US to 1877 (1)
Which of the following British victories between 1778 and 1780 seemingly confirmed the logic behind the British "Southern Strategy?" [select all that apply] A. Capture of Savannah, GA B. Capture of Augusta, GA C. Capture of Charleston, SC D. Battle of Camden, SC E. Battle of Cowpens, SC
A, B, C, D
Bacon's Rebellion and King Phillip's War occurred at approximately the same time, in Virginia and Massachusetts respectively. Both conflicts grew out of which of the following causes? A. Religious conflict B. Hostilities with American Indians C. Rising taxes D. Desires for democracy
B. Hostilities with American Indians
What two ministers are most associated with the religious revival movement known as the "First Great Awakening" that intermittently swept through the American colonies during the 1730s through 1750s? A. John Winthrop and Cotton Mather B. Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield C. John and Charles Wesley D. Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson
B. Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield
The Walking Purchase of 1737 seized land from Indians in which colony? A. New York B. Pennsylvania C. Virginia D. Maryland
B. Pennsylvania
All of the following were part of the "politics of industrial labor" during the antebellum era EXCEPT: A. Emergence of workers' unions, which worked to protect the economic power of their members by creating closed shops—workplaces wherein employers could only hire union members—and striking to improve working conditions. Such unions did not become legally acceptable until 1842 and remained in a precarious legal position during the era. B. Labor activists and labor unions overwhelmingly succeeded in reforming capitalism to mitigate against its most exploitative and oppressive potential outcomes for the working class. C. Women, a dominant labor source for factories since the early 1800s, launched some of the earliest strikes for better conditions, and served as crucial operatives in support of the Ten-Hour Movement of the 1830s and 1840s and in the effort to secure proscriptive child labor laws. D. In 1842, child labor became a dominant issue in the American labor movement, with labor activists advocating for legislation "prohibiting the employment of children in manufacturing establishments at an age and for a number of hours which must be permanently injurious to their health and inconsistent with the education which is essential to their welfare," eventually securing and expanding the scope of such statutes throughout heavily-industrialized New England between 1840 and 1860. E. In the 1830s and 1840s, The New England Association of Farmers, Mechanics and Other Workingmen (NEA) mobilized to establish a ten-hour workday across industries. The Ten-Hour Movement quickly spread to other major cities as part of the male working-class effort to expose the hollowness of the paternalistic claims of employers and their rhetoric of moral superiority.
B. Labor activists and labor unions overwhelmingly succeeded in reforming capitalism to mitigate against its most exploitative and oppressive potential outcomes for the working class.
What were the terms for Americans who 1) supported or 2) opposed ratifying the Constitution, respectively? A. 1) Anti-Federalists; 2) Federalists B. 1) Republicans; 2) Democrats C. 1) Federalists; 2) Anti-Federalists D. 1) Whigs; 2) Tories
C. 1) Federalists; 2) Anti-Federalists
In the 130 years after contact, approximately what proportion of Native Americans had died? A. 66% B. 20% C. 95% D. 50%
C. 95%
Which of the following best describes President Thomas Jefferson's policy of peaceable coercion? A. Using impressments to increase the sizeof the American Navy B. Creating alliances with European powers to stop Napoleon C. Attempt to use a trade embargo to force Europeans to respect American neutrality D. Attack on the Federalist Party from Republican newspapers
C. Attempt to use a trade embargo to force Europeans to respect American neutrality
The writings of which Spanish missionary most directly led to the development of the Black Legend? A. Bernal Diaz B. Nicolas de Ovando C. Bartolome de las Casas D. Juan Gines de Spulveda
C. Bartolome de las Casas
Which of the following most accurately describes the attitude of most of the founding fathers as it relates to pure democracy? A. Believed it was inevitable B. Believed it was divinely inspired by God C. Believed it was dangerous D. Believed it was ideal
C. Believed it was dangerous
What is the name of the prophet who inspired Pontiac's War? A. Tecumseh B. Red Stick C. Neolin D. Metacom
C. Neolin
What three battles in the southern theatre of the American Revolutionary War between 1780 and 1781 contributed most directly to the final surrender of British troops by General Lord Charles Cornwallis to a combined Franco-American force commanded by American General George Washington and French officers Marshal Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau and the Marquis de Lafayette at Yorktown, Virginia in October 1781? A. 1) Trenton, NJ; 2) Princeton, NJ; 3) Saratoga, NY B. 1) Charleston, SC; 2) Camden, SC; 3) Waxhaws, SC C. 1) Savannah, GA; 2) Augusta, GA; 3) Charleston, SC D. 1) King's Mountain, SC; 2) Cowpens, SC; 3) Guilford Courthouse, NC
D. 1) King's Mountain, SC; 2) Cowpens, SC; 3) Guilford Courthouse, NC
The first Americans arrived on the North American continent approximately... A. 400-800 thousand years ago B. 1-2 million years ago C. 3-9 thousand years ago D. 12-20 thousand years ago
D. 12-20 thousand years ago
The Headlight Policy promised which of the following? A. Freedom of religion for all in Virginia B. Exemption from the Navigation Acts for all Virginians C. 20 slaves for any free Englishman willing to migrate to Virginia D. 50 acres for anyone paying the passage of an English immigrant to Virginia
D. 50 acres for anyone paying the passage of an English immigrant to Virginia
The Revolution built institutions and codified the language and ideas that still define Americans' image of themselves. Moreover, revolutionaries justified their new nation with radical new ideals that changed the course of history and sparked a global "age of revolution." But the Revolution was as paradoxical as it was unpredictable. Which of the following provided the clearest evidence of this dynamic meaning and legacy? A. A revolution fought in the name of liberty allowed slavery to persist. B. Resistance to centralized authority tied disparate colonies ever closer together under new governments. C. The revolution created politicians eager to foster republican selflessness and protect the public good but also encouraged individual self-interest and personal gain. D. The "founding fathers" instigated and fought a revolution to secure independence from Britain, but they did not fight that revolution to create a "democracy." Common colonists joined the fight, unleashing popular forces that shaped the Revolution itself, often in ways not welcomed by elite leaders. E. All of the Above
E. All of the Above
What were the combined effects of the Seven Years' War and Pontiac's War in the American colonies? A. Both proved that coercion was not an effective strategy for imperial control, though the British government would continue to employ this strategy to consolidate their power in North America, most notably through the various acts imposed on their colonies. B. Though they did not win Pontiac's War, Native Americans succeeded in fundamentally altering the British government's policy. The war made British officials recognize that peace in the West would require royal protection of Native American lands and heavy-handed regulation of Anglo-American trade activity in territory controlled by Native Americans. During the war, the British Crown issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which created the proclamation line marking the Appalachian Mountains as the boundary between the British colonies and land held controlled by Native Americans. C. The resulting prohibition of Anglo-American settlement in Native American territory, especially the Ohio River Valley, sparked discontent, prompting some colonists to start thinking of themselves more as Americans and less as Britons. They conceived of themselves as a melting pot of self-reliant individual landholders, fiercely independent in pursuit of their own interests, and free from the burdens of European class systems. D. Both the Seven Years' War and Pontiac's War pushed the thirteen American colonies closer together politically and culturally than ever before. American colonists rejoiced in their collective victory as a moment of newfound peace and prosperity. Having fought alongside British redcoats to secure decisive victory over France after nearly seven decades of warfare they looked to the newly acquired lands west of the Appalachian Mountains as their reward. E. The Seven Years' War was tremendously expensive and precipitated imperial reforms on taxation, commerce, and politics. o enforce these unpopular measures, Britain implemented increasingly restrictive policies that eroded civil liberties like protection from unlawful searches and jury trials. F. All of the Above
F. All of the Above
True or False: By 1763, Americans had never been more divided. They fought and resented one another to unprecedented degree. They also recognized that though they were not considered full British citizens, they were dependent on British power for their own security and prosperity. Americans across the colonies viewed imperial reforms as necessary safeguards to the British liberties they saw as their birthright.
False
True or False: During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the British imperial government considered its North American colonies to be its most important colonial possessions.
False
True or False: In 1775 immediately after the initial battles at Lexington and Concord, MA, British authorities were already convinced that the colonial rebellion would turn into a full-out military conflict.
False
True or False: Modern conceptions of race predated the colonization of the Americas and fundamentally informed the actions and reactions of various enslavers of European descent, people of African descent, and people of American Indian descent within the Atlantic slave trade during the colonial era.
False
True or False: Slavery in British North America during the colonial period referred only to the enslavement of people of African descent, and not the enslavement of Native Americans.
False
True or False: The 1660s marked a turning point for Black men and women in English colonies like Virginia in North America and Barbados in the West Indies. New laws gave legal rights to formerly enslaved of people of African descent. The permanent recognition of freedom and the equal legal status of formerly enslaved Africans facilitated the erosion of racial barriers in colonial America. Skin color became nothing more than a superficial difference.
False
True or False: The American colonists expressed persistent desires for independence from Great Britain from the founding of the various North American colonies in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries through the outbreak of the French & Indian War in 1754.
False
True and False: The Seven Years' War ended with the peace treaties of Paris and Hubertusburg in 1763. The British received much of Canada and North America from the French, while the Prussians retained the important province of Silesia. This gave the British a larger empire than they could control, which contributed to tensions that would lead to revolution. In particular, it exposed divisions within the newly expanded empire, including language, national affiliation, and religious views.
True
True or False: Despite commonalities, Native cultures varied greatly. The New World was marked by diversity and contrast
True
True or False: In the early years of the nineteenth century, Americans' endless commercial ambition remade the nation. Between the Revolution and the Civil War, an old subsistence world died and a new more-commercial nation was born. Americans integrated the technologies of the Industrial Revolution into a new commercial economy. Steam power, the technology that moved steamboats and railroads, fueled the rise of American industry by powering mills and sparking new national transportation networks. This "market revolution" remade the nation.
True
True or False: The first decades of the new American republic coincided with a radical shift in understandings of race, one fraught with tension between Enlightenment beliefs in common humanity, the possibility of societal progress, the remaking of oneself, and the importance of one's social and ecological environment and Enlightenment thinkers' desire to classify and order the natural world, the latter of which led them to create connections between race and place as they divided the racial "types" of the world according to skin color, cranial measurements, and hair.
True
Most Native Americans understood property rights as primarily relating to which of the following concepts? A. Active Use B. Inheritance C. Native Americans did not believe in property D. Warfare
A. Active Use
What European power emerged as the earliest and dominant colonial force in the Americas during the "Age of Exploration"? A. Spain B. France C. The Netherlands D. England
A. Spain
Which of the following contributed to the significance of Gabriel's Rebellion (1800)? [check all that apply] A. The execution of Gabriel and twenty-five others by white authorities sent the message that others would be punished if they challenged slavery, and the Virginia government subsequently increased restrictions on free people of color. B. The plot suggested to white enslavers that enslaved Black Virginians were capable of preparing and carrying out a sophisticated and violent revolution—undermining white supremacist assumptions about the inherent intellectual inferiority of Black people. C. The plot demonstrated that white efforts to suppress news of other slave revolts—especially the 1791 slave rebellion in Haiti—had failed. D. The plot succeeded in fundamentally overturning the existing racial hierarchy and fomenting liberty and freedom for enslaved Africans and African Americans in Virginia and throughout the slave societies in the southern states.
A, B, C
Americans celebrated their victory, but it came at great cost. Men and women, black and white together struggled through years of war and hardship. For patriots (and those who remained neutral), victory brought new political, social, and economic opportunities, but it also brought new uncertainties. Which of the following issues embodied the ways that the American Revolution presented promising opportunities for a more progressive future while also limiting those opportunities and that promise in substantial--and persistent--ways? [select all that apply] A. Issues of Class B. Issues of Race C. Issues of Gender D. Issues of Religion
A, B, C, D
Which of the following constituted key consequences of the War of 1812? [choose all that apply] A. The Treaty of Ghent essentially returned relations between the United States and Britain to their prewar status. The war, however, mattered politically and strengthened American nationalism. B. The United States continued to expand into Native American territories with westward settlement in far-flung new states like Tennessee, Ohio, Mississippi, and Illinois. Between 1810 and 1830, the country added more than six thousand new post offices. C. The War of 1812 had reinforced Americans' sense of the nation's importance in their political and economic life, prompting some politicians to promote "The American System" to perpetuate economic and political progress. But even when the federal government did not act, states created banks, roads, and canals of their own. D. Capitalizing on widespread nationalism and the profound sense of union among a diverse and divided people that emerged from the war, President James Monroe issued an ultimatum to the empires of Europe in order to support several wars of independence in Latin America. This Monroe Doctrine declared that the United States considered its entire hemisphere, both North and South America, off-limits to new European colonization.
A, B, C, D
Which of the following constituted key goals and accomplishments for President Thomas Jefferson and his administration? [choose all that apply] A. Buttressed by robust public support, Jefferson sought to implement policies that reflected his own political ideology. He worked to reduce taxes and cut the government's budget, including to the national defense. He sought to to reduce America's national debt while getting rid of all internal taxes during his first term. B. Jefferson desired to convince Americans, and the world, that a government that answered directly to the people would lead to lasting national union, not anarchic division. He wanted to prove that free people could govern themselves democratically. C. Jefferson set out to differentiate his administration from the Federalists. D. Jefferson authorized the acquisition of Louisiana from France in 1803, believing he was obliged to operate outside the strict limitations of the Constitution if the good of the nation was at stake, as his ultimate responsibility was to the American people.
A, B, C, D
"Salutary Neglect" of the American colonies in North America by British authorities during seventeenth and most of the eighteenth centuries entailed which of the following: A. Relatively lax enforcement of existing economic regulatory laws, collectively known as the Navigation Acts. B. Absentee political governance invested in relatively few royally appointed politicians (namely colonial governors) elicited widespread and powerful popular government throughout the American colonies. C. Both of the above D. None of the above
C. Both of the above
What was the most important consequence of Marbury v. Madison? A. Settled the election of 1800 in favor of Thomas Jefferson B. Created the separation of church and state C. Established judicial review D. Disgraced the Federalist Party
C. Established judicial review
Which of the following correctly describes the American (aka Know-Nothing) Party? [select all that apply] A. Party's rapid rise in the 1850s reflected widespread anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant sentiment among white Americans. B. Immigration declined precipitously after 1855 as nativism, the Crimean War, and improving economic conditions in Europe discouraged potential migrants from traveling to the United States. Only after the American Civil War would immigration levels match and eventually surpass the levels seen in the 1840s and 1850s. C. With nativism particularly popular in northern cities such as Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, and other cities with large Catholic populations, the party found success in local and state elections throughout the North. D. The party represented the political expression of the nativist movement, a backlash by Anglo-Protestant Americans against the influx of foreign immigration during the antebellum era.
A, B, C, D
Which of the following were one of the six inter-related sub-revolutions that comprised the "Market Revolution" in the United States during the nineteenth century? A. Financial Revolution B. Transportation & Communication Revolution C. Urban Revolution D. Industrial Revolution E. Consumer Revolution F. Agricultural Revolution G. Haitian Revolution
A, B, C, D, E, F
How did American reactions to the French Revolution (1789-1799) evolve, and which of the following illustrate these evolving reactions and the ways they reflected prevailing conceptions of democracy and its limits in the United States during the "Federalist Era" of the 1790s? A. The Alien and Sedition Acts caused a backlash in two ways. First, shocked opponents articulated a new and expansive vision for liberty. Many Americans began to argue that free speech meant the ability to say virtually anything without fear of prosecution. In 1798, James Madison and Thomas Jefferson helped organize opposition from state governments by drafting the Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions, which argued that the national government's authority was limited to the powers expressly granted by the U.S. Constitution and asserted that the states could declare federal laws unconstitutional. B. After 1793, Americans who feared that the French Revolution was spiraling out of control tended to become Federalists. Those who remained hopeful about the revolution tended to become Republicans. C. Initially, nearly all Americans had praised the French Revolution, as they imagined that liberty was spreading from America to Europe, carried there by the returning French heroes who had taken part in the American Revolution. D. In 1793, as Americans learned of the improprieties of the French Ambassador to the U.S. and the mounting body count resulting from the "Reign of Terror" perpetrated by the radical coalition of revolutionaries that had seized power in France, many began to have second thoughts about the French Revolution. E. Against this backdrop of fear, the French Quasi-War, as it would come to be known, was fought on the Atlantic, mostly between French naval vessels and American merchant ships. During this crisis, however, anxiety about foreign agents ran high, and members of Congress took action to prevent internal subversion. The most controversial of these steps were the Alien and Sedition Acts. Intended to prevent French agents and sympathizers from compromising America's resistance, they also attacked Americans who criticized the president and the Federalist Party. They reflected common assumptions about the nature of the American Revolution and the limits of liberty, and exposed deep ideological fissures between Federalists and Republicans on this score. F. The XYZ Affair in 1797 infuriated American citizens, by the following year many Americans also worried that France had covert agents in the country. Rumors of Illuminati infiltration spread throughout New England like wildfire, adding a new dimension to the foreign threat. G. Despite the political rancor, in late 1796 there came one sign of hope: the United States peacefully elected a new president. For now, as Washington stepped down and executive power changed hands, the country did not descend into the anarchy that many leaders feared. H. After the peaceful Presidential election of 1796, most Americans paid little attention to the French Revolution and did not consider its repercussions in relation to their own conceptions of American liberty and freedom and the political decisions enacted to perpetuate those conceptions.
A, B, C, D, E, F, G
Tensions between the colonies and England eased for a time after the Boston Massacre. The colonial economy improved as the postwar recession receded. The Sons of Liberty in some colonies sought to continue nonimportation even after the repeal of the Townshend Acts. But in New York, a door-to-door poll of the population revealed that the majority wanted to end nonimportation. Yet Britain's desire and need to reform imperial administration remained. Which of the following were significant moments in the process of galvanizing American solidarity in resistance to British authority that prompted the declaration of American independence from Great Britain? [select all that apply] A. Second Continental Congress issued the "Declaration of the Causes of Necessity of Taking Up Arms" and the "Olive Branch Petition." B. Battles of Lexington & Concord, MA C. Second Continental Congress drafted and approved "The Declaration of Independence." D. The First Continental Congress convened. E. Parliament passed the Regulating Act and the Tea Act. F. The British colonial governor of Virginia, Lord Dunmore (John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore) issued a proclamation declaring martial law and offering freedom to "all indentured servants, Negros, and others" if they would leave their enslavers and join the British. G. Siege of Boston & the Battle of Breed's Hill (erroneously a.k.a. Bunker Hill) H. Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense I. Parliament passed four acts known collectively, by the British, as the Coercive Acts. Colonists, however, referred to them as the Intolerable Acts. J. Battles of Saratoga, NY
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I
The American Revolution had both long-term origins and short-term causes. Which of the following contributed most significantly to the long-term origins of the American Revolution? [select all that apply] A. Colonists developed their own understanding of how they fit into the empire. They saw themselves as British subjects "entitled to all the natural, essential, inherent, and inseparable rights of our fellow subjects in Great-Britain." B. Colonial political culture in the colonies also developed differently than that of the mother country. C. In other ways, eighteenth-century colonists were becoming more culturally similar to Britons, a process often referred to as Anglicization. D. In the 1740s, two seemingly conflicting bodies of thought—the Enlightenment and the Great Awakening—began to combine in the colonies and challenge older ideas about authority. E. From their initial founding, the inhabitants of each colony expressed latent ambitions for political independence, and persistently justified these ambitions by emphasizing social and cultural differences between themselves and Great Britain. F. Between the Glorious Revolution of 1688 and the middle of the eighteenth century, Britain had largely failed to define the colonies' relationship to the empire and institute a coherent program of imperial reform. G. The colonies developed their own local political institutions. Many colonists came to see their assemblies as having the same jurisdiction over them that Parliament exercised over those in England. They interpreted British inaction as justifying their tradition of local governance. The Crown and Parliament, however, disagreed.
A, B, C, D, F, G
How did the "Market Revolution" influence and relate to a growing "sectionalism" during the antebellum period? [select all that apply] A. Produced a "free labor ideology" in the northern states that contrasted sharply with more rigidly hierarchical social ideals and structures becoming more entrenched in the "Slave South." B. Led to the entrenchment of slavery and the expansion of the "Cotton Kingdom" in the American South which reinforced and heightened existing hierarchies of race, class, and gender in southern society and culture in direct contrast to emerging "free labor" ideals in the North. C. Increasingly eliminated regional economic and cultural distinctions to effectively eradicate pronounced sectional identities and ideologies in the antebellum U.S. D. During the early nineteenth century, southern agriculture produced by enslaved labor fueled northern industry produced by wage workers and managed by the new middle class. New transportation, new machinery, and new organizations of labor integrated the previously isolated pockets of the colonial economy into a national industrial operation. Industrialization and the cash economy tied diverse regions together at the same time that ideology drove Americans apart.
A, B, D
This American victory at Saratoga, NY in late September and early October 1777 proved a major turning point in the war. Which of the following were the most significant consequences of this victory that illustrate this significance [select all that apply]? A. Secured French support for the American cause B. Led to a change in British military command C. Immediately led to the surrender of all British forces engaged in the war and secured American political independence. D. Boosted American military and public morale E. Prompted the British shift to a "Southern Strategy"
A, B, D, E
Which of the follow was NOT one of the three primary stages or theatres of the War of 1812? A. Naval War & Northern Offensives (1813-1814) B. The Southern Theater (1814-1815) C. European Invasion & Global Naval Engagement (1813-1815) D. The Atlantic Theater (1812-spring 1813)
C. European Invasion & Global Naval Engagement (1813-1815)
Most immediately, the American Revolution resulted directly from attempts to reform the British Empire after the Seven Years' War. At its conclusion, the British Empire had never been larger. But the realities and responsibilities of the postwar empire were daunting. War (let alone victory) on such a scale was costly. Britain doubled the national debt to 13.5 times its annual revenue. Britain faced significant new costs required to secure and defend its far-flung empire, especially the western frontiers of the North American colonies. These factors led Britain in the 1760s to attempt to consolidate control over its North American colonies, which, in turn, led to resistance. Which of the following constituted key moments during in that dynamic process of imperial reform and colonial resistance during this decade (1760-1770) that ultimately led American colonists to initiate an independence movement? [Select all that apply]? A. Parliament passed the Townshend Acts. B. Parliament passed the Coercive Acts C. The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was Britain's first major postwar imperial action targeting North America. D. Parliament passed the Declaratory Act. E. Parliament passed the Tea Act F. Parliament passed the Stamp Act. G. Parliament passed two more reforms, the Sugar Act and the Currency Act.
A, C, D, F, G
Who of the following emerged as the most successful and acclaimed American "partisan guerrilla leaders" in the Southern theatre of the American Revolution between 1778-1783? [select all that apply] A. Elijah Clarke B. Daniel Morgan C. Thomas Sumter (AKA "The Gamecock") D. Lord Charles Cornwallis E. Andrew Pickens (AKA "The Wizard Owl") F. Francis Marion (AKA "The Swamp Fox")
A, C, E, F
All of the following are one of the push-pull factors that led to European exploration of the Americas EXCEPT: A. A widespread desire to understand indigenous cultures and cultivate a greater appreciation for cultural diversity B. Religion C. Widespread efforts to consolidate political power by expanding economic resources and production D. Innovations in navigational technologies E. European population growth
A. A widespread desire to understand indigenous cultures and cultivate a greater appreciation for cultural diversity
All of the following were key facets of "The American System," the proponents of which aimed to make America economically independent and encouraged commerce between the states over trade with Europe and the West Indies by calling for building projects to "bind the republic together," EXCEPT: A. Antislavery legislation that sought to curb the expansion of slavery and ultimately set the institution on the road to extinction. B. A new Bank of the United States to provide capital C. A network of "internal improvements," roads and canals to let people take American goods to market D. A high protective tariff, which would raise the prices of imported goods and help American-made products compete
A. Antislavery legislation that sought to curb the expansion of slavery and ultimately set the institution on the road to extinction.
All of the following accurately describe the experience and/or legacy of the "Middle Passage" of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade EXCEPT: A. Conditions aboard slave ships during the Middle Passage were generally healthy, with adequate food and space provided for the enslaved in an effort to minimize disease and prevent death. Cases of physical abuse and psychological trauma, including rapes, whippings, and outbreaks of infectious diseases were rare. B. The impact of the Middle Passage on the cultures of the Americas remains evident today in African American culture, including various food traditions, music, forms of religious expression, language and dialect, social rituals and artistic expressions. C. Of the estimated eleven to twelve million Africans forced across the Atlantic between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries, about two million died at sea as a result of the pronounced abuses of the Middle Passage. D. For the enslaved Africans, the Middle Passage was the middle leg of three distinct journeys from Africa to the Americas. First was an overland journey in Africa to a coastal slave-trading factory, often a trek of hundreds of miles. Second—and middle—was an oceanic trip lasting from one to six months in a slaver. Third was acculturation (known as "seasoning") and transportation to the American mine, plantation, or other location where enslaved people were forced to labor. E. For the captains and crews of slave ships, the Middle Passage was one leg in the maritime trade in sugar and other semifinished American goods, manufactured European commodities, and enslaved Africans.
A. Conditions aboard slave ships during the Middle Passage were generally healthy, with adequate food and space provided for the enslaved in an effort to minimize disease and prevent death. Cases of physical abuse and psychological trauma, including rapes, whippings, and outbreaks of infectious diseases were rare.
What is the name for the practice whereby a married woman loses all of her political and economic rights to her husband? A. Coverture B. Pregnancy C. Consort D. Jurisprudence
A. Coverture
Justification from African slavery partly derived from interpretations of a biblical curse placed on Noah. This curse was known as... A. Curse of Ham B. Powhatan's Curse C. Curse of Shem D. Canaan's Curse
A. Curse of Ham
Which of the following was NOT one of the new colonies founded in British North America during the seventeenth century? A. Georgia (1732) B. Connecticut (1643) Carolina Colony (1670, later divided into North Carolina and South Carolina in 1712) C. Maryland (1632) D. Pennsylvania Colony (1681)
A. Georgia (1732)
All of the following crops were first introduced to Europe through the Columbian Exchange EXCEPT: A. Grapes B. Cocoa C. Potatoes D. Tomatoes
A. Grapes
The expansion of the Iroquois pushed many Algonquian-speaking Indians into the "middle ground," located in what region? A. Great Lakes B. New England C. Quebec D. Mississippi Valley
A. Great Lakes
What is the best term to describe Native American ancestry/descent? A. Matrilineal B. Bilineal C. Patrilineal D. Antilineal
A. Matrilineal
Which of the following was NOT one of the Anglo-Indian conflicts that erupted in British North America during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? A. Susquehannock War (1675-1676) B. Pequot War (1637-1638) C. Yamasee War (1715-1717) D. Pueblo Revolt (1680) E. King Phillip's War (1675-1676)
D. Pueblo Revolt (1680)
The uprising in Massachusetts (Shays' Rebellion) convinced leaders around the country to act. After years of goading by James Madison and other nationalists, delegates from twelve of the thirteen states met at the Pennsylvania state house in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787. Only Rhode Island declined to send a representative. The delegates arrived at the convention with instructions to revise the Articles of Confederation. James Madison, however, had no intention of simply revising the Articles of Confederation. He intended to produce a completely new national constitution. Other delegates to the convention generally agreed with Madison that the Articles of Confederation had failed. But they did not agree on what kind of government should replace them. In the year preceding the Constitutional Convention, James Madison had completed two extensive research projects—one on the history of government in the United States, the other on the history of republics around the world. He used this research as the basis for a proposal he brought with him to Philadelphia. It came to be called the Virginia Plan, named after Madison's home state. All of the following are true about the Virginia Plan EXCEPT: A. Proposed to reduce taxes on farmers. B. Proposed that the federal government have three branches—legislative, executive, and judicial—with power to act on any issues of national concern. C. Proposed that the national legislature, or Congress, would have two houses, in which every state would be represented according to its population size or tax base, this legislature would have veto power over state laws. D. Proposed that the United States should have a strong federal government.
A. Proposed to reduce taxes on farmers
Slavery was a transatlantic institution, but it developed distinct characteristics in British North America. By 1750, slavery was legal in every North American colony, but local economic imperatives, demographic trends, and cultural practices all contributed to distinct colonial variants of slavery. Which of the following does NOT accurately describe the nature of slavery's emergence and evolution in each colony? A. Slavery was also an important institution in the mid-Atlantic colonies, and slave societies emerged in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, all of which developed plantation economies where enslaved laborers cultivated cereal grains as their primary agricultural commodity. B. Between 1619 and 1676, Virginia transformed from a "society with slaves" to a "slave society" as wealthy tobacco planters consolidated land, wealth, and political power to perpetuate their continued profitability and associated authority, using the law to protect their interests and to construct a slave system predicated on an increasingly rigid racial hierarchy. C. Slavery as a system of labor never took off in Massachusetts, Connecticut, or New Hampshire, though it was legal throughout the region. The absence of cash crops like tobacco or rice minimized the economic use of slavery. While slavery itself never really took root in New England, the slave trade was a central element of the region's economy. Every major port in the region participated to some extent in the transatlantic trade and New England also provided foodstuffs and manufactured goods to West Indian plantations. D. Georgia was founded by the philanthropist James Oglethorpe, who originally banned slavery from the colony. But by 1750, demands from the colony's inhabitants combined with pressure by wealthy South Carolina rice planters eager to expand into the fertile lands of coastal Georgia led colonial leaders to repeal this prohibition, and Georgia developed thereafter along similar lines to its neighbor across the Savannah River. E. South Carolina had been a slave colony from its founding and, by 1750, was the only mainland colony with a majority enslaved African population. Many early settlers in Carolina were enslavers from British Caribbean sugar islands, and they brought their brutal slave codes with them. Despite this brutal regime, the nature of rice cultivation, the prevalence of the "task system" of labor organization, the preponderance of absentee plantation management, and an unparalleled degree of cultural autonomy all combined to give Carolina enslaved laborers had less direct oversight than those in the Chesapeake and more independence in their daily lives.
A. Slavery was also an important institution in the mid-Atlantic colonies, and slave societies emerged in New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania, all of which developed plantation economies where enslaved laborers cultivated cereal grains as their primary agricultural commodity.
Which of the following best describes the economic activity of the Dutch in New Netherlands, and what kind of labor did they use to construct New Amsterdam? A. Trade with Indians and enslaved Africans B. Fishing and Huguenots C. Sugar plantations and Indian Slaves D. Mining and indentured servants
A. Trade with Indians and enslaved Africans
While Irish immigrants settled mostly in ______, most German immigrants used American ports and cities as temporary waypoints before settling in ______. A. coastal cities; the rural countryside B. the rural countryside; suburban areas C. suburban areas; inland metropolises D. None of the Above
A. coastal cities; the rural countryside
What two military victories in the winter of 1776-1777 acquired essential supplies, encouraged enlistments, and a much-needed boost to American moral following the previous year's string of defeats and retreats in New York? A. Battles of Harlem Heights & Long Island, NY B. Battles of Trenton & Princeton, NJ C. Battles of King's Mountain & Cowpens, SC D. Battles of Saratoga, NY
B. Battles of Trenton & Princeton, NJ
Which of the following was NOT part of the "turmoil in Britain" during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries (Civil war, religious conflict, and nation building) that transformed seventeenth-century Britain, continued to influence the lives of American colonists, and remade societies on both side of the ocean? A. Religious conflict between Catholic and Protestant English monarchs who vied for supremacy and attacked their opponents as heretics and, after Queen Elizabeth I cemented Protestantism as the official religion of the realm, continued tension between English Protestants and Catholics and among different Protestant sects B. Contests between proslavery and antislavery advocates over the role of African slavery and the trans-Atlantic slave trade in the British Empire C. The Glorious Revolution D. The English Revolution (AKA The English Civil War)
B. Contests between proslavery and antislavery advocates over the role of African slavery and the trans-Atlantic slave trade in the British Empire
Alexander Hamilton's financial plan included all of the following EXCEPT: A. Collecting a federal excise tax on the production, sale, and consumption of a number of goods, including whiskey B. Dropping import duties to encourage free trade C. Establishing a Bank of the United States D. Federal assumption of state debts E. Creating new bonds to allow investment in the United States
B. Dropping import duties to encourage free trade
John Jay's Treaty included all of the following EXCEPT: A. Required the United States to treat Britain as its closest trade partner B. Required an end to the British Navy's policy of impressments C. Required Britain to abandon military positions in the Northwest Territory D. Required Britain to compensate American merchants for their losses
B. Required an end to the British Navy's policy of impressments
Which of the following was NOT one of the "bust cycles" that typified the ebb and flow of capitalist economic development during the "Market Revolution" of the early nineteenth century? A. Panic of 1819 B. The Great Depression C. Panic of 1837 D. Panic of 1857
B. The Great Depression
Tecumseh ultimately built alliances that stretched from Canada to Georgia, but from where did he launch this movement, and what proved to be the most effective unifying force for the many Indians who followed Tecumseh? A. New England; Environmental change B. The Ohio River Valley; Spirituality C. The Chesapeake; Political ideology D. The Carolinas; Economic interest
B. The Ohio River Valley; Spirituality
What was the "Play-off System"? A. The practice of using metaphorical language in speeches B. The ability of Native Americans prior to the American Revolution to manipulate rivalries between European powers for their own advantage C. A trading policy between Native Americans that exchanged weapons for furs D. A pan-Indian resistance movement inspired by one prophet's religious vision
B. The ability of Native Americans prior to the American Revolution to manipulate rivalries between European powers for their own advantage
How did the market revolution change the nature of the American family and prevailing gender ideals and conventions? A. Divorce became more common and patriarchal control diminished as a prominent ideology and social influence B. The sanctity of a "domestic sphere" presided over by women and separated from the male "public sphere" increasingly signified a family's class status C. Educated, wealthy women began to entire the workforce and overturned patriarchal gender ideals and conventions. D. Americans began to value the idea of childhood less
B. The sanctity of a "domestic sphere" presided over by women and separated from the male "public sphere" increasingly signified a family's class status
In the wake of their victory over Great Britain and in the early years of defining what the new nation would be, many Americans hoped the United States would become a diverse but cohesive and prosperous nation. But the new nation was never as cohesive as its champions had hoped. Although the officials of the new federal government—and the people who supported it—placed great emphasis on unity and cooperation, the country was often anything but unified. The Constitution itself had been a controversial document adopted to strengthen the government so that it could withstand internal conflicts. Whatever the later celebrations, the new nation had looked to the future with uncertainty. Less than two years before the national celebrations of 1788 and 1789, the United States had faced the threat of collapse. What was the primary cause of Shays' Rebellion? A. Fears of slave revolt B. Hatred of taxes C. Farmers struggling because of debts D. Opposition to the Articles of Confederation
C. Farmers struggling because of debts
All of the following were contributing causes of the War of 1812 EXCEPT: A. British policy of impressment B. Political influence of Republican "War Hawks" C. Overwhelming success of the Embargo of 1807 D. American fears of Britain encouraging Indian uprisings
C. Overwhelming success of the Embargo of 1807
When did slavery first emerge in Virginia? A. After Bacon's Rebellion B. After the defeat of Opechancanough C. The Dutch sold 20 Africans to Virginia colonists D. Slaves arrived with the very first colonists
C. The Dutch sold 20 Africans to Virginia colonists
Thomas Jefferson, in Notes on the State of Virginia, argued for polygenesis. What is polygenesis? A. The belief that environmental changes would lead to changes in race B. The belief in a universal equality of all human nature C. The belief that peoples of African descent were created separately from peoples of European descent D. The belief in the inevitability of race war and the extinction of weaker races
C. The belief that peoples of African descent were created separately from peoples of European descent
All of the following are true about the Haitian Revolt (or Revolution) EXCEPT: A. Many slaveholding refugees brought their slaves to the United States B. Free and enslaved black Americans used the Revolution as inspiration in their freedom struggle C. The black activism inspired by the Revolution prompted fundamental shifts in racial thinking and ideology that undermine white supremacy and quickly eroded support for the institution of racial slavery as it existed in the United States. D. The Haitian Revolution terrified white slave owners
C. The black activism inspired by the Revolution prompted fundamental shifts in racial thinking and ideology that undermine white supremacy and quickly eroded support for the institution of racial slavery as it existed in the United States.
The uprising in Massachusetts (Shays' Rebellion) convinced leaders around the country to act. After years of goading by James Madison and other nationalists, delegates from twelve of the thirteen states met at the Pennsylvania state house in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787. Only Rhode Island declined to send a representative. The delegates arrived at the convention with instructions to revise the Articles of Confederation. James Madison, however, had no intention of simply revising the Articles of Confederation. He intended to produce a completely new national constitution. Other delegates to the convention generally agreed with Madison that the Articles of Confederation had failed. But they did not agree on what kind of government should replace them. In particular, they disagreed about the best method of representation in the new Congress. What were the major proposals for allocating representation in the federal legislature (Congress), and what compromise did the Convention ultimately adopt? A. Delaware Plan; North Carolina Plan; The Georgia Compromise B. South Carolina Plan; Pennsylvania Plan; The Virginia Compromise C. Virginia Plan; New Jersey Plan, The Great Compromise (a.k.a. Connecticut Compromise) D. Massachusetts Plan; Rhode Island Plan; The South Carolina Compromise
C. Virginia Plan; New Jersey Plan, The Great Compromise (a.k.a. Connecticut Compromise)
Alexander Hamilton's policies primarily targeted which group of people for greater involvement and investment in the new nation? A. Poor farmers B. American Indians C. Wealthy Americans D. The Enslaved
C. Wealthy Americans
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the process historians have labeled the "consumer revolution" in colonial British North America entailed all of the following EXCEPT: A. The average person's ability to spend money on consumer goods became a sign of their respectability and social status. B. As the incomes of Americans rose and the prices of these commodities fell, consumer goods shifted from luxuries to common goods. C. improvements in manufacturing, transportation, and the availability of credit increased the opportunity for colonists to purchase consumer goods and luxury items made by specialized artisans and manufacturers rather than making their own tools, clothes, and utensils. D. Rampant inflation and depressed wages combined with widespread unemployment to produce higher poverty rates among American colonists than was typical in Great Britain and much of western Europe.
D. Rampant inflation and depressed wages combined with widespread unemployment to produce higher poverty rates among American colonists than was typical in Great Britain and much of western Europe.
Who suffered the most from the Whiskey tax? A. Eastern merchants B. Northern bankers C. Southern enslavers D. Western farmers
D. Western Farmers
The uprising in Massachusetts (Shays' Rebellion) convinced leaders around the country to act. After years of goading by James Madison and other nationalists, delegates from twelve of the thirteen states met at the Pennsylvania state house in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787. Only Rhode Island declined to send a representative. The delegates arrived at the convention with instructions to revise the Articles of Confederation. James Madison, however, had no intention of simply revising the Articles of Confederation. He intended to produce a completely new national constitution. Other delegates to the convention generally agreed with Madison that the Articles of Confederation had failed. But they did not agree on what kind of government should replace them. Representation was an important issue that influenced a host of other decisions, including what to do about the divisive issue of slavery. Ultimately, the "Great Compromise" included a provision for counting the enslaved in the allocation of state representation in Congress. What was this provision, and what other compromises did the Convention adopt with regards to slavery and enslavers' property rights to their slaves? A. The Fugitive Slave Clause required states to return fugitive slaves to their owners, thereby according slave laws "extraterritoriality," meaning the condition of bondage remained attached to a person regardless of the laws in any given geographic location. B. Federal action regarding importation of and trade in African slaves would be prohibited until 1808. C. The Great Compromise included the "Three-Fifths Compromise" that counted enslaved people as three fifths of a person for representation and tax purposes. D. All of the Above
D. All of the Above
Jamestown was established in a disastrous location. What proved to be the worst aspect of the location, and what proved to be the salvation of Jamestown? A. Vulnerability to attacks from the Atlantic and defeat the Spanish B. Hostile Indians and Pocahontas C. Seasonal wildfires and John Rolfe D. Brackish tidal water and tobacco
D. Brackish tidal water and tobacco
What is disestablishment, and how did its adoption at the federal level and in various states after the American Revolution reflect important shifts--and continued tensions--in thinking about the relationship between religion and government? A. Requiring national days of prayer, which reflected the prevailing conception of a close relationship between church and state as a moral necessity. B. Requiring office holders to swear an oath of faith, which reflected the prevailing conception of a close relationship between church and state as a moral imperative. C. Banning taxation without representation, which reflected the prevailing conception of a close relationship between church and the state as a financial burden. D. Ending governmental support of a particular religious denomination, which reflected the growing--but still contentious--conception of a close relationship between church and state as a tool of oppression.
D. Ending governmental support of a particular religious denomination, which reflected the growing--but still contentious--conception of a close relationship between church and state as a tool of oppression.
What was the primary purpose of the Hartford Convention, and what proved its most significant consequence? A. Determine how to stop Tecumseh and his allies; quick and decisive shift in Federalist political priorities from pro-British foreign policy, elitist perspectives, and interventionist economics to benefit merchant-manufacturing interests toward free trade and agricultural expansion. B. Create foreign alliances that would assist the United States in the War of 1812; expansion of Federalist political power in the postwar years C. Propose an end to the expansion of slavery; initial step toward grassroots antislavery and abolitionist politics led by national Federalist politicians D. Gather leaders of the Federalist Party to try to end the War of 1812 and curb the power of the Republican Party through proposed changes to the U.S. Constitution; wane of Federalist political viability in the postwar years
D. Gather leaders of the Federalist Party to try to end the War of 1812 and curb the power of the Republican Party through proposed changes to the U.S. Constitution; wane of Federalist political viability in the postwar years
Which of the following was NOT one of the prevailing characteristics of the "First Great Awakening" in British North America? A. Itinerant revivalist preachers abandoned traditional sermons in favor of outside meetings where they could whip the congregation into an emotional frenzy to reveal evidence of saving grace. B. George Whitefield asserted that the only type of faith that pleased God was heartfelt, and that established churches too often only encouraged apathy. As a former actor with a dramatic style of preaching and a simple message, Whitefield thundered against sin and for Jesus Christ and invited everyone to be born again. C. Jonathan Edwards preached against worldly sins and called for his congregation to look inward for signs of God's saving grace, which sent many into violent convulsions and spasms which Edwards and others interpreted as the Holy Spirit working to redeem known sinners. D. Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, and other revivalist preachers ushered in a resurgence of English Catholicism in the American colonies that English Protestantism and galvanized American solidarity in opposition to British authority.
D. Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, and other revivalist preachers ushered in a resurgence of English Catholicism in the American colonies that English Protestantism and galvanized American solidarity in opposition to British authority.
Of the eighty-seven years between the Glorious Revolution (1688) and the American Revolution (1775), Britain was at war with France and French-allied Native Americans for thirty-seven of them. These were not wars in which European soldiers fought other European soldiers. American militiamen fought for the British against French Catholics and their Native American allies in all of these engagements. Which of the following was NOT one of these "French & Indian Wars" the preceded the final French & Indian War (a.k.a. The Seven Years' War) that ended in 1763 with a decisive British victory? A. King William's War B. Queen Anne's War C. King George's War D. King Phillip's War
D. King Phillip's War
How would you compare the sexual and marital freedom of Native Americans and Europeans before contact? A. Europeans enjoyed greater sexual and marital freedom B. Both shared roughly equal levels of sexual and marital freedom C. Neither experienced any sexual and marital freedom D. Native Americans enjoyed greater sexual and marital freedom
D. Native Americans enjoyed greater sexual and marital freedom
Agriculture arose in North America (and Western Hemisphere more generally) A. 3,000 years earlier than in Asia/Eastern Hemisphere B. 10,000 years later than in Asia/Eastern Hemisphere C. 3,000 years later than in Asia/Eastern Hemisphere D. Nearly simultaneously as in Asia/Eastern Hemisphere
D. Nearly simultaneously as in Asia/Eastern Hemisphere
What effects did the "First Great Awakening" have in the American colonies and within the British colonial empire? A. Created a divide between revivalist "New Lights" and anti-revivalist "Old Lights" within Protestant denominations. B. The message of revival leaders like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield encouraged individuals to question the world around them, an idea reformed religion in America and created a language of individualism that promised to change everything else. C. Provided a language of individualism, reinforced in print culture, which reappeared in the call for independence, laying the groundwork for a more republican society that departed from the profoundly oligarchical qualities of pre-revolutionary America. D. The Protestant revivals crisscrossed the Atlantic and founded a participatory religious movement that united British Protestant churches. In part because of constant conflict with Catholic France, Britons on either side of the Atlantic rallied around Protestantism. Preachers and merchants alike urged greater Atlantic trade to bind the Anglophone Protestant Atlantic through commerce and religion. E. All of the Above
E. All of the Above
True or False: The nature of economic growth in the United States perpetuated traditional aspects of American life in the decades before the Civil War. Americans continued to produced goods primarily for their own consumption, not for sale. Transportation remained poor and limited the establishment of larger exchange networks. Labor-saving technologies remained primitive and limited efficiency perpetuated the prominence of relatively isolated "household economies." The market revolution, such as it was, generally left the revolutionary generation's expectations of progress unfulfilled, but its limited scope centered exclusively on industrial manufacturing did introduce troubling new trends. Class conflict, child labor, and accelerated immigration remained isolated in their effects within the industrial sector of the economy, but this growing sector threatening the very existence and stymied the expansion of slavery. Family arrangements and urban populations and development remained relatively stable during the early nineteenth century.
False
True or False: By accident of geography as much as by design, New England society was much less stratified than any of Britain's other seventeenth-century colonies. Although New England colonies could boast wealthy landholding elites, the disparity of wealth in the region remained narrow compared to the Chesapeake, Carolina, or the Caribbean. Instead, seventeenth-century New England was characterized by a broadly shared modest prosperity based on a mixed economy dependent on small farms, shops, fishing, lumber, shipbuilding, and trade with the Atlantic World.
True
True or False: English colonization would look very different from Spanish or French colonization. England had long been trying to conquer Catholic Ireland. Rather than integrating with the Irish and trying to convert them to Protestantism, England more often simply seized land through violence and pushed out the former inhabitants, leaving them to move elsewhere or to die. These same tactics would later be deployed in North American invasions.
True
True or False: Few Frenchmen traveled to the New World to settle permanently and the French preference for trade over permanent settlement fostered more cooperative and mutually beneficial relationships with Native Americans than was typical among the Spanish and English.
True
True or False: France's entry into the American Revolution transformed the war from a colonial rebellion within the British Empire to a global imperial war between rival European powers.
True
True or False: The Presidential election of 1800 and its results represented an important symbolic moment in the contest between the Federalist and Democratic-Republican (a.k.a. Republican) visions for the new nation and its future. By 1800 incumbent Federalist candidate, President John Adams, had lost the confidence of many Americans, they let him know it in the election of 1800 as the Republicans defeated Adams in a bitter and complicated presidential race. Republicans believed they had saved the United States from grave danger. They thought of their victory as a revolution in part because the Constitution (and eighteenth-century political theory) made no provision for political parties, and they thought they were fighting to rescue the country from an aristocratic takeover, not just taking part in a normal constitutional process.
True
True or False: Throughout the eighteenth century, colonists had developed significant emotional ties with both the British monarchy and the British constitution. The British North American colonists had just helped to win a world war (French & Indian War, a.k.a. Seven Years' War) and most had never been more proud to be British. Seen from 1763, nothing would have seemed as improbable as the American Revolution.
True
