U.S. History: Unit 1 & 2 Assessment

What was Bartolome de las Casa' perception of Taino

-1520's/ Hispaniola -Multiply quickly, very strong & energetic no matter what, good for work, not smart. VIEW CHANGES to: -Taino force to work back-breaking jobs including women -Tortured & killed indigenous children for fun -7,000 children died within 3 months -de las Casas realized how horrific they treated Taino; noted how these acts were so foreign to human nature it made him tremble.

What was Columbus' perception of Taino?

-October 3, 1942/Hispaniola -Young and of fine shape, very handsome; hair straight & coarse, like horse-hair & all with foreheads that were much broader, handsomely shaped. -Not commenting on intelligence, how good, forced workers they'd be with how they're fit.

Revolt of the Pueblo Indians, 1680 question 2: Name 3 things Indians who had lived and worshipped independently for centuries were forced to do?

1. Abandon their religions 2. Adopt Christianity 3. Pay tribute to Spanish rulers

1:47 mark: What are two things the Lakota did with their new power.

1. Conquered people 2. implemented taxes The western plains were much less fertile and abundant than the Lakota homelands. The only easy access to food and water was immediately alongside the rivers land Arikaras already claimed. To compete, the Lakotas became skilled buffalo hunters and warriors on horseback. They conquered the farming Arikaras, forcing them to pay tributes of maize and squash. When the Spanish arrived expecting to find lucrative trading grounds, they had to pay tolls to the Lakotas instead.

Key points of Iroquois Beaver Wars

1. Conquered the West to gain beaver fur 2. Being Dutch allies allowed the Iroquois to secure guns by trade in order to attack and invade the French and French Allies 3. Iroquois became an empire 4. Fought and won against the French and French allies 5. French allies had NO guns

What are two ways in which the Pueblo people showed agency?

1. Drove out Spanish authority 2. Restored their own religious institutions

Revolt of the Pueblo Indians, 1680 question 5: Name 3 things resistance to Spanish rule was met with.

1. Imprisonment 2. Torture 3. Amputations

How did the Pueblo Revolt indigenous people show their agency?

1. Multiple tribes teamed up to kick out Spanish authority. 2. Tribes were able to re-establish their culture & religion.

How did the Lakota Empire show agency?

1. They conquered and imposed taxes on other tribes. 2. They taxed foreign people entering into their land.

Key Concept #1: European countries had different goals with and for their colonial claims, and those different goals had different effects.

1492: Christopher Columbus arrives in the Americas to search for gold and other precious items to take back to Spain. 1500s: Spanish explorers conduct expeditions in the Americas, conquer native peoples, and claim their lands. 1517: Europe: Martin Luther nails his 95 Theses to a church door in Germany, sparking the Reformation and giving rise to Protestantism. 1588: Europe: The British defeat the Spanish Armad, which leads to the establishment of colonies in North America by the English, Dutch, and French.

King Philip's War Document Analysis: Grievance #3

20 of their honest Indians testified that a Englishman had done them wrong, it was as nothing; and if but one of their worst Indians testified against any Indian, when it pleased the English it was sufficient.

2:55 mark: How many Americans were there in the mid-1800s? How many Lakota?

23 million Americans, 15,000 Lakotas

What were the approximate casualty numbers of King Philip's War?

5% of New England's population was killed, around 40% of the Natives population was killed or they fled the region.

Describe the revolt, the attack on Spanish authorities?

A force of 2,500 Indian warriors sacked and burned the colonial headquarters in Sante Fe. By the time the revolt ended, Indian fighters had killed more than 400 Spanish soldiers and civilians (including two-thirds of the Catholic priests in the region) and had driven the surviving Europeans back south towards Mexico.

1:00 mark: Explain why the Lakota turned their attention west in the early 1700s.

Access to better trade; thrive, not just survive. One of seven nations or seven council fires, that made up the Sioux Alliance, the Lakotas had lived in the forests and wetlands between the Great Lakes and the Missouri Valley for centuries. In the 1600s, European colonizers destabilized this region. While some tribes profited by trading furs with new France, the Lakotas just lived out of range of the best trade opportunities. So, in the early 1700s they turned their attention west.

Define chattel slavery

By law, an enslaved person's bondage lasted for his or her entire lifetime and passed from mother to child.

Salve Trade Paragraph

Captive African people who made the Middle Passage experienced brutal conditions, sexual assault and disease. The captives were chained to each other and to a floor of the hold below the deck as evidenced by the diagram of the British ship, Brookes, that carried people kidnapped from Africa into slavery in the Americas. According to Olaudah Equiano, these brutal conditions such as the closeness of the place below deck, and the heat of the climate added to the number in the ship, which was so crowded that each captive had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us. Alexander Falconridge who was a doctor on several ships that carried people kidnapped from Africa to enslavement in the Americas, reported how captive people were sexually assaulted by the common sailors who were allowed to have intercourse with such of the black women whose consent they could "procure". Olaudah Equiano, from his Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano, states how this produced copious perspirations, so that the air soon became unfit for respiration, from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought a sickness among the slaves, of which many died, thus falling victims to the improvident avarice, as I may call it, of their purchasers. The captive African people rarely could go on deck for fresh air, often used the bathroom right where they were confined below deck, and constantly threw up due to seasickness which brought on disease.

Geography of Indigenous Culture Groups: Southwest

Description: -Desert, dry, hot Goods they traded: -Buffalo hide, pottery, jewelry, corn Housing/Settlements description: -Clay, "apartment" style, domes as well Main food Source(s): -Corn, beans, squash

Geography of Indigenous Culture Groups: Northwest

Description: -Grass, forests, lots of resources Goods they traded: -Baskets, salmon, shells, animal products Housing/Settlements description: -Tents within barricade Main food Source(s): -Salmon

Geography of Indigenous Culture Groups: Great Plains

Description: -Open, grassy, lots of animals Goods they traded: -Buffalo and beaver hides, horses Housing/Settlements description: -A cluster of tents Main food Source(s): -Buffalo -Beaver

Geography of Indigenous Culture Groups: Northeast

Description: -Wet, forest, rivers Goods they traded: -Beans, corn, squash, shells, tobacco, beaver fur Housing/Settlements description: -Large barns surrounded by fence Main food Source(s): -Corn, beans, squash

King Philip's War Document Analysis: During this period, the region's Native American population declined rapidly and suffered severe losses of land and cultural independence. Between 1600-1675, New England's Native American population fell from 140,000 to 10,000. The New England Puritans launched a campaign to convert the Indians to Protestantism. One leading missionary convinced about 2,000 Indians to live in "praying towns", where they were expected to adopt white customs.

Due to New England settlers led to war.

Colonial Regions Comparison: Middle: Economic

Economic: -Developed economies based on shipbuilding, small-scale farming, and trading. -Cities such as New York and Philadelphia began to grow as seaports and commercial centers.

Colonial Regions Comparison: New England: Economic

Economic: -Economy was based on shipbuilding, fishing, lumbering, small-scale subsistence farming, and eventually manufacturing. -The colonies prospered, reflecting the Puritans strong belief in the values of hard work and thrift. -Poor soil, fast rivers, short growing seasons, natural harbors, and a long coast dictated this economy.

Colonial Regions Comparison: Southern: Economic

Economic: -In the eastern coastal lowlands based on large plantations that grew "cash crops" such as tobacco, rice, and indigo for export to Europe. -Farther inland however, in the mountains and valleys of the Appalachian foothills, the economy was based on small-scale subsistence farming, hunting, and trading. -The growth of a plantation-based agricultural economy in the hot, humid coastal lowlands of the southern colonies required cheap labor on a large scale. -Some of the labor needs especially in Virginia were met by indentured servants who were often poor persons from England, Scotland, or Ireland who agreed to work on plantations for a period of time in return for their passage from Europe or relief from debts. -Most plantation labor needs eventually came to be filled by the forcible importation of kidnapped Africans. -While some of these people worked as indentured servants, earned their freedom, and lived as free citizens during the Colonial Era, almost all of them remain enslaved. -Though the southern colonies had the highest population of enslaved people, EVERY colony relied on the labor of enslaved people in some level.

King Philip's War Document Analysis: King Philip's War was the most destructive conflict in American history. Five percent of New England's population was killed. Indian casualties were far higher, perhaps 40 percent of New England's Indian population was killed or fled the region.

English push, Natives push back.

What did Bartolome de las Casas witness against the Taino?

Examples: 1. The Taino multiply in great abundance; pregnant women work to the last minute and give birth almost painlessly; up the next day and are as clean and healthy as before giving birth. 2. The Taino live in large communal bell-shaped buildings, housing up to 600 people at one time. 3. The Taino lack all manner of commerce, neither buying nor selling and rely exclusively on their natural environment for maintenance. 4. The Taino are extremely generous with their possessions and by the same token covet the possessions of their friends and expect the same degree of liberality. 5. Bartolome de las Casas states, "Endless testimonies ...prove the mild and pacific temperament of the natives...But our work was to exasperate, ravage, kill, mangle, and destroy; small wonder, then, if they tried to kill one of us now and then ...The admiral, it is true, was blind as those who came after him, and he was so anxious to please the King that he committed irreparable crimes against the Indians." 6. Bartolome de las Casas states, "The Spanish rode the backs of Indians if they were in a hurry. They also had Indians carry large leaves to shade them from the sun and others to fan them with goose wings. The Spainards thought nothing of knifing Indians by tens and twenties and of cutting slices off them to test the sharpness of their blades. Two of these so-called Christians met two Indian boys one day, each carrying a parrot; they took the parrots and for fun beheaded the boys." 7. The Taino died from overwork 8. The Taino were forced to perform back-breaking jobs. such as digging, splitting rocks, moving stones, and carrying dirt on their backs to wash it in the rivers. The most arduous task of all was to dry the mines by scooping up pansful of water and throwing it up outside.

4:00 mark: What started the conflict between the US and the Lakota?

Gold rush, settlers kept moving in, misinterpretation of the war. Starting in 1849, the California gold rush brought hordes of white settlers west, encroaching on the Lakota territory and disturbing the buffalo herds. Lakota leaders correctly interpreted this migration as a signal that the US no longer intended to respect their claim to the land. In retaliation, they attacked wagon trains and government offices. As the conflict grew, Chief Red Cloud negotiated in Washington D.C. While back in Lakota territory, chiefs Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse and others prepared for battle. They mobilized their Cheyenne and Arapaho allies and almost all the other Sioux nations against the U.S. In 1876, exactly 100 years after the Lakotas' arrival, gold prospectors occupied the sacred Black Hills. For many Lakotas, this was the final straw. Following a vision by Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse led Lakota forces to decisively defeat the Americans in the Battle of the Little Bighorn. After this victory, the Lakotas faced an even graver threat: wagon travel and railroad construction had decimated buffalo populations, and they faced starvation. To survive, they moved on to reservations, where the authorities murdered Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse and attempted to dismantle their culture, prohibiting the Sun Dance on reservations. The Lakotas started a protest movement called the Ghost Dance. Alarmed by this resistance, in 1890, the US Army massacred hundreds of Lakotas, many of them women and children, at Wounded Knee Creek. Today, Lakotas continue to fight for their culture and their land. In 2016, they drew supporters worldwide to protest construction of the Dakota Access Pipeline through their reservation,continuing a long history of resistanceto a government known for breaking its promises.

When were the inhabitants of the Pueblos and the Pueblo Indians liberated?

In the spring of 1680, the Pueblo Indians rose up to overthrow the Spanish.

Who was the leader of the Massachusetts Bay Colony established in 1630?

John Winthrop

3:15 mark: Explain the term "Lakota Empire"

Lakota governed lots of territory, taxes. While almost all the Native Americans in North America were being forced off their lands and onto reservations, the Lakota empire was still expanding. By 1850, they controlled some 500,000 square kilometers. They were thinly spread across this vast area, moving their villages in pursuit of buffalo. Though there was no central authority, the leaders of bands, or oyates, came together at annual Sun Dances to strategize and coordinate complex diplomatic operations. Lasting a few weeks each summer, Sun Dances were spiritual ceremonies which reaffirmed communal ties, appeased Wanken Tanka, the Great Spirit, and kept the world in balance.

2:13 mark: Explain the new trade relationship between the US and the Lakota.

Lakota hunted, killed, and skinned buffaloes, traded guns, ammunition, and other goods, hunted more, sold more, etc. In 1804, a new spectacle came floating up the Missouri River: Merriweather Lewis and William Clark. Lakota chief Black Buffalo refused to let them pass until they paid a hefty tribute. In spite of this rocky start, the expedition marked the beginning of a close trade alliance between the Lakotas and the United States. Lakota men hunted buffalo, while women processed the hides into robes for trade. The U.S. government supplied guns, ammunition, and other goods, even provided Lakotas with smallpox vaccines that protected them from the deadly epidemics that ravaged other Native American nations.

Define trustees

Managers who could neither receive financial benefits from the colony nor own land within its boundaries.

King Philip's War Document Analysis: In 1675, the chief of the Pokanokets, Metacomet (whom the English called King Philip), forged a military alliance including about two-thirds of the region's Indians. In 1675, he led an attack on Swansea, Massachusetts. Over the next year, both sides raided villages and killed hundreds of victims. Twelve out of ninety New England towns were destroyed. This war was called King Phillip's War.

Metacomet and indigenous allies he was in control of showed agency.

Who are key people in King Philip's War?

Metacomet, Native allegiance, New England settlers

How did the Iroquois show agency?

More control than others able to dictate because of more power as an empire.

What is the one thing about the Pueblo Revolt that surprised you? Be specific.

Multiple tribes/ pueblos worked together for one cause., to kick out Spanish authority.

What is a common theme in colonization?

New England settlers push against natives, natives retaliate and push back.

What day did the indians in more than two dozen pueblos simultaneously attack the Spanish authorities?

On the night of August 10, 1680

Define separatists.

One group of Puritan dissenters, whom we now refer to as the Pilgrims who believed that leaving England and its official church behind was their only option.

Define proprietor.

Owner of a colony

Define indentured servants

People who pledged to work for a period of four to seven years in exchange for ocean passage and necessities, to the colony.

How and when did the planning take shape for the widespread rebellion to occur throughout the region on a single day?

Planning took shape silently during the summer of 1680 in more than 70 communities from Santa Fe and Taos in the Rio Grande valley to the Hopi pueblos nearly 300 miles west.

Colonial Regions Comparison: Middle: Political

Political: -Incorporated a number of democratic principles - including representative democracy and the rights of Englishmen. -Example: Independence Hall, in Philadelphia, became a focal point for American political history.

Colonial Regions Comparison: Southern: Political

Political: -The large planter class dominated the governing process. -The ideas of representative democracy were utilized through the House of Burgesses. -Maintained stronger ties with Britain

Colonial Regions Comparison: New England: Political

Political: My anteater acts oddly: -Many dissenters opposed the combining of Church and State. -New England used a form of direct democracy -In the town meetings, all members could voice their opinion. -This was modeled after the Athenian model of direct democracy.

Who was the religious leader from Taos who secretly organized a widespread rebellion to occur throughout the region on a single day?

Popé (sometimes found as Popay), the religious leader from Taos.

Define dissenters

Puritans were considered religious dissenters, or rebels who faced government prosecution, including fines and imprisonment.

Colonial Regions Comparison: New England: Social/ Demographic

Social/Demographic: MNCR -Massachussetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island -Example: Anne Hutchinson - Puritan dissenter who accused Massachusetts Bay ministers of straying from accepted Puritan theology. -New England's society was based on religious standing. -The Puritans grew intolerant of dissenters who challenged the Puritan's belief in the connection between religion and government. -Example: Rhode Island was founded by dissenters fleeing persecution by Puritans in Massachusetts.

Colonial Regions Comparison: Southern Social/ Demographic

Social/Demographic: MVNSG -Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia -Jamestown, founded in 1607, was the first permanent English settlement. -Social structure was based on family status and the ownership of land. -Large landowners in the eastern lowlands dominated colonial government and society and maintained an allegiance to the Church of England and closer social ties to England than in the other colonies. -In the mountains and valleys further inland, however, society was characterized by small subsistence farmers, hunters, and traders of Scots-Irish and English descent.

Colonial Regions Comparison: Middle: Social/ Demographic

Social/Demographic: PNND -Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, Delaware -Home to multiple religious groups including Quakers in Pennsylvania, and Huguenots (French Protestants), and Jews in New York, and Presbyterians in New Jersey. -They generally believed in religious tolerance. -These colonies had more flexible social structures and began to develop a middle class of skilled artisans, entrepreneurs, and small farmers. -William Penn: Founder of Pennsylvania as a safe place for Quakers.

Revolt of the Pueblo Indians, 1680 question 4: What did the Spanish authorities destroy?

Spanish authorities destroyed kivas (traditional centers of worship) and kachinas (sacramental objects) with which the inhabitants of the Pueblos ceremonies and devotions had always been performed.

In the map pictured, southwest American Indian communities benefited most from __?

Spread of maize culture

King Philip's War Document Analysis: Grievance #5

The English cattle and horses still increased and kept spoiling their corn because the English didn't use a fence.

King Philip's War Document Analysis: Grievance #4

The English made them drunk and then cheated them; that now, they had no hope left to keep any land.

Based on the map pictured, in which region were American Indians the most mobile?

The Great Basin and Western Plains

What was the single most successful act of resistance by Native Americans against a European invader?

The Pueblo Revolt of 1680

What did the Pueblo Revolt of 1680 establish?

The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 established Indian independence in the pueblos for more than a decade, and even after Spanish domination was re-imposed, it forced the imperial authorities to observe religious tolerance.

Revolt of the Pueblo Indians, 1680 question 1: What authority systematically subjugated the inhabitants of the pueblos?

The Spanish authorities systematically subjugated the inhabitants of the pueblos.

Define agency.

The ability to decide your own fate.

Revolt of the Pueblo Indians, 1680 question 3: Define kivas.

The inhabitants of pueblos traditional centers of worship.

Why did they give metacomet the title of "king"?

They gave him the title of "king" because he led a very powerful army against New England settlers.

King Philip's War Document Analysis: Grievance #2

They had been the first in doing good to the English, and the English were the first in doing wrong. When the English first came, their King's Father prevented other Indians from wronging the English, and gave them corn and showed them how to plant, and let them have a 100 times more land than now the Indian King had for his own people.

What did the Indian leaders restore after the revolt and how long did it last?

They restored: 1. Their own religious institutions 2. They set up a government that lasted until 1692

King Philip's War Document Analysis: Grievance #1

They said that they had done no wrong; the English wronged them. We said that both sides thought the other side wronged them, but our desire was to avoid war. The Indians agreed that fighting was the worst way, they asked how we might avoid war. We said, by negotiation. They said that they lost many square miles of land through negotiation.

How many generations of the inhabitants of the Pueblos were oppressed?

Three generations of oppression

Follow-up question: Why did the US pay tribute to the Lakota if there were so many more Americans than Lakota? (In other words, why didn't the US just send soldiers in to force the Lakota to do what they wanted?)

To avoid war, Lakota are more skilled, the United States would have lost against the Lakota.

Follow-up question: Why do you think the US government provided the Lakota with smallpox vaccines?

To keep trade routes

True or False: Metacomet is "King Philip"

True

True or False: King Philip's War was the most destructive conflict in American History.

True The Natives actually show much agency.

Define slave codes

codified legal descrimination

Define grievance

complaint

Define "cash crops"

is produce grown to be sold for profit rather thn for use by an individual farmer.