corporation; they could pool cast wealth though ____, have lawyers, buy up the local press, and pressure the politicians. They could import strikebreakers and employ thugs to beat ____ organizers
stockholders, labor
But the devastating depression of the 1870s dealt it a knockout blow; labor was rocked back on its heels during the years of the depression; wage reductions in 1877 touched off such disruptive ____ on the railroads that only troops could restore.
strikes
The middle-class public, annoyed by recurrent ____, grew deaf to the outcry of the worker; American ____ were perhaps the highest in the world; yet somehow the strike seemed like a foreign importation—socialistic and hence unpatriotic (raise prices).
strikes, wages,
William Graham Sumner
the Yale professor of the late 1800s who concluded that millionaires are a product of natural selection; they get high wages and live in luxury
Granger Movement
the agrarian movement organized in the 1870s as a protest against railroad power over the farmers
United States Steel Corporation
the company that in 1901 was capitalized at $1.4 billion. It was America's first billion-dollar corporation, a sum larger than the total estimated wealth of the nation in 1800
J. Piermont Morgan
the financial giant and Wall Street banker who bought a steel company from Andrew Carnegie for $400 million
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
the first major attempt by Congress to control monopolies came in 1890 with this law
Pullman cars
these were billed as "gorgeous traveling hotels" by some. Others called them "wheeled torture chambers" and potential funeral pyres b/c of wooden cars w/ kerosene lamps, railroad passenger cars with furnishings for day or night travel, designed by George M. Pullman
Rev. Russell Conwell
this 19th century preacher became rich by delivering his lecture "Acres of Diamonds." In it he said, "There is not a poor person in the U.S. who was not made poor by his own shortcomings."
Leland Stanford
this man was one of the chief financial backers of the Central Pacific Railroad, and ex-California governor, and U.S. Senator
vertical integration"
to combine all phases of manufacturing into one organization
mesabi range
vast deposit of iron ore and the largest of four major iron ranges in the region collectively known as the Iron Range of Minnesota. Utilised in 1890s, it is the chief deposit of iron ore in the United States; in the Minnesota-Lake Superior region; carnegie mined here
Most important, it set up the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to administer. The Interstate Commerce Act did not represent a popular ____ over ____ wealth; what the new legislation did do was to provide an orderly forum where competing ____ interests could resolve their conflicts in peaceful ways
victory, corporate, business
"Hello Girls"
volunteer bilingual telephone operators in the army Signal Corps, thousands of women took this job
A nation of farmers and independent producers was becoming a nation of ____ earners; in 1860 half of all workers were self-employed; by the century end, 2/3 were on wages
wage
The Union Pacific Railroad
was commissioned by congress
The transcontinental railroad
was completed in 1869, allowing for increased trade with Asia and opening up the West for expansion
Labor Day
was created by Congress in 1894
The "Pittsburgh plus" pricing system
was economic discrimination against the South in the steel industry. Deposits of coal and iron ore were discovered in Birmingham, Alabama. This should have helped Southern steel manufacturers, but Northern steel companies put pressure on the railroads to increase their shipping rates. This removed Birmingham's economic advantage
American Federation of Labor's
was founded in 1886 and was led by Samuel Gompers
Andrew Carnegie
was not a monopolist and disliked monopolistic trusts. By 1900, he was producing ¼ of the nation's Bessemer steel
Kerosene
was the first major product of the oil industry. The invention of the electric light bulb made kerosene obsolete
Women
were most affected by the new industrial age. Women found jobs as inventions arose; the typewriter and the telephone switchboard gave women new economic and social opportunities.
The kerosene lamp signaled the decline of the _____ industry just as the new electrical industry rendered the kerosene useless (Thomas Edison's invention).
whaling
Wage workers
what America became a nation of due to industry
Plutocracy:
when a government is controlled by the wealthy
economies of scale
A tactic where large companies produce a cheater product and thus put even more pressure on the "little guy"
"horizontal integration"
A technique used by John D. Rockefeller. An act of joining or consolidating with ones competitors to create a monopoly. Rockefeller was excellent with using this technique to monopolize certain markets. It is responsible for the majority of his wealth.
New South
A term said by Henry W. Grady used to describe the southern states after Reconstruction with a new economy
Match each entrepreneur below with the field of enterprise with which he is historically identified: A. Andrew Carnegie B. John D. Rockefeller C. J. Pierpont Morgan D. James Duke 1. Steel 2. Oil 3. Tobacco 4. Banking
A-1 B-2 C-4 D-3
Match each labor organization below with the correct description: A. National Labor Union B. Knights of Labor C. American Federation of Labor 1. The "one big union" that championed producer cooperatives and industrial arbitration 2. A social reform union killed by the depression of the 1870s 3. An association of unions pursuing higher wages, shorter working hours, and better working conditions
A-2 B-1 C-3
An adept lobbyist who was part of the "Big Four" responsible for financing the Central Pacific Railroad portion of the trans continental railroad Match each entrepreneur below with the form of business combination with which he is historically identified: A. Andrew Carnegie B. John D. Rockefeller C. J. Pierpont Morgan 1. Interlocking directorate 2. Trust 3. Vertical integration 4. Pool
A-3 B-2 C-1
Match each railroad company with the correct entrepreneur: A. James J. Hill B. Cornelius Vanderbilt C. Leland Stanford 1. Central Pacific 2. New York Central 3. Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe 4. Great Northern
A-4 B-2 C-1
Cornelius Vanderbilt
"Commodore"; Built the New York Central Railroad System-made millions from steamboat business, and used the money to merge local railroads to the New York Central Railroad;, a railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical; founded Van. University in TN
This tactic of creating trusts was used by Rockefeller
"Horizontal integration"
Andrew Carnegie
"Steel King" LIFE: came to America at 13, he worked as a bobbin boy, worked his way up and entered the steel business. BUSINESS: -Made up of "Pittsburg millionaires" -Produced ¼ th of nation's Bessemer steel -Profits: $40 mil yr for partners $25 mi yr for introduces Vertical Integration -wrote "The Gospel of Wealth" IMPACT: sold his holdings to JP Morgan in 1901 for $447 million -spent the rest of his life giving away $350 million to worthy cultural and educational causes.
Andrew Carnegie
"The Steel King"; United States industrialist and philanthropist who endowed education, public libraries, and research trusts (1835-1919).
Ironclad oaths
"Yellow dog contracts," oaths made by businesses where workers pledged to not join a Union
Carnegie, cleverly threatening to invade the same business, was ready to ruin his rival if he did not receive his price; Morgan finally agreed to but out Carnegie for over _____ —Carnegie then dedicated his remaining years to giving away money.
$400 million
Andrew Carnegie
(1835-1919), Creates Carnegie Steel. Gets bought out by banker JP Morgan and renamed U.S. Steel. Andrew Carnegie used vertical integration by buying all the steps needed for production. Was a philanthropist. Was one of the "Robber barons", Scottish immigrant
Andrew Carnegie
(steel king
American Federation of Labor
- High-class craft unionists, who enjoyed a semi monopoly of skills & hence could not readily be supplanted, finally wearied of sacrificing this advantage on the altar of solidarity with their unskilled coworkers and sought refuge in a federation of exclusively skilled craft unions—the American Federation of Labor.// It consisted of an association of self-governing national unions, each of which kept its independence, with the AF of L unifying overall strategy. No individual laborer as such could join it.//led by Samuel Gompers:nonpolitical & promoted "pure & simple" unionism, better wages, hrs, working conditions, & the "trade agreement" authorizing the "closed shop" (all union labor).// chief weapons: the walkout and the boycott// the stronger craft unions of the AF of L, by pooling funds, were able to amass a war chest enabled the Fed to ride out prolonged strikes; ("the labor trust"); by 1990 it had 500,000 members//
Oligarchy of money
*small group having control of most of the money DATE: 1900 1/10th of the people owned 9/10ths of the nation's wealth. EXAMPLE TODAY (SYNTHESIS): NY Times reported, "Fewer than four hundred families are responsible for almost half the money raised in the 2016 presidential campaign, a concentration of political donors that is unprecedented in the modern era."
closed shop
, in which an employer could only hire union employees and all of the employees had to be in a union
The National Labor Union, organized in 1866
, lasted 6 years and attracted 600,000 members. The purpose of the union was to organize workers across different trades and challenge companies for better working conditions.
J. Pierpont Morgan
- "Jupiter" Morgan bankers' banker BUSINESS: - Wall street banking house -financed railroads, insurance companies, and banks -The depression drove bleeding business people to him, and he would consolidate rival enterprises - To ensure future harmony-placed officers of banking syndicate on their boards of directors (interlocking directorates) DATE: 1900 - bought Carnegie steel for $400 million -launched Unites States Steel Corporation -Capitalized at 1.4 billion ***America's first billion dollar business. Larger sum than the total estimated wealth of the nation in 1800
Reverend Russell Cromwell
- He was made rich by a speech. said that people that weren't rich are just poor and lacking in enterprise
Carnegie - The Steel King
- pioneered the tactic of vertical integration: combining into one organization, all phases of manufacturing Helped control quality.
Interstate Commerce Act
-- 1887 -- prohibited rebates and pools -- required railroads to openly publish rates -- forbade discrimination against shippers
Haymarket Square
-- May 4, 1886 -- dynamite killed several people gathered to protest labor disputes and police who had gathered to stop the protest -- eight men convicted (5 killed, 3 released)
Wabash, St Louis & Pacific Railroad Company vs Illinois
-- Supreme court case -- ruled that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce
closed shop
-- all-union labor -- goal of Samuel Gompers -- used boycotts and walkouts
Social Darwinists
-- believed in survival of the fittest theories -- argued that individuals won their station in life by competing on the basis of their natural talents -- English philosopher Herbert Spencer and Yale professor William Graham Sumner were these
interlocking directorates
-- developed by JP Morgan -- consolidated rival enterprises and ensured harmony by placing his own bank officers on their board of directors
American Federation of Labor
-- formed by Samuel Gompers -- made of association of self-governing national unions
Standard Oil Company
-- formed in 1870 -- run by Rockefeller
Samuel Gompers
-- founder and president of the American Federation of Labor -- sought better wages, hours, and working conditions
marketing
-- goal was improving efficiency and controlling quality
Cornelius Vanderbilt
-- heavily involved in railroad enterprise -- popularized steel rails over iron rails
Thomas Edison
-- invented the phonograph, mimeograph, Dictaphone, and moving picture -- perfected the light-bulb in 1879
Alexander Graham Bell
-- invented the telephone in 1876 -- created jobs for women as operators
Knights of Labor
-- officially the Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor -- began in 1869 as secret society -- allowed blacks and women to join
John Rockefeller
-- oil baron -- owned Standard Oil Company -- developed horizontal integration and trusts
National Labor Union
-- organized in 1866 -- aimed to unify workers and challenge powerful bosses -- excluded Chinese and minimized inclusion of blacks and women
Mary Harris "Mother" Jones
-- organizer for Knights of Labor Union -- represented Illinois coalfields
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
-- signed into law in 1890 -- forbade communications in restraint of trade -- ineffective because of loopholes and no strength
Andrew Carnegie
-- steel king -- owned the mines to get ore and the boats and railroads to transport the ore -- developed vertical integration
vertical integration
-- used by Carnegie -- combined into one organization all phases of manufacturing including mining and
horizontal intergration
-- used by Rockefeller -- allied with competitors to monopolize a market trust -- used to describe large-scale businesses -- group of corporations run by a single board of directors
horizontal integration
Absorption into a single firm of several firms involved in the same level of production and sharing resources at that level
urbanization
-a population shift from rural to urban areas - "the gradual increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas" -how society adapts to the change EXAMPLE: hunter gatherers to villages (maize)industrial revolution -Forbes: Feb 24, 2015 - "The world's urban population now stands at 3.7 billion people, and this number is expected to double by 2050. The trend towards urbanization is only accelerating and 96 percent of all urbanization by 2030 will occur in the developing world"
Richard Olney
Attorney General of the U.S, the leading corporate lawyer of the 1800's
John D. Rockefeller
-master of "horizontal integration," simply allied with or bought out competitors to monopolize a given market -ruthless and merciless, organized the Standard Oil Company of Ohio in 1882 -He used this method to form Standard Oil and control the oil industry by forcing weaker competitors to go bankrupt.
The imperial ____ devised still other schemes for eliminating "wasteful" competition. The ____ of the 1890s drove into his welcoming arms many bleeding business people, wounded by the cutthroat competition in America.
. Morgan, depression
The American Federation of Labor
. The federation was an association of self-governing unions, each of which kept its own independence. It sought for better wages, hours, and working conditions. The federation's main weapons were the walkout and the boycott. It supported the idea of closed shop, in which an employer could only hire union employees and all of the employees had to be in a union. The greatest weakness of organized labor was that it was accepted by a small minority of working people. Labor Day was created by Congress in 1894. The elitist American Federation of Labor, 1886, only for skilled laborers, mainly ran by Samuel Gompers. He didn't like socialism and demanded fairer share of labor. He sought better wages and working conditions. Public eventually gave in to workers rights and made a legal holiday.
At rail's end, workers tried their best to fine relaxation and conviviality in their tented towns, known as "____ ____ ____," often teaming with as many as ten thousand men and a sprinkling of painted prostitutes and performers for the men
. hells on wheels
Railroad kings were for a time virtual ____ monarchs; they exercised more direct control over the lives of more people than the president of the United States did; they began to _____ with one another to rule the railroad dominion
. industrial, cooperate
Frontier villages touched by the ____ rail became flourishing cities. Those that were bypassed often withered away and became "____ towns"; little wonder that communities fought one another for the privilege of playing host to the railroads
. iron, ghost
For the first time, a sprawling nation became united in a physical sense, bounds with ribs of iron and steel; by stitching North America together from ocean to ocean, the trans-continental lines created an enormous domestic market for American ____ ____ and manufactured goods—probably the ____ integrated national market area in the world.
. raw materials, largest
"Commodore" Cornelius Vanderbilt
. the 1867-1868 scandal in which Union Pacific executives formed their own railroad construction company, then hired and overpaid themselves to build their own railroad
James J. Hill
. the far-visioned Canadian-American creator of the Great Northern Railroad who was probably the greatest railroad builder of all
Union Pacific
. the railroad that started from Omaha in the mid-1860s and was built westward as part of the transcontinental railroad
Henry W. Grady
. the silver-tongued editor of the Atlanta Constitution who promoted a new South in the late 1800s by exhorting southerners to industrialize
United States Steel Corp
.- J. P. Morgan and attorney Elbert H. Gary founded U.S. Steel in 1901 by combining Carnegie's Carnegie Steel Company with Gary's Federal Steel Company and Moore's National Steel Company for $492 million. At one time, U.S. Steel was the largest steel producer and largest corporation in the world. U.S. Steel maintained the labor policies of Andrew Carnegie, which called for low wages and opposition to unionization. The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers union that represented workers at the Homestead, Pennsylvania plant was, for many years, broken after a violent strike in 1892. Limited clashed over contract negotiations in what has become known as The Homestead Strike
Socialism
A social organization system that encourages the vesting of ownership and control of the means of production and distribution of capital and land to the community
Between 1860 and 1890 ______ patents were issued
15,000
Liquid capital was now becoming abundant; the word millionaire had not been coined until the 1840s and in ____ only a handful of individuals were eligible for this class
1861
. A "wedding of the rails" was finally consummated near Ogden, Utah, in ____ , as two locomotives met (the Union built 1,086 miles and the Central Pacific 689 miles)
1869
The American people were slow to take down _____ injustice; dedicated to free enterprise and believing competition is the soul of ____, they cherished progress
1870s, Grange
By ____ there were several hundred thousand organized workers and ____ national unions, representing such crafts as bricklayer, typesetters, and shoemakers
1872, 32
The Northern Pacific Railroad, stretching from Lake Superior to Puget Sound, reached its terminus in ____; the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, stretching through the southwestern deserts to ____ was completed in 1884, and the Southern Pacific ribboned from New Orleans to San Francisco and was consolidated in the 1884 as well
1883, California
Wabash Case
1886 Supreme Court case that decreed that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce. a.k.a. Wabash v. Illinois (1886). Supreme Court ruling that stated that states do not have the power to regulate interstate commerce, only the federal government could do that. This case reversed the previous ruling from Munn v. Illinois. This ruling convinced Congress to pass the Interstate Commerce Act in 1887 that established the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC), the first federal government regulatory agency
The last spike of the last of the five transcontinental railroads of the 19th century was hammered home in _____; the Great Northern, which ran from Duluth to Seattle, was the creation of a far-visioned Canadian-America, James J. Hill.
1893
Morgan moved rapidly to expand his new industrial empire; he took the Carnegie holdings, added others, "watered" the stock liberally, and in ____ launched the enlarged United States Steel Corporation (capitalized at $1.4 billion, it was America's ____ billion-dollar corporation—the Industrial Revolution had come into its own).
1901, first,
pool arrangements
A 'pool' is an informal agreement between a group of people or leaders of a company to keep their prices high and to keep competition low. The Interstate Commerce Act in 1887 made railroads publicly publish their prices and it outlawed the pool.
Andrew Carnegie
A .this man was an undersized, charming Scotsman of the late 1800s. He began as a bobbin boy at $1.20 a week and ended up trying to give away $350 million before he died
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois
A Supreme Court decision in 1886 that prohibited states from regulating the railroads because the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce. As a result, reformers turned their intention to the federal government, which now held sole power to regulate the railroad industry
Gospel of Wealth
A book written by Carnegie that described the responsibility of the rich to be philanthropists. This softened the harshness of Social Darwinism as well as promoted the idea of philanthropy
closed Shop
A company with a labor agreement under which union membership can be a condition of employment. In other words, the comp only hires union workers. It was done by the unions to protect their workers from cheap labor
Trust
A consortium of independent organizations formed to limit competition by controlling the production and distribution of a product or service.
Plutocracy
A country or society controlled and run by the wealthy Horizontal integration The technique of simply allying with competitors to monopolize a given market
"Mother" Jones
A dressmaker in Chicago until a fire destroyed her business. She then devoted her life to the cause of workers. Supported striking railroad workers in Pittsburgh and traveled around the country organizing coal miners and campaigning for improved working conditions; helped pave the way for reform
American Federation of Labor
A federation of North American labor unions that merged with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1955
consumer goods
A joint-stock company organized in 1863 and reorganized in 1867 to build the Union Pacific Railroad
black list
A list of people who had done some misdeed and were disliked by business. They were refused jobs and harassed by unions and businesses
Lockout
A management action resisting employee's demands.
Gospel of wealth
A moral responsibility that should be displayed by the wealthy who were entrusted with society's riches according to Andrew Carnegie
Union Pacific Railroad
A railroad that started in Omaha and connected with the Central Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah
Central Pacific Railroad
A railroad that started in Sacramento and connected with the Union Pacific Railroad in Promentary Point, Utah
Russell Conwell
A reverend from Philadelphia who became rich by giving his "Acres of Diamonds" speech thousands of times, in it he charged that "there was not a poor person in the United States who was not made poor by his own shortcomings"
The image of "Gibson Girl" represented
A romantic ideal of the independent and athletic "new woman"
The ____ interest was frequently trampled underfoot; Cornelius Vanderbilt did not care about the law and his son, William H. Vanderbilt, when asked in 1883 about the discontinuance of a fast mail train, reportedly snorted, "The public be damned!"
A. high, public
American Federation of Labor
A.F. of L. DATE: 1886 -brainchild of Samuel Gompers, president -"federation"-association of self-governing national unions each kept independence 1. Promoted "pure and simple" unionism 2. Better wages, hours, and working conditions 3. "trade agreement" authorizing the closed shop - or all-union labor 4. used the walkout and boycott RESULTS: -Fell short of representing all workers -Let unskilled worker fend for themselves -Only represented 3% of workers in 1900
Conspicuous Consumption
After the Civil War, the Gilded Age (Mark Twain) -favored the growth of a class united by the pursuit of leisure and money -rich had created a style of conspicuous consumption (Thorstein Veblen), designing ostentatious households and displaying their wealth. EXAMPLES: -NY families hosted lavish dinner parties -The "cottages" of Newport (yachting) - Waldorf-Astoria hotel -restaurants open for public viewing, because the rich wanted to be watched. -Fifth Avenue mansion curtains opened so the public could marvel at the décor
One of the most ingenious inventions was the telephone, introduced by ____ ____ ____ in 1876; gigantic communication network was built on his invention The social impact of this instrument was further revealed with an additional army of "number please" ____ was attracted from the stove to the switchboard.
Alexander Graham Bell, women
Trust
All choices are correct: Was mostly found in the oil industry, stockholders in smaller companies assigned their stock to the board of directors of a larger company,then the larger company would consolidate and concert the operations of the previously competing companies, was developed and perfected by John D. Rockefeller
Stock watering
All choices are correct: practice originally referred to the practice of making cattle thirsty by feeding them salt then giving them water causing them to bloat before the cattle was weighed at market, the practice of railroad stock promoters greatly inflating the value of a lines assets then selling the stock at over inflated prices for huge profits, a favorite device of the "moguls of manipulation"
Thomas Edison
All choices are correct: was considered "dull witted" as a child and taken out of school, his deafness allowed him to concentrate without distraction on his inventions, the most diverse inventor of the late 19th century
American Federation of Labor
All choices are correct: was referred to by critics as the "labor trust", was led by Samuel Gompers for all but one year from 1886 through 1924, it consisted of an association of self-governing national unions, each of which kept its independence
Haymarket Riot
All choices are correct: would result in the arrest of eight anarchists, five of whom would be sentenced to death, May 4, 1886, a dynamite bomb was thrown into a protest that killed or injured several dozen people, including police, May 4, 1886, Knights of Labor meeting called to protest alleged brutalities by the authorities
Cornelius Vanderbilt
Amassed his fortune through steam boating then investing in railroads by forming the New York Central Railroad
The most effective and most enduring labor union of the post-Civil War period was the
American Federation of Labor
Leland Stanford
American financier of the Central Pacific Railroad (built 1863-1869) and founder of Stanford University (1885)., one of the "Big Four"; ex-governor of California with useful political connections
. ____ was one of the few places in the world where abundant coal for fuel, rich iron ore for smelting, and other ingredients for making steel flourished. The nation also boasted an abundant ____ supply, guided by the high order.
American, labor
Wabash case
An 1886 Supreme Court ruling that stated individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce, therefore had no power to regulate the railroads Even historians critical of the captains of industry and capitalism generally concede that class-based protest has never been a powerful force in the United States because America has greater social mobility than Europe has
John D. Rockefeller
An American industrialist and philanthropist who revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.
In its efforts on behalf of workers, the National Labor Union won
An eight-hour day for government workers
Haymarket Square episode
An episode in 1866 in which a dynamite bomb was thrown when Chicago police broke forth to a protest of workers; led to the downfall of the Knights.
Ralph Waldo Emerson
An immigrant laborer who talked about his exploitation in 1860 said, "The German and Irish millions... have a great deal of guano in their destiny."
Grange
An organized agrarian group, also known as the Patrons of Husbandry, that tried to pressure midwestern legislatures to regulate the railroad monopoly
By 1900 it could boast a membership of 500,000; labor disorders continued (only 3%) The public was beginning to concede the right of ____ to organize, to bargain collectively, and to strike (Congress made Labor Day a legal holiday in 1894). Workers Early railroad owners formed "pools" in order to avoid competition by dividing business in a particular area
Andrew Carnegie
Kingpin among steel masters was ____ ____; he was brought to America from Scotland in 1848 mounting the ladder so fast that he was said to have scorched the rungs.
Andrew Carnegie
Henry Frick
Andrew Carnegie's right hand man. Took care of everything during the Homestead Strike. Was "heartless" unlike Carnegie. "bad cop"
The South in the Age of Industry
As late as 1900, the South still produced fewer goods than it had before the Civil War. Southern agriculture received a boost in the 1880s when machine-made cigarettes replaced hand-made cigarettes. This increased tobacco consumption
Completion of the transcontinental line was one of the America's most impressive peacetime undertakings; it welded the West Coast more firmly to the Union and facilitated a flourishing trade with ____ (phenomenal growth of the Great West)
Asia
J. P. Morgan
Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was paid back. Was one of the "robber barons"
John D. Rockefeller
By 1877, he controlled 95% of all the oil refineries in the nation. Rockefeller expanded his company by eliminating his competitors
J. P. Morgan
Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back; invented INTERLOCKING DIECTORATE; Was one of the "Robber barons", He was one of the richest men in America and was a dominant figure in the U.S. economy during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He reorganized American railroads, becoming the greatest railroad magnate of his day. He also funded mergers between several prominent American companies, creating large American corporations, including General Electric Company, AT&T, and the United States Steel Corporation. His growing success and power frightened many people and prompted the U.S. government to take a more active part in regulating the economy
Social Darwinism
Believers in the idea, popular in the late nineteenth century, that people gained wealth by "survival of the fittest." Therefore, the wealthy had simply won a natural competition and owed nothing to the poor, and indeed service to the poor would interfere with this organic process. Some of these people also applied this theory to whole nations and races, explaining that powerful peoples were naturally endowed with gifts that allowed them to gain superiority over others. This theory provided one of the popular justifications for U.S. imperial ventures like the Spanish-American War
during the final years of the 19th century, the U.S. was able to outdistance all competitors by producing one-third of the world's supply of steel. This was made possible by the _____________ process for making cheap steel
Bessemer
the nickname for the chief financial backers of the Central Pacific Railroad who reaped large profits in the late 1860s but did not bribe congressmen
Big Four
The Knights of Labor believed that republican traditions and institutions could be preserved from corrupt monopolies
By strengthening the economic and political independence of the workers
"Commodore" Cornelius Vanderbilt
Built the New York Central Railroad System. Offering superior railway service at lower rates, he amassed a fortune of $100 million.
The people who found fault with the "captains of industry" mostly argue that these men
Built their corporate wealth and power by exploiting workers
During the Gilded Age, most of the railroad barons
Built their railroads with government assistance
President ____ did not look kindly on effective regulation but Congress passed the epochal ____ ____ ____ in 1887, which prohibited rebates and pools and required the railroads to publish their rates openly; it forbade unfair discrimination against shippers, and outlawed charging more for a short haul than a long one (same line)
Cleveland, Interstate Commerce Act
James J. Hill
Canadian- American who created the last of the five transcontinental railroads in 1893, the Great Northern
J. Pierpont Morgan, another financial giant, also was involved in steel business
Carnegie sold his industry to Morgan for 400 million. He gave away about 350 million to giants or libraries
"vertical integration
Carnegie used the tactic
Andrew Carnegie
Carnegie used the tactic of "vertical integration" to combine all phases of manufacturing into one organization. He and his business controlled every aspect of production, from mining to marketing
the railroad, begun in the mid-1860s, built eastward from Sacramento as part of a trans-continental railroad
Central Pacific
Rail laying at the California end was undertaken by the _____ ____ _____; this line pushed boldly eastward from Sacramento, over and through the Sierra Nevada.
Central Pacific Railroad
The South's major attraction for investors was
Cheap labor
On May 4, 1886 in Haymarket Square
Chicago police tried to break up a protest against alleged police brutalities. Someone threw a dynamite bomb, killing several people. 8 anarchists were convicted; 5 were sentenced to death while the other 3 were sent to jail. In 1892, the governor of Illinois, John P. Altgeld, pardoned the 3 who were in prison. The Knights of Labor was blamed for the incident at Haymarket Square and as a result, it lost public support. Another problem with the Knights of Labor was that it included both skilled and unskilled workers. When unskilled workers went on strike, they were just replaced. The American Federation of Labor's inclusion of only skilled worked drained the Knights of Labor of its members. The knights eventually fell because of a run-in with anarchists where a bomb went off in Chicago - a.k.a. The Haymarket Square episode. They lost their skilled members and they ended dwindling to 100,000 members.
One group barred from membership in the Knights of Labor was
Chinese
But it kept with the times, it excluded the ____ and made only nominal efforts to include women and blacks; black workers organized their ____ National Labor Union but their support for ____ party and racism of whites prevented union.
Chinese, Colored, Republican
Labor unions were given a strong boost by the ____ ____, which put more of a premium on labor and the mounting cost of living provided an urgent motivation to unionization.
Civil War
would emerge as one of the kings of the meat industry during this era When private railroad promoters asked the United States government for subsidies to build their railroads, they gave all of the following reasons for their request EXCEPT that it wascthe railroads would repay the subsidies by paying higher taxes
Collins P. Huntington
Union Pacific Railroad
Commissioned by Congress to construct the portion of the first transcontinental railroad running westward from the starting point of Omaha, Nebraska
Transcontinental Railroad
Completed in 1869 at Promontory, Utah, it linked the eastern railroad system with California's railroad system, revolutionizing transportation in the west, A railroad that stretches across a continent from coast to coast. The Transcontinental Railroad made it so that it was easier to for mail and goods to travel faster and cheaper. It took land away from Native Americans and many were killed in the early stages.
Corruption lurks nearby when fabulous fortunes can materialize overnight. The fleecing administered by the railroad construction companies, such as the ____ ____, were but the first of the games that the railroad promoters learned to play
Credit Mobilier
National Labor Unions 1866
DATE: 1866 NLU-earliest national-scale union to organize, lasted 6 years, and had 600, 000 members . 1. unified workers across locales and trades 2. skilled and unskilled farmers a. excluded the Chinese b. only nominal efforts with women and blacks. c. Blacks organized Colored Labor Union 3. challenge powerful bosses-against strikes. 4. created to pressure Congress (used legislation) 5. wanted an 8 hour workday RESULTS: -won 8 hour workday for govt workers -raised public awareness -turned into National Labor Reform Party -1873 collapsed and disappeared
Knights of Labor
DATE: 1869 aka- Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor, seized the torch dropped off by the National Labor Party. Began as a secret society (ritual, passwords, and handshakes) until 1881 1. sought to bring union into "one big union" "injury to one is the concern of all" 2. skilled/unskilled, men & women, whites & blacks -90,000 joined (barred lawyers, bankers) 3. campaigned for social and economic reform -cooperatives and codes for safety and health -waged for an 8 hour work day -denounced "wage-slavery" *Tolerance and solidarity, but Chinese workers barred from joining and Knights supported the Chinese Exclusion act 1882. RESULTS: -more successful with labor laws -tainted by Haymarket Square -failure by including skilled and unskilled workers
gibson girls
DATE: 1890 created by Charles Dana Gibson A magazine of independent and athletic "new woman" *women most affected by the industrial revolution -typewriter and telephone switchboards" -meant delayed marriages and smaller families -most worked for economic necessity, not "luxury" -worked long hours, dangerous conditions, & less pay than men
Labor Day
DATE: 1894 "workingmen's holiday" - observed the first Monday in September. - an annual celebration of workers and their achievements HISTORY: -originated during labor history's most dismal chapters. -late 1800s, height of the Industrial Revolution -average American worked 12-hour days -seven-day weeks -eked out a basic living. -children as young as 5 or 6 toiled in mills, factories and mines across the country -unsafe working conditions, with insufficient access to fresh air, sanitary facilities and breaks. ***During the Pullman strikes the federal government dispatched troops to Chicago, unleashing a wave of riots that resulted in the deaths of more than a dozen workers. In the wake of this massive unrest and in an attempt to repair ties with American workers, Congress passed an act making Labor Day a legal holiday in the District of Columbia and the territories.
industrial revolution
DATE: The period (mid-1700s to mid-1800s) marked by rapid industrialization and economic changes. - quick rise in industry (factories, mass production). - specializing vs. a subsistence lifestyle -regions more dependent on each other - factories and new markets were created -Increase in wealth and standard of living. -cities and towns grew in importance -urbanization took hold -immigrants met labor demand -middle class developed -labor unions started to form to combat poor working
Herbert Spencer
Developed the survival-of-the-fittest theories with William Graham Sumner. He coined the phrase "survival of the fittest," not Darwin. This social thinker emphasized the rigidity of natural law, while occasionally borrowing evolutionary jargon to engage contemporary audiences. He said: "These millionaires are a product of natural selection. What do social classes owe each other? Nothing."
J. Pierpont Morgan
Devised the practice of "interlocking directorates", he would purchase and consolidate rival enterprises, and would also place officers of his own banking syndicate on their boards of directors
Most women workers of the 1890s worked for
Economic necessity
Henry Grady
Editor of the Atlanta Constitution; he urged Southerners to beat Yankees at their own game of industry. But it was slow to grow in the South. But cotton mills did grow in the south
Samuel Gompers
Elected as president of the American Federation of Labor all but one year between 1886 and 1924
One of the methods by which post-Civil War business leaders increased their profits was
Elimination of as much competition as possible
Herbert Spencer
English philosopher and promoter of "survival-of-the-fittest" theories
National Labor Union
Established by William Sylvis in 1866, the NLU wanted 8 hour work days, banking reform, and an end to conviction labor; attempted to unite all laborers.
Interstate Commerce Act
Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission), monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states, created to regulate railroad prices
Charles Dana Gibson
Magazine illustrator who created a romantic image of the new, independent woman
During the 1880s and 1890s, several hundred thousand unskilled workers a year poured into the country form ____, creating a ____ market more favorable. Individual ____ were powerless to battle single handed against giant industry; forced to organize and fight for basic rights, they found the odds stacked up against them.
Europe, labor, workers
James Buchanan Duke
Formed the American Tobacco Company and controlled 90% of the cigarette market.
Leland Stanford
Former governor of Utah who drove the ceremonial "golden spike" joining the transcontinental railroad in 1869
Gustavus Swift/Philip Armour
Founders of the American meat-packing industry. Targeted in Upton Sinclair's muckraker novel, The Jungle, due to the absence of federal inspections resulting in tainted meat and eventually the passing of the Federal Meat Inspection Act of 1906.
The __________ Amendment was especially helpful to giant corporations when defending themselves against regulation by state governments
Fourteenth
John P. Altgeld
German born governor of Illinois, elected in 1892 he would pardon the three remaining survivors who had been sentenced in the Haymarket Square bombing
Capital goods
Goods that are used in producing other goods rather than being bought by consumers
Trust-Bustin
Government Laws seeking to dissolve corporate trusts and monopolies
The only transcontinental railroad built without government aid was the
Great Northern
Piedmont region
HISTORY: Class issue in Virginia > early settlers from England got good soil by coast (Tidewater) and later settlers (Piedmont area) got bad rocky soil > people that lived inland were poorer. *Bacon's Rebellion NEW SOUTH: Southern Virginia and Central Carolinas to northern Alabama and Georgia. - Long-established farms now textile factories and mill villages. -1900 Piedmont went from rural backcountry to surpassing New England in yarn and cloth production. -Rural poverty and new lifestyles encouraged families to move to mill towns -A mill community owned "lock, stock, and barrel" -The company controlled many aspects of workers' lives and workers had no privacy. - factory owners rarely paving roads or sidewalks or providing adequate sanitation. -Diseases thrived in these conditions, and workers formed community ties through intermarriage to endure.
By 1900, organized labor in America
Had begun to develop a more positive image with the public
Samuel Gompers
He didn't like socialism and demanded fairer share of labor. He sought better wages and working conditions. Public eventually gave in to workers rights and made a legal holiday
Alexander Graham Bell
He was the inventor of the telephone. Less well known, he was a teacher of the deaf. It was because of his work with the mechanics of sound and speech (teaching the deaf how to speak) that he began his work on the telephone.
The "gospel of wealth," which associated godliness with riches,
Held that the wealthy should display moral responsibilities for their God-given money
After the Civil-War, the plentiful supply of unskilled labor in the United States
Helped to build the nation into an industrial grant
The steel industry owed much to the inventive genius of
Henry Bessemer
Union Pacific Railroad
In 1862, Congress selected the Union Pacific Railroad company to build a transcontinental railroad starting in Omaha, Nebraska
Henry George
In 1879 he said, "The wealthy class is becoming more wealth; but the poorer class is becoming more independent...."
Anarchists
Individuals or groups that believe in the absence of government or absolute freedom as a political ideology
Closed shop
Industry with all union labor
J.P. Morgan undermined competition by placing officers of his bank on the boards of supposedly independent companies that he wanted to control, this method was known as a(n)
Interlocking directorate: James Buchanan Duke Built an industrial empire surrounding the new machine made cigarettes, in 1890 he absorbed his competitors into the American Tobacco Company
In 1887, Congress passed the
Interstate Commerce Act. It prohibited rebates and pools, required the railroads to publish their rates openly, forbade unfair discrimination against shippers, and outlawed charging more for a short trip than for a long trip over the same line.
The first federal regulatory agency designed to protect the public interest from business combinations was the
Interstate commerce commission
Christopher Sholes "Literary piano"
Invented the typewriter in 1868
Construction gangs, containing many _____ "Paddies" who had fought in the Union armies, worked at a frantic pace; when hostile Indians attacked in futile efforts to protect what once rightfully had been their ____, the laborers would drop picks and seize guns. Scores of men—railroad workers and Indians—lost their lives as the rails stretched
Irish, land
In 1887, Congress
It also created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to administer and enforce the new legislation. The new laws provided a forum where competing businesses could resolve their conflicts in peaceful ways (instead of engaging in price wars).
The National Labor Union, 1866, represented a great change
It claimed to unify workers across locals and trades to challenge their bosses. It lasted 6 years with 600,000 members but it was the 1870's depression knocked the union out
Textile Industry
It paid half that of northern plants. Child labor was used and allowed "farm fugitive" families to stay together
The Grange
It was a farmers' movement involving the affiliation of local farmers into area "granges" to work for their political and economic advantages. The official name of the National Grange is the Patrons of Husbandry the Granger movement was successful in regulating the railroads and grain warehouses
The South received a welcome boost when machine made cigarettes shot up tobacco consumption.
James Buchanan Duke absorbed his main competitors into the American Tobacco Company.
When the Knights staged a successful strike against ____ ____'s Wabash Railroad in 1885, membership mushroomed to about three-quarters of a million workers
Jay Gould
. Methods soon became more refined;____ ____ was the most adept at rapacity. For nearly thirty years, he boomed and busted the stocks of the Erie, the Kansas Pacific, the Union Pacific, and the Taxes and Pacific in an incredible circus. One of the favorite devices of the moguls of manipulation was "____ ____". Railroad stock promoters grossly inflated their claims about a given line's assets and profitability and sold stocks and bonds far in _____ of the railroad's actual value
Jay Gould, stock watering, excess
Standard Oil Company
John D. Rockefeller's company, formed in 1870, which came to symbolize the trusts and monopolies of the Gilded Age. By 1887 this company controlled 95 percent of the oil refineries in the United States. It was also one the first multinational corporations and at times distributed more than half of its kerosene production outside the United States. By the turn of the century it had become a target for trust-busting reformers, and in 1911 the Supreme Court ordered it to break up into several dozen smaller companies
Almost overnight an industry was born that was to take more wealth from the earth. _____ derived from petroleum, was the first major product of the infant oil industry (it produced a much brighter flame than whale oil).
Kerosene
The first major product of the oil industry was
Kerosene
A new organization—the ____ ____ ____—seized the torch drooped by the defunct National Labor Union; it began inauspiciously in ____ as a secret society, with a private ritual, passwords, and a special handshake Secrecy (continued until 1881). The Knights of Labor sought to include all workers in "____ big union".
Knights of Labor, 1869, one
industry vs. Laborer
LABOR: -Worker was like a Roman galley slave -Toiled in plants under corporations -New machines -beat down wages -Workers powerless to battle industry *Forced to organize and fight INDUSTRY: -Import strikebreakers ("scabs") -Employ thugs -Call on federal courts and federal troops -Lock their doors "lock outs" -Make workers sign "ironclad oaths" or "yellow dog contracts" -Black list -used "Company towns"
haymarket square
Labor disorders had broken out and on May 4 1886, the Chicago police advanced on a protest; alleged brutalities by the authorities. Suddenly a dynamite bomb was thrown that killed or injured dozens, including police. It is still unknown today who set off the bomb, but following the hysteria, eight anarchists (possibly innocent) were rounded up. Because they preached "incendiary doctrines," they could be charged with conspiracy. Five were sentenced to death, one of which committed suicide; the other three were given stiff prison terms. Six years later, a newly elected Illinois governor recognized this gross injustice and pardoned the three survivors. Nevertheless, the Knights of Labor were toast: they became (incorrectly )associated with anarchy and all following strike efforts failed
The Sherman-Anti Trust Act was at firs primarily used to curb the power of
Labor unions
The Knights of Labor believed that conflict between capital and labor would disappear when
Labor would own and operate business and industries
One of the major reasons the Knights of Labor failed was its
Lack of class consciousness
The national government helped to finance transcontinental railroad construction in the late nineteenth century by providing railroad corporations with
Land grants
____ ____ to railroads were made in broad belts along the proposed route; within these belts the railroads were allowed to choose alternate mile-square sections in checkerboard fashion (the railroads withheld all the land from other users).
Land grants
Land grant
Large tracts of land given to railroad companies by the government instead of giving them money, the railroads would sell off extra land to generate funds for the construction of the rail line itself
Eugene Debs
Leader of the American Railway Union
Terence V. Powderly
Led the Knights of Labor, a skilled and unskilled union, which wanted equal pay for equal work, an 8 hour work day, and an end to child labor.
Gilded Age
Marked the growing of entanglement between business and industry.
John D. Rockefeller
Mastered the techniques of "horizontal integration" and "trusts" to make the Standard Oil Company one of the most successful and powerful corporations of the era
Carnegie dug ore from the earth in the ____ ____, Carnegie ships floated it across the Great Lakes, and Carnegie railroads delivered it to the blast furnaces at Pittsburgh. Carnegie thus pioneered the creative entrepreneurial tactic of "____ ____," combining into one organization all phases of manufacturing from mining to market
Mesabi Range, vertical integration
The ____ ____ ____ agitated for the arbitration of industrial disputes and the eight-hour workday, and won the latter for government workers
National Labor Union
Despite generally rising wages in the late nineteenth century, industrial workers were extremely vulnerable to all of the following EXCEPT
New educational requirements for jobs
"ironclad oaths" or "yellow-dog contracts
New machines displaced employees, but more jobs were created than destroyed in the long run. Low wages conditions caused some factory workers to go on strike. Corporations sometimes forced their workers to sign
"wedding of the Rails" -
Nickname for the site where the Union Pacific and Central Pacific met in Ogden, Utah
knights of labor
Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor; labor union founded in 1869 that included skilled and unskilled workers irrespective of race or gender(excluded "nonproducers- proff gamblers, lawyers, bankers, and stockbrokers) about 90,000 joined; campaigned for 1social & economic reform, including producers' cooperatives and codes for safety & health, 2industrial arbitration, and 3the 8-hr workday; Successful?[Terence V. Powderly, an Irish-American of nimble wit and fluent tongue, the Knights won a number of strikes for the eight-hour day. When the Knights staged a successful strike against Jay Gould's Wabash Railroad in 1885, membership mushroomed, to about three-quarters of a million workers. They became involved in a number of May Day strikes in 1886, about half of which failed. A focal point was Chicago, home to about eighty thousand Knights and some anarchists. See haymarket square]
National Labor Union
Organized in 1866 and lasted approximately six years, it attracted 600,000 members but excluded Chinese and made nominal efforts to include women and blacks
stock watering
Originally referring to cattle, term for the practice of railroad promoters exaggerating the profitability of stocks in excess of its actual value.
The day time-zones were officially decreed. Q. in 1860 the us ranked_____ in manufacturing. By 1894, it was ___
November 18, 1883 , Largest;
Promoters' Profits
Often a result of stock watering. Managers were forced to charge excessive rates and wage ruthless competitive battles in order to pay off the exaggerated stocks.
John D. Rockefeller
Oil Baron HISTORY: -1859 first oil well -started with Kerosene- derived from petroleum -first major product (electric rendered obsolete) -by 1900 -gasoline internal combustion engine took over BUSINESS: -started Standard Oil Company 1870 - a master of horizontal integration -allied with competitors to monopolize market. --controlled rivals with the Trust, formed in 1882. "the good Lord gave me money"
New York Central
Old eastern railway welded to new westward rails; owned by Cornelius Vanderbilt.
The Union Pacific Railroad was thus commissioned by Congress to thrust westward from ____, Nebraska; for each mile of track constructed, the company was granted ____ square miles of land and a generous federal loan ranging from $16,000 to $48,000. The laying of rails began in earnest after the Civil War ended in ____ and with juicy loans and land grant available, the promoters made all possible haste (gain of $23 M).
Omaha, 20, 1865
Knights of Labor
One of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century, demanded an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, a progressive income tax, and the cooperative employer-employee ownership of mines and factories. labor union that came out in 1881 that sought better working conditions and the 8 hour workday
Thomas A. Edison
One of the most prolific inventors in U.S. history. He invented the phonograph, light bulb, electric battery, mimeograph and moving picture. time zonesv-vOwners of the transcontinental railroads introduced America's four time zones (eastern, central, mountain, and Pacific) in 1883 to help standardize their operations.
Company town
Owned by corporations with high-prices grocery stores, and easy credit which caused many workers to go into perpetual debt, common in the mining industry
One weighty argument for the action was the urgency of bolstering the Union, by binding the ____ Coast more securely to the rest of the Republic
Pacific
Joseph H. Becker
Painted "Snow Sheds on the Central Pacific Railroad in the Sierra Nevada Mountains" around 1869. A painting that shows the harsh climates the workers of the Central Pacific Railroad had to endure; included the Chinese in the foreground.
Interstate Commerce Act
Passed in 1887, it prohibited pools and rebates and also required the railroads to publish their rates openly among other things
incorporated the tactic of "vertical integration" in steel manufacturing
Philip Armour
He forged ahead by working hard, doing the extra chore, cheerfully assuming responsibility, and smoothly cultivating influential people into his business. After accumulating some capital, Carnegie entered the steel business in the ____ area; he succeeded by picking high-class associate and eliminating many middlemen
Pittsburgh
Agreements between railroad corporations to divide the business in a given area and share profits were called
Pools
President Grover Cleveland
Put an end to the foot-dragging practice concerning railroad construction in 1887 and threw open to settlement the still-unclaimed public portions of the land-grant areas.
Collis P. Huntington
Railroad baron of the Central Pacific; one of the 'Big Four';
Southern Pacific Railroad
Railroad into Southern California that greatly sparked interest in that area, despite the former idea that Southern California was not farmable
Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe Railroad
Railroads that connected the Southwest deserts to California
Political Cartoons
Rehn Says: review the cartoons in the book Thomas Nast's way to attack Boss Tweed's corruption
During the age of industrialization, the South
Remained overwhelmingly rural and agricultural
One of the most significant aspects of the Interstate Commerce Act was that it
Represented the first large-scale attempt by the federal government to regulate business
Why was Standard Oil compared to the American Beauty Rose?
Rockefeller did this by killing off competitors one by one until only his company, Standard Oil, remained with a monopoly
Standard Oil Trust
Rockefeller's company, in 1881, which owned 90 percent of the oil refinery business, with a board of trustees at the head
Injunction
Rulings issued by federal judges ordering workers to cease striking
The elitist American Federation of Labor (1886) was the brainchild of ____ ____. A Jewish cigar maker, he rose spectacularly in the labor ranks and was elected ____ of the American Federation of Labor every year (from 1886 to 1924)
Samuel Gompers, president
Railroad corruption
Several corrupt railroad practices existed including (1) a roller-coaster ride of stock prices, (2) bribes to judges and legislators, (3) free passes to journalists and politicians, (4) a "natural monopoly" (only one railroad line in most places), (5) pools (any competing companies agreed to have their own areas), (6) rebates or kickbacks to powerful shippers, (7) charging high rates for the short haul (small farmers) and low rates for the long haul (big companies)
They were forced to appeal to Congress and after prolonged pulling and hauling, the ____ ____ ____ of 1890 was finally signed into law. It flatly forbade combinations in restraint of trade, without any distinction between "good" trusts and "bad" trusts; bigness, not badness, was the sin
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
Congress passed the
Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890
Wrongdoing in Railroading
Some people selling bonds for railroad companies inflated claims about the company's assets and profits, enabling them to sell stocks and bonds in excess of the railroad's actual value ("stock watering"). Many railroad titans felt they were above the law, and they abused the public by bribing judges and legislatures. Railroad kings were manipulators of a huge natural monopoly and exercised too much direct control over the lives of people. Railroad companies colluded with each other to protect their profits. "Pools" were agreements to divide the business in a given area and share the profits. Small farmers often paid the highest railroad transportation rates, while big customers paid low rates.
"Pittsburg plus"
Southern Industrialization was slow due to Paper barriers. - railroads gave favor to rates on manufactured goods -discriminated against the supplier of raw materials *Kept South in servitude to the Northeast EXAMPLE: "Pittsburg plus" -pricing system in steel industry -Birmingham steel was charged a fee "as if" shipped from Pittsburg *Stunted the South's natural economic advantage
NEW SOUTH
Southern Virginia and Central Carolinas to northern Alabama and Georgia. - Long-established farms now textile factories and mill villages. -1900 Piedmont went from rural backcountry to surpassing New England in yarn and cloth production. -Rural poverty and new lifestyles encouraged families to move to mill towns -A mill community owned "lock, stock, and barrel" -The company controlled many aspects of workers' lives and workers had no privacy. - factory owners rarely paving roads or sidewalks or providing adequate sanitation. -Diseases thrived in these conditions, and workers formed community ties through intermarriage to endure.
Herbert Spencer & William Graham
Spencer: English philosopher, Sumner: Yale professor. survival of the fittest theory, coined by Spencer
Four farseeing men—the so-called Big Four—were the chief financial backers of the enterprise; the quartet include the ex-governor Leland _____ of California, who had useful political connections, and the burly Collis P. ____, an adept lobbyist
Stanford, Huntington
Efforts to control the monopolizing practices of railroad corporations first and in the form of action by
State legislatures
The Supremacy of Steel
Steel was "king" during the industrialization era; nearly every aspect of society used it. By the late 1800s, the United States was producing 1/3 of the world's steel supply
Scabs
Strikebreakers hired by employers as replacement workers when unions went on strike
Government Subsidies
Subsidies are monies given by the government to businesses. The purpose is for the government to encourage those businesses since they would benefit the entire nation. In the 2nd half of the 1800s, railroad companies received large government subsidies. Usually, the railroad companies got (1) favorable loans and (2) huge tracts of land adjoining the railroad tracks. These subsidies would link the east and west coast, tie the nation together, help the military move around, and help the postal system.
Alexander Graham Bell
Teacher of the deaf who invented the telephone in 1876
New South
Term used to describe ex-Confederates to become major players in industry and outplay the North at the commercial and industrial game
In the late nineteenth century, tax benefits and cheap, nonunion labor especially attracted _________________ manufacturing to the "new South"
Textile
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
The 1887 law that expanded federal power over business by prohibiting pooling and discriminatory rates by railroads and establishing the first federal regulatory agency.
Central Pacific Railroad
The Central Pacific Railroad company was responsible to laying track on the California-side of the transcontinental railroad. The 4 chief financial backers of the Central Pacific Railroad (the Big Four) included Leland Stanford and Collis P. Huntington
Black workers formed their own Colored National Labor Union
The Colored National Labor Union could not work with the National Labor Union because the latter supported the Republican Party and it was supported by racist white unionists.
Great Northern Railroad
The Great Northern's route was the northernmost transcontinental railroad route in the United States and was north of the Northern Pacific Railway route. It was a privately funded transcontinental railroad
Great Northern Railroad
The Great Northern's route was the northernmost transcontinental railroad route in the United States and was north of the Northern Pacific Railway route. The Great Northern was a privately funded transcontinental railroad; The northernmost of the transcontinental railroad lines, organized by economically wise and public-spirited industrialist James J. Hill.
There were 5 transcontinental railroads built
The Northern Pacific Railroad, running from Lake Superior to Puget Sound, was completed in 1883; the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe, running from Topeka to California, was completed in 1884; the Southern Pacific, stretching from New Orleans to San Francisco, was completed in 1884; and the Great Northern, running from Duluth to Seattle, was completed in 1893 by James J. Hill.
Pittsburgh Plus Pricing
The Pittsburgh Plus Pricing System was designed by steel lords in the North to keep the South at an economic disadvantage in the steel industry. The southern coal and iron ore deposits were close to where they could be processed, which gave the South an advantage since they would have to pay less money for shipping. The steel lords put pressure on the railroads to charge the goods with a fictional fee as if they had been shipped from Pittsburgh. It was also an indirect way of punishment for the South during the reconstruction after the Civil War.
Social Darwinism
The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion; h. spencer & w.g.sumner: this theory of survival, emphasized the rigidity of natural law
interlocking directorates
The consolidation of rival enterprises, to ensure harmony officers of a banking syndicate were placed on boards of these rivals
Irish "paddies"
The construction companies made fabulous profits; they used construction gangs containing many
James J. Hill
The driving force of the Great Northern Railway ; became a Shipping Agent for Winnipeg Merchants, nicknamed the "Empire Builder". Successful railroad builder, and was considered as the best. In the 1890's he created the Great Northern, which ran from Duluth to Seattle.
Pool
The earliest form of combination by the railroads, an agreement to divide the business in a given area and share the profits
Terence V. Powderly
The eloquent Irish-American leader of the Knights of Labor who won several strikes for the eight-hour day. By 1886, his organization was a force to be reckoned with
Terence Powderly
The eloquent but often erratic leader of the Knights of Labor union
Carnegie & vertical Integration
The practice perfected by Carnegie of controlling every step of the industrial production process in order to increase efficiency and limit competition.
The United States changed from standard time zones when
The major rail lines decreed common fixed times so that they could keep schedules and avoid wrecks
One by-product of the development of railroads was
The movement of people to cities
The Big Four
The name given to the chief financial backers of the Central Pacific Railroad. The quartet included Leland Stanford - President, Collis P. Huntington - Vice President, Mark Hopkins - Treasurer, and Charles Crocker - Construction supervisor and president of Charles Crocker & Co., a CP subsidiary
One of the greatest changes that industrialization brought about in the lives of workers was
The need for them to adjust their lives to the time clock
Many southerners saw employment at the textile mills as
The only steady jobs and wages available
Rebate
The practice of railroad companies giving discounted rates to powerful shippers in return for assured traffic
Trust-busting
The practice of the government breaking up "trusts" and monopolies to better benefit the American people and to ensure competition within industries
Northern Pacific Railroad
The railroad line that ran from Lake Superior to Puget Sound.
Transcontinental Line
The railroad line that spanned the continent from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
The greatest single factor helping to spur the amazing industrialization of the post-Civil War Years was
The railroad network
Revolution by Railways
The railroad stimulated the industrialization of the country in the post-Civil War years. It created an enormous domestic market for American raw materials and manufactured goods. Railroad companies also stimulated immigration.
Bessemer process
The revolutionary steel fabricating process that removed impurities by blowing cold air on red-hot iron
The Impact of the New Industrial Revolution on America
The standard of living rose sharply and Americans enjoyed more physical comforts than their counterparts in another industrial nation. Older way of life changed. Rural immigrants used to living by nature had to adapt to factory whistles. Women were profoundly affected by the new industrial age. They were introduced to the age with the typewriters and telephone switchboard, a new image of an independent and athletic girl came out. The machine age also accentuated class driven. By 1900 1 of 10 people owned 90% of the nation's wealth. By the 1900's 2/3 workers depended on wages and the economy's swing or worker's illness could mean disaster for the whole family. International trade was becoming faster, cheaper, and easier.
Alexander Graham Bell
The telephone was created in 1876
By 1900, American attitudes toward labor began to change as the public came to recognize the right of workers to bargain collectively and strike, nevertheless
The vast majority of employers continued to fight organized labor
Other trusts came about in America
These included the sugar trust, the tobacco trust, the leather trust, and the harvester trust.
Vertical Integration
This was a business method where a corporation bought out other businesses (though not competitors) along its line of production. For instance, Carnegie might buy land in the Mesabi Range just for the iron ore, then buy the ships to haul the ore, then buy the railroads to haul it, etc. The companies were not competitors, but Carnegie used them, so he figured he might as well own them.
Horizontal Integration
This was a business method where the company bought out its competitors. For instance, Standard Oil would buy out smaller oil competitors until it controlled nearly all of the oil industry
The most versatile inventor of all was ____ ____, his severe deafness enabled him to concentrate without distraction; he was a gifted tinkerer and a tireless worker.
Thomas Edison
Interlocking directorate
To consolidate rival enterprises and ensure future harmony by placing officers of the major company in control on the other various boards of directors
Vertical integration
To control all phases of production of a product from the raw materials to the finished product
America's first billion-dollar corporation was
United States Steel
Morgan created the
United States Steel Corporation in 1901. It was America's first billion-dollar corporation.
Jay Gould
United States financier who gained control of the Erie Canal and who caused a financial panic in 1869 when he attempted to corner the gold market (1836-1892).
Samuel Gompers (1850-1924) -
United States labor leader (born in England & moved to America at age 13) who was president of the American Federation of Labor every year save one from 1886 to 1924
Samuel Gompers (1850-1924) -
United States labor leader who was president of the American Federation of Labor from 1886 to 1924
John D. Rockefeller used all of the following tactics to achieve his domination of the oil industry EXCEPT
Using federal agents to break his competitors
The success of the western lines was facilitated by welding together and expanding the older eastern networks, notably the New York Central; the genius in this enterprise was "Commodore" Cornelius ____—he shifted from steam boating to railroading
Vanderbilt
Supreme Court, in the famed ____ case, decreed individual states had no power to regulate interstate ____; the federal government would have to do the job
Wabash, commerce
The financial giant of the age, J. Pierpont Morgan made a legendary reputation for himself and his ____ ____ banking house by financing the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks (he had established an enviable reputation for integrity).
Wall Street
John D. Rockefeller
Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy., Founder of Standard Oil IN 1870. Used horizontal integration & trust to buy out all of his competition. Was one of the "Robber barons"
Jay Gould
Was responsible for booking and busting many railroad stocks such as the Ere, Kansas Pacific, Union Pacific, and the Texas and Pacific. This was mostly done through the tactic of "stock watering"
Central Pacific Railroad
Was responsible for laying half of the rail for the first transcontinental railroad starting from Sacramento, California moving eastward
United States Steel
Was the corporation developed by J.P. Morgan after purchasing all of Carnegies steel holdings and adding even more, it would become the first billion-dollar corporation
John P. Altged
Was the governor of the U.S. state of Illinois from 1893 until 1897. He was the first Democratic governor of that state since the 1850s. A leading figure of the Progressive Era movement, he improved workplace safety and child labor laws, pardoned three of the men convicted of the Haymarket Riot, and, for a time, resisted calls to break up the Pullman strike with force
Refinements played a vital role in railroading; the ____ air brake was a marvelous contribution to efficiency and safety; the ____ Palace Cars, advertised as "gorgeous traveling hotels," were introduced on a considerable scale in the 1860s
Westinghouse, Pullman
the Bessemer Process.
What caused the transformation? A new method of making cheaper steel
An American had stumbled on it a few years earlier; ____ ____, a Kentucky manufacturer of iron kettles, discovered that cold air blown on red-hot iron caused the metal to become white-hot by igniting the carbon and eliminating impurities
William Kelly
The oil industry became a huge business
With the invention of the internal combustion engine
The group most affected by the new Industrial Age was
Women
William Graham Sumner
Yale professor and proponent of "survival-of-the-fittest" theories pertaining to business, quoted as saying the social classes owed nothing to each other in 1883
David Hewes
an enterprising businessman, was called the "maker of San Francisco" for his work in clearing land for development. He was invited to be a part of the Big Four (Central Pacific Railroad) but declined due to the financial risks. Over his lifetime he gained and lost several fortunes
Bessemer process
an industrial process for making steel using a Bessemer converter to blast air through molten iron and thus burning the excess carbon and impurities, A process developed in 1856 that led to faster, cheaper steel production; william kelly
Knights of Labor
and it was started as a secret society. It sought to include all workers, while campaigning for economic and social reform, including and codes for safety and health
Oil might have remained a modest industry but another turn of the technology came—the invention of the ____; by 1900, the gasoline-burning internal combustion engine had clearly bested its rivals, steam and electricity for the car. John D. ____ came to dominate the oil industry; he was a successful businessman at nineteen and one upward stride led to another, and in 1870, he organized the ____ ____ _____ of Ohio, nucleus of the great trust formed in 1882.
automobile, Rockefeller, Standard Oil Company
J. Pierpont Morgan
bankers' banker
Knights of Labor
began inauspiciously in 1869 as a secret society with a private ritual, passwords and special handshakes. It was sought to include all workers in "one big union." They wanted reform and membership was 3/4 million workers
Terence V. Powderly
born to Irish immigrant parents in Carbondale, Pennsylvania, in 1849// became the Grand Master Workman of the Knights in 1879; rose to mayor of Scranton, PN, in the 1870s; In 1894 he became a lawyer—despite the fact that the Knights excluded lawyers from membership// BELIEVED:*only the economic and political independence of American workers could preserve republican traditions and institutions from corruption by monopolists and other "parasites." *dedicated the Knights to achieving the "cooperative commonwealth." *unifying all workers in one union— regardless of race, gender, ethnicity, or skill level *utopian dream that a bygone age of independent producers could be restored DENOUNCED: *"wage-slavery" *socialism, which advocated government ownership of the means of production *lacked "class consciousness"—that is, a sense of themselves as a permanent working class that must organize to coax what benefits it could out of the capitalist system
The Union Pacific Railroad and the Central Pacific Railroad companies
both received financial aid from the government.
The Big Four operated through two construction companies, they kept their hands relatively clean by not becoming involved in the ____ of congressmen The Central Pacific, which was granted the same subsidies as the Union Pacific, had the same incentive to haste; some ten thousand ____ laborers, proved to cheap, efficient, and expendable (the towering Sierra Nevada presented a formidable barrier)
bribery, Chinese
But most defenders of wide-open ____ relied more heavily on the survival-of-the-fittest theories of ____ ____; captains of industry provided material progress.
capitalism, Charles Darwin
John D. Rockefeller
came to dominate the oil industry. He became a successful businessman at 19. He was aggressive and extinguished other companies
Southern agriculture received a welcome boost in the 1880s, when machine-made ____ replaced the roll-your-own variety and tobacco consumption shot up. James Duke took full advantage of the new technology to mass-produce and in 1890 he absorbed his main competitors into the American ____ Company (Duke University)
cigarettes, Tobacco
Which of the following is LEAST like the other three?
closed shop yellow dog contract lockout blacklist closed shop
Vertical Integration
combining into one organization all phases of manufacturing (from mining to marketing) -cuts out the middle man "head, shoulders, knees, and toes" -makes supplies more reliable and improved efficiency. -controlled the quality of the product at all stages of production. EXAMPLE: integrated every phase of the steel making operation -Miners scratched ore from the Mesabi Range -Ships floated across the great lakes -Rails delivered ore to blast furnaces in Pittsburg -sell it
Plutocracy, like the earlier slavocracy, took its strand firmly on the Constitution; the clause that gave Congress sole jurisdiction over interstate ____ was a godsend to the monopolists—their lawyers used it time and again to thwart controls by state legislatures.
commerce
The land also felt the impact of the railroad (especially the midsection of the continent) Settlers following the railroads in Iowa, Illinois, Kansas, and Nebraska and planted well drained, rectangular ____ (shortgrass prairies in Dakotas, and Montana)
cornfields
James Buchanan Duke
created the American Tobacco Company in 1890
John D. Rockefeller
created the Standard Oil Company of Ohio in 1870, attempting to eliminate the middlemen and knock out his competitors
He tried to apply this new "air boiling" technique to his own product but business ____ —gradually the Bessemer-Kelly process won acceptance and created steel.
declined
standardized gauge
distance between tracks
"Drake's Folly" (Edwin Drake)
drilled the first oil well in 1857 in Pennsylvania, and was the first to use oil to get money. The well was referred to as "Drake's Folly" because at that time oil was not considered valuable. By the 1870s, kerosene, a type of oil, was used to light lamps all over the nation.
. For middle-class women, careers often meant delayed marriages and smaller families; most women workers, toiled neither for independence nor for glamour, but out of ____ necessity—women earned less than men in the workplace
economic
But the steel lords of Pittsburgh brought pressure to bear on the compliant railroads; this stunted the South's natural ____ advantages throttled the growth of the steel industry. In manufacturing cotton textiles, the South fare considerably better; beginning about 1880, northern capital began to erect ____ ____ in the South, largely in response to tax benefits and the prospect of cheap and non-unionized labor.
economic, cotton mills
Henry Grady
editor of the Atlanta Constitution that urged Southerners to beat the Northerners at their own game of industry
Fostering industrial arbitration—the Knights waged a determined campaign for an ____ workday—under the leadership of ____, they won a number of strikes
eight-hour, Powderly
Rural southerners (most white) poured out of the hills and hollows to seek ____ in the hastily erected company mill towns; entire families worked from dawn to dusk amid the whirling spindles (paid half the rate of northern counterparts).
employment
In the age of Lincoln, considerable iron went into railroad rails and bridges, but steel was ____; when in the 1870s "Commodore" Vanderbilt of the New York Central began to use steel rails, he was forced to import them from ____.
expensive, Britain
Impoverished ____, especially in the Midwest, began to wonder if the nation had escaped from the ____ power only to fall into the hands of the ____ power
farmers, slavery, money
J. P. Morgan
financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks. In 1900, Carnegie wanted to sell his holdings of his steel companies. He threatened to ruin Morgan's steel pipe production business if Morgan did not buy him out. Morgan bought out Carnegie for $400 million. Morgan created the United States Steel Corporation in 1901. It was America's first billion-dollar corporation.
kerosene
first major petroleum product; 4th most valuable export in 1870s
The force of circumstances brought Morgan and Carnegie into collision; by 1900 Carnegie, weary of turning steel into ____, was eager to sell his holdings while Morgan had plunged heavily into the manufacture of ____ pipe and tubing
gold, steel
Congress passed the Commerce Commission
forbade unfair behaviors and promoted orderly forums 1st large scale attempt by Washington to regulate hustlers in the interest of society at large.
. For railroad operators worried about keeping schedules and avoiding wrecks, this patchwork of local times was a nightmare (on November 18,1883, the major rail lines decreed that the continent would henceforth be divided into _____ "time zones") The railroad was the maker of millionaires; a raw new aristocracy, consisting of "lords of the rail" and colossal _____ was amassed by stock speculators and railroad wreckers
four, wealth
Noisy criticism was leveled at the "____" of so valuable a birthright to greedy corporations; but the government did receive beneficial returns (rates for service).
giveaway
Less efficient was the technique of "____ ____," which meant allying with competitors to monopolize a given market; Rockefeller was a master of this strategy. He perfected a device for controlling bothersome rivals—the "____".
horizontal integration, trust
"Gibson Girl"
illustrations of the idealized American girl of the 1890s by Charles Dana Gibson of attractive, stylish, and athletic women active outside the home
Railroad companies also stimulated the mighty stream of ____; seeking settlers advertised seductively in Europe and sometimes offered to transport the newcomers
immigration
All of the following were important factors in post-Civil War industrial expansion EXCEPT
immigration resources
On the California end the Central Pacific Railroad was
in charge of working Eastward
Sweat of the laborer lubricated the vast new ____ machine; individual originality and creativity were being stifled, and less value was being placed on manual skills.
industrial
Monarchs of yore invoked the divine right of kings, and America's ____ autocrats took a somewhat similar stance; Rockefeller piously acknowledged the Lord. Steel baron Andrew Carnegie agreed that the wealthy, entrusted with society's riches, had to prove themselves morally responsible according to a "____ ____ ____ ".
industrial, Gospel of Wealth
The machine age accentuated class division; "____ buccaneers" flaunted bloated fortunes and such extravagances evoked bitter ____, some of it was envious but much of it rose from group of socialists and other radicals
industrial, criticism
heavy industry
industry that requires a large capital investment that produces items used in other industries
The law proved ____ because of legal loopholes and contrary to its original intent, it was used to curb labor unions or labor combinations (restraining trade). Early prosecution of the trusts by the Justice Department under the Sherman Act of 1890 was neither vigorous nor successful—more new trusts were formed in the ____.
ineffective, 1890s
American ____ at the same time played a vital role in the ____ American industrial revolution; techniques of mass production, pioneered by ____ ____, were being perfected by the captains of industry (440,000 patents between 1860 and 1890).
ingenuity, second, Eli Whitney
The difference between working-class and middle-class conditions of life was the ____ laborer's lot (reformers struggled to introduce a measure of security of job into the working class). Strong pressures for ____ trade developed as the industrial machine threatened to saturate the domestic market (American products radiated out all over the world).
insecure, foreign
His remedy was to consolidate rival enterprises and to ensure future harmony by placing officers of his own banking on their various boards of directors (these came to be known as "____ ____").
interlocking directorates
Pullman Palace Cars
introduced in the 1860s these were billed as "gorgeous traveling hotels" by some. Others called them "wheeled torture chambers" and potential funeral pyres
Thomas Alva Edison
invented numerous devices; the most well-known is the electric light bulb in 1879.
The white pine forests of Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota disappeared into ____ that was rushed by rail to prairie farmers to build houses and fences Time itself was bent to the railroads' needs (until the _____ every town in the United States had its own local time, dictated by the sun's position—even in same time zones)
lumber, 1880s
New ____ displaced employees, and though in the long run more jobs were created than destroyed, in the short run the manual worker was often hit hard.
machine
J. Pierpont Morgan
made a fortune in the banking industry and in Wall Street, was ready to step into the steel tubing industry -launched the United States Steel Corporation in 1901
"Horizontal integration"
meant allying with competitors to monopolize a given market
The ____ industry arose on the backs of bawling western herds and the kings like Gustavus F. Swift and Philip Armour took their place among the new royalty.
meat
The screeching iron horse stimulated ____ and ____, especially in the West; it took farmers to their land, carried their products to the market, and brought items Railways were a boon for ____ and played a leading role in the great city-ward movement of the last decades of the century (food, raw materials, and markets)
mining, agriculture, cities,
With the westward trail now blazed, four other transcontinental lines were completed before the century's end; none of them secured _____ loans from the federal government but all of them except the Great Northern received generous grants of ____.
monetary, lands
At long last the masses of the people began to mobilize against ____; they first tried to control the trusts through ____ legislation, as they had earlier (curb railroads).
monopoly, state
The AF of L established itself on solid by ____ foundations; composed of skilled craftsmen, the federation was still basically ____ (punish foes at the polls).
narrow, nonpolitical
The amazing ____ ____ of the nation were now about to be fully exploited, including coal, oil, and iron (Mesabi Range providing iron ore by the 1890s) Massive immigration helped make unskilled labor ____ and plentiful; ____, the keystone industry, built its strength largely on the sweat of low-priced immigrant labor from eastern and southern Europe (working in twelve-hour shifts every week).
natural resources, cheap, steel
Thomas A. Edison
new jersey inventor He perfected the light bulb in 1879. Technological advancement by creating generators, voltage regmulators, electric meters, and insulated wiring. Phonograph, mimeograph, microphone, motion picture camera and film, battery, etc
One was the paper barrier of regional rate-setting systems imposed by the ____-dominated railroad interests; railroads gave preferential rates to northern goods. They discriminated in favor of southern ____ materials; the net effect was to keep the south in a kind of "Third World" servitude to the Northeast—as a supplier of these materials to the manufacturing metropolis, unable to develop an industrial base
northern, raw
"Commodore" Cornelius Vanderbilt
offered superior, cheaper railway services and became rich. The steel rail was a new improvement, tougher than the iron rails, safer and more economical because it could carry heavier load Standard track gauge came into use, eliminated inconveniences; Westinghouse air brake contributed to efficiency and safety
John D. Rockefeller
oil baron
The sudden emergence of the ____ industry was one of the most striking developments. Traces of oil found on streams had been collected but not until 1859 did the first well in Pennsylvania—"____ ____"—pour out its liquid "black gold".
oil, Drake's Folly
His remarkable organization was a partnership that involved, at its maximum, about forty men—by 1900 he was producing _____ of the nations' Bessemer steel.
one-fourth
Within twenty years, the United States had outdistanced all foreign competitors and was pouring out more than ____ of the world's supply of steel (Britain and Germany). What brought the transformation was the invention in the 1850s of a method of making cheap steel—the ____ process (it was named after a derided British inventor).
one-third, Bessemer
Giant trusts likewise sought refuge behind the Fourteenth Amendment; the courts ingeniously interpreted a corporation to be a legal "____" and decreed that, as such, it could not be deprived of its property by a ____ without "due process of law". Great industrialists sought to incorporate in "easy states," like New Jersey, where the restrictions on big business were mild or nonexistent
person, state
Pinkertons
personal militia
The factory hand was employed by a corporation—depersonalized, bodiless, soulless, and often conscienceless; the directors knew the worker not in fairness to their stockholders they were inclined to engage in private ____.
philanthropy
Interlocking directorates
placing his own officers on other's boards of directors.
The earliest form of combination was the "_____"—an agreement to divide the business in a given area and share the profits; other rail barons granted secret refunds to powerful shippers; often they _____ their rates on competing lines, but they ____ on non-competing ones.
pool, lowered, raised
But despite depressed working conditions and ____ pay, many southerners saw employment in the mills as a salvation, the first steady jobs and wages they had ever known.
poor
Too often, pioneer builders pushed into areas that lacked enough potential ____ to support a railroad and sometimes laid rails that led "from nowhere to nothing"
population
He achieved important economies, both at home and abroad, by its large-scale methods of ____ and distribution—the efficient use of expensive ____ called for bigness and consolidation proved more profitable than price wars.
production, machinery spies, rebates, cheap
capital goods
products that satisfy our wants indirectly by making possible more efficient production of consumer goods
Interstate Commerce Act
prohibited rebates and pools, required railroads to publish rates, forbade discrimination against shippers, and outlawed charging more for short haul than for a long one over the same line; Established the ICC (Interstate Commerce Commission) - monitors the business operation of carriers transporting goods and people between states - created to administer and enforce the new law
The government-business entanglements also undermined the industrial development. The unparalleled outburst of ____ construction was a crucial case; by 1900, the miles of this had spurted up to 192,556, much of which was west of the _____ River.
railroad, Mississippi
The huge empire of commerce beckoned to foreign and domestic investors alike. The ____ network spurred the amazing industrialization of the post-Civil War years; this opened up fresh markets for manufactured goods and sped raw materials to ____ (single largest order for the fawning steel industry)
railroad, factories
Postwar industrial expansion, partly a result of the ____ network, rapidly began to assume mammoth proportions; by 1984, the US was the largest ____ nation.
railroad, manufacturing
While abusing the public, the ____ blandly bought and sold people in public life; they bribed judges and legislatures, employed lobbyists and elected their own into office
railroaders
Many of the large ____ in the post-Civil War decades passed through seemingly endless bankruptcies, mergers, or reorganizations (trusting investors let down)
railroads
The country could not avoid ruinous rate wars among the ____ and outraged "confiscatory" attacks on the lines by pitchfork-prodded state legislation
railroads
Rebates
railroads gave back money to their loyal customers; a deduction from an amount to be paid, or money back. Rockefeller forced the railroads to pay him the rebates on the bills of his competitor
Dedicated and cheap, Rockefeller flourished in an era of completely free enterprise; Rockefeller pursued a policy of ___ or ruin (corsairs of finance). By 1877, he controlled ____% of all the oil refineries in the country
rule, 95
Railroad managers were forced to charge _____ rates and wage ruthless competitive battles in order to pay off the exaggerated financial obligations with which they were
saddled
The plantation system had degenerated into a pattern of absentee land ownership; white and black ____ now tilled the soil for a share of the crop and became tenants, in bondage to their landlords, who controlled needed credit and supplies
sharecroppers
The Bessemer process
simplified the steel production process and reduced the price of steel. The process involved blowing cold air on red-hot iron to ignite the carbon and eliminate impurities
The National Labor Union represented a giant boot stride by workers; the union lasted ____ years attracting 600,000 members, including skilled, unskilled and farmers
six
The iron grip of monopolistic corporations was being threatened; a revolutionary new principle had been written into the law; private greed must be subordinated to public need...The industrial wave that washed over the North after the Civil War caused only feeble ripples in the backwater of the South; as late as 1900, the South still produced a ____ percentage of the nation's manufactured goods that it had before the Civil War
smaller
Stockholders in various ____ oil companies assigned their stock to the board of directors of his Standard Oil Company, formed in ____. It then consolidated and concerted the operations of the previously competing enterprises (Standard Oil soon cornered virtually the entire world ____ market)
smaller, 1870, petroleum
Industrialists tried to coax the agricultural South out of the fields and into the factories, but with only modest ____; the region remained overwhelmingly rural. Prominent among the boosters of a "new South" was Henry W. Grady, editor of the Atlanta Constitution; he exhorted the ex-Confederates to outplay the North at the commercial and ____ game (obstacles lay in path of southern industrialization).
success, industrial
His goal was to improve efficiency by making _____ more reliable, controlling the _____ of the product at all stages of production, and eliminating middlemen ____.
supplies, quality. Fees
Munn v. Illinois
supreme court case that decided states could regular interstate commerce if it was for the good of the people
The Supreme Court decreed
that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce. If the mechanical monsters were to be stopped, it was up to the federal government
Wabash
the 1886 Supreme Court case in which it was held that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce
Haymarket Square incident
the Chicago labor disturbance on May 4th, 1886, in which people were killed by a bomb thrown during a meeting
John Peter Altgeld
the Illinois governor who, in 1892, pardoned the probably innocent survivors of the Haymarket Square incident
William Kelly
the Kentucky farmer who helped develop a process for making cheap steel
After the National Labor Union died out in 1877
the Knights of Labor took over
Mesabi Range
the Minnesota-Lake Superior region where, in the 1890s, mountains of red-rusted iron ore could be scooped by steam shovels and which ultimately became a cornerstone of a vast steel empire
William H. Vanderbilt
the railroad baron who, when asked in 1883 about the discontinuance of a fast mail train, reportedly said, "The public be damned!"
Northern Pacific
the railroad completed in 1883 that stretched from Lake Superior to the Puget Sound
Southern Pacific
the railroad completed in 1884 that extended from New Orleans to San Francisco and finally gave the South its direct link to the west coast
John D. Rockefeller
the shrewd, ambitious, and abstemious businessman who came to control 95% of all the oil refineries in the country by 1877
Knights of Labor
the successor to the National Labor Union that began in 1869 as a secret society. Its slogan was "An injury to one of the concern of all."
Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fe
the transcontinental railroad that began in Kansas and stretched through the southwestern deserts into California. The line was completed in 1884
Gospel of Wealth
the turn-of-the-century concept held by such men as Andrew Carnegie which said that wealth in excess of one's needs should be administered for the good of the community
When the South seceded,
the union wanted to bind the pacific coast
. Deadlock (a situation, typically involving opposing parties, were no progress is made) in the 1850s over the proposed ____ ____ was broken when the South seceded, leaving the field to the North (in 1862, Congress made provisions)
transcontinental railroad
Granting land was also a "cheap" way to subsidize a much-desired ____, because it avoided new taxes for direct cash grants; critics overlooked the railroad's ability to give land a modest value after the railroads had covered it with ____.
transportation, steel
Other ____ blossomed along with the American Beauty of oil; these included sugar, tobacco, leather, and harvester (wealth).
trusts
A glutted labor market severely handicapped wage earners; employers could bring in ____ workers from the four corners of the country and beyond to beat down ____ wage levels using the vase new railroad network in the United States
unemployed, high
The American Federation of Labor was a federation—it consisted of an association of self-governing national ____, each of which kept its own independence.
unions
A welcome mat was rolled out for the skilled and ____, for men and ____, for whites and underprivileged ____, some ____ of whom joined (the Knights refused only "non-producers"—liquor dealers, gamblers, lawyers, bankers, and stockbrokers).
unskilled, women, blacks, 900,000
Andrew Carnegie
used a method called "vertical integration," which meant that he bought out and controlled all aspects of an industry ex:he mined the iron, transported it, refined it, and turned it into steel, controlling all parts of the process).
Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890
which forbade business activities that the government deemed as anti-competitive. It also required the government to investigate trusts. The law was ineffective because it contained legal loopholes and it made all large trusts suffer, not just the bad ones. Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 forbade combination in restraint of trade without distinguishing "good" trusts from "bad." Not very effective and had lots of loop holes until 1914.
Probably no single group was more profoundly affected by the new industrial age than ____; propelled into industry by recent inventions, chiefly the typewriter and the telephone switchboards, millions discovered new economic and social opportunities
women
gained increasing roles in business as well as secretaries and in clerical jobs
women during industrialization
"number please"
women who worked away from home as telephone operators.
Such machines as the cash register, the stock ticker, and the typewriter, which attracted ____ from the home to industry, facilitated business operations ____ grew due to the refrigerator car, the electric dynamo, and the electric railway, which displaced animal-drawn cars.
women, urbanization
Andrew Carnegie
worked hard from a young age, he surrounded himself with influential people and then became rich and involved with steel