US History month 7
US expenditures due to the war- National Debt? Total?
280 billion
Compare and contrast the impact of the Second World War on Japanese Americans and African Americans. What similarities do you see in the treatment of these two minorities during the war? What factors do you think explain the differences in how they were treated?
African Americans and Japanese AMericans both served in separate units while native americans, hispanics, and chinese americans all served in white units.The factors that explain the differences in the way they were treated were that African americans were still viewed as "lesser" and the discrimination of Japanese Americans started after Japan bombed pearl harbor. Japanese americans were treated like the enemy, whereas african american were viewed as lesser. Migration, japanese americans were moved to camps
Effect of the war on discrimination- especially GIs
African Americans and Japanese Americans served in separate units, but hispanics, native americans and chinese americans served in "white" units, The result was often tension but many americans became less prejudiced and less provincial as they served with men unlike themselves. The GI bill left out African Americans
Reason for China's entry into the war
Because General MacArthur, against the orders of President Truman, pushed the North Korean forces to the Yalu River, which separates China and North Korea. Communist China felt threatened by the act and sent the PLA across the Yalu and routed the UN forces, forcing them to retreat far south.
Why did Eisenhower & Diem cancel the election in 1956?
Because they feared that the popular Vietminh leader would win.
Effect of WWII on corporate structure (small business v big business)
Big businesses were booming. They were making war materials instead of other goods.
Cause and progress of the Korean War
CAUSE: North Korea, supported by the Soviet Union and China, invaded South Korea, which was supported by the United States. General MacArthur, leader of the United Nations forces, drove the North Koreans back across the divide, yet encountered a Chinese invasion. PROGRESS: both the North's communist leader (Kim) and the South's president sought to reunify their nation
Agreements reached at the Tehran conference
D-Day, was scheduled for France
Discuss the objectives of the United States in launching the Marshall Plan, and assess the extent to which those objectives were achieved.
Designed to achieve US goals in Europe by helping countries rebuild their economies so that they would not turn to communism. It sent money to Western Europe and require that Europeans spend some of the foreign aid dollars in the US on American made products. Fairly successful but had some negative effects.
Purpose of the Marshall Plan
Designed to achieve US goals in western Europe by keeping countries from accepting communism.
Effects of the Doolittle Raid
Did harm to Japan but also had an enormous psychological impact on Japanese leaders
Political effects of the Korean War (US foreign policy)
FOREIGN POLICY: sino-american hostility generated by the war ensured that there would be no US reconciliation with the Beijing government and that south korea and Formosa would become major recipients of American foreign aid.
Berlin Blockade- in response to what?
Fear of resurgent Germany tied to the cold war camp
Josip Broz Tito
He was the leader of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1945 until his death. During World War II, Tito organized the anti-fascist resistance movement known as the Yugoslav Partisans. Later he was a founding member of Cominform but resisted Soviet influence, and became one of the founders and promoters the Non-Aligned Movement.
1954 Geneva Accords on Vietnam- THE AGREEMENT
Ho's government was confined to the North, Bao Dai's to the south.
Purpose of the Eisenhower doctrine
In an effort to improve the deteriorating western position in the MIddle East and to protect American interests there, the president proclaimed the Eisenhower Doctrine.
George Kennan's 'Long Telegram'
In it Kennan asserted that soviet fanaticism made even a temporary understanding impossible. His widely circulated report fed a growing belief among american officials that only toughness would work with the soviets.
Commander in chief of UN troops
MacArthur
Causes of the Cold War- economic and political
Political: political turmoil that many nations experienced after ww2, the collapse of Germany and Japan had created power vacuums that drew the 2 major powers into a collision as they sought influence in countries where the axis aggressors had once been. Economic: the international system was unstable because empires were falling, creating the new 3rd world. Financial constraints and nationalist rebellions forced states to set their colonies free
Executive Order 8802
Prohibited discrimination in war industries and government jobs.
CIA role in overthrow of Mossadegh in Iran- purpose for the coup
ROLE: failed in its attempts to topple regimes in Indonesia PURPOSE for coup: to subvert of destroy governments
The Manhattan Project
Secret effort to build an atomic bomb.
Turning point battle in the Pacific
The Battle of Midway
Agreements reached at the Yalta Conference
The US abolished the Chinese Exclusion act, The big 3 agreed that some eastern German territory would be transferred to poland and the rest divided into four zones--the 4th zone would be administered by france.. Berlin would be divided among the four victors. In exchange for US promises to support soviet claims on territory lost to japan stalin agreed to sign a treaty of friendship
Examine the containment policy as the cornerstone of American foreign policy during the Truman and Eisenhower administrations. What were the goals of containment as established by President Truman in the Truman Doctrine?
The goals of containment were to keep communism from spreading to other countries. The truman doctrine was the policy of the US to support free peoples who are resisting soviet pressures to become communist. The Eisenhower doctrine spread those goal by taking the truman doctrine to include the middle east.
Effect of the war on number of women in the workplace
The number of women in the workplace increase, but the big change was the types of jobs that they were taking on
Discuss the sources of international tension in the aftermath of the Second World War, and explain how the goals and policies of the United States and the Soviet Union clashed and led to the Cold War.
The soviets and the US had different ideas of how to rebuild Europe after the war. The soviet union wanted to spread communism and keep Germany weak. The US wanted capitalism and and to help rebuild germany and contain communism. They had territory disputes as well. Stalin agreed to free elections at the yalta conference but went back on this word since Stalin wanted a buffer zone between Russia and Germany.
Island Hopping strategy
The strategy of capturing some islands and going around others. The United States used an island-hopping campaign on Japanese-held islands in order to invade Japan.
Europe First strategy
The strategy that allies came up with was to focus on Hitler first then the pacific would be secondary because Hitler was more of a threat
Explain what is meant by the term Third World, and discuss the relationships between the Third World countries and the Cold War superpowers during the 1950s.
The third world were new countries that were gaining independence after the war. There was a competition between the superpowers to lead the countries in the "best" direction. The US wanted the countries to be capitalist and the Soviet Union wanted the countries to accepted communism.
Why the US refused to aid Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam
They rejected Ho's appeals in favor of a restoration of french rule, mostly to ensure france's cooperation in the emerging soviet- american confrontation
Reason he was 'Fired' by Truman
Truman fired MacArthur because he was using his influence on Congressmen and people in the united States to operate the was in the way he wanted to run it, as if he was President.
US response to Soviet tests of the Atomic Bomb
Truman in early 1950 gave the go-ahead to begin production of a hydrogen bomb, and ordered national security team to undertake a thorough review of policy
Examine the decision by the United States to drop the atomic bomb on Japan. Was this action justified? If so, by what?
Truman knew that dropping the bomb would significantly shorten the war and give the US a physiological advantage in negotiating peace. YES-because it shortened the war and ultimately limited the amount of casualties
Berlin Airlift
Truman ordered a massive airlift of food, fuel and other supplies to berlin
Explain the contributions made by women in the wartime workforce, and describe the response of the public to their efforts.
Women took formerly men's industrial jobs. The majority of women workers did not take war-production jobs took traditional womens jobs as clerical workers or filled traditionally men's jobs as bus drivers or "lumberjills" Employers at first insisted that women were not suited to industrial jobs but relented as labor shortages began. Then posters and billboards encouraged women to assist by taking formerly male occupations.
War Production Board's job
allocating resources and coordinating production among thousands of independent factories.
Executive Order 9066
authorizing the Secretary of War to prescribe certain areas as military zones, clearing the way for the deportation of Japanese Americans
Turning Point battle in Europe
battle of Stalingrad
Liberty ships
cargo ships built in the United States during the war. They were cheap and quick to build and came to symbolize U.S. wartime industrial output.
Rationing
many consumer goods were rationed or unavailable. to save wool for military use the War Production Board basically redesigned men's suits, when silk and nylon were diverted from stockings, women used makeup on their legs to draw on the stocking seam. Sugar coffee and gas were rationed, every citizen received a ration book.
War effort: housewives and kids
planted victory gardens, housewives saved fat from cooking and gave it to butchers for cooking fat yielded glycerin to make black powder used in bullets, children collected scrap metal
Korematsu v. United States
sought legal remedy for the injustice of being detained solely because of japanese heritage and sought legal remedy, but the Supreme Court upheld the government's action
Military emphasis under Eisenhower (M.A.D.)
the new foreign policy team largely sustained Truman's cold war policies, emphasised airpower and nuclear weaponry, he oversaw massive stockpiling of nuclear weapons.
The Truman Doctrine
the policy of the US to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.
The Bracero Program
was a series of laws and diplomatic agreements, initiated on August 4, 1942, when the United States signed the Mexican Farm Labor Agreement with Mexico.
