USFP Final 2
Gang of 8
- a set of eight leaders within Congress including the leaders of the two parties in both the Senate and the House, the chairs, and the ranking minority members of the Senate and the House for intelligence
Hughes Ryan Amendment (1974)
- amended the Foreign Resistance Act of 1961 by requiring that the president report all covert operations of the CIA to Congress within a designated time. Also prohibits the use of appropriated funds for these operations unless the President issues an official 'Finding' that this operation is important to national security and these Findings are submitted to Congress.
Intelligence Oversight Act of 1980
- an amendment of the Hughes-Ryan Act and requires the U.S. government agencies to report all covert actions to the House (and Senate) Permanent Select Committees on Intelligence.
Intelligence Oversight Act of 1991 (Authorization Act of 1991)
- implemented to codify covert and clandestine operations and define requirements for reporting such operations to Congress. Limits the authority and secrecy within the CIA (and other intelligence agencies) regarding foreign/domestic affairs. (1) President must approve of all operations, (2) all parties involved must be made public to Congress, (3) CIA must report spending on these operations to Congress.
National Intelligence Reform Act of 2004
- reformed the intelligence community as well as intelligence-related activities including (1) the president's responsibility to submit names of appointees to intelligence agencies, (2) responsibility of agencies to undertake/complete background clearances as quickly and effectively as possible, (3) got rid of the DCI, created the position of the Director of National Intelligence, BUT did not gice the DNI complete or exclusive authority over intelligence agencies oof the Defense, State, Justice, energy, or Commerce departments. Nor did it clarify the relationship between the DCI and DNI
The old role of the Director of Central Intelligence
- the DCI was responsible for counterintelligence outside the U.S., intelligence regarding political/paramilitary action abroad, as well as coordinating the entire intelligence community for the president. In 2004, after the passing of the Intelligence Reform Act, the DCI position no longer exists (now it's the director of the CIA) and these functions have gone to the Office of the Director of National Intelligence.
Church committee
- the Pike and Church Committee investigations led to the first public knowledge of the scale of CIA covert operations. Over 1,800 covert operatives were fired or forced to take early retiremnet, and most covert operations were cut.
Iranian coup in 1953
- the overthrow of the democratically elected Iranian Prime Minister Mosaddegh orchestrated by UK and US intelligence agencies after Iran nationalized their oil supply (the UK appealed to the ICJ at the Hague and lost its case) and the UK successfully convinced the US that the Iran was falling to the Soviets. Resulted in the arrest of Mosaddegh and the rule of Pahlavi as an authoritarian monarch.
Intelligence committees -
Arms services, Appropriations', Foreign relations, intelligence
1954 coup in Guatemala
a covert operation organized by the U.S. to overthrow President Arbenz Guzman of Guatemala. Because of some Communist-like policies, the United States feared Guatemala would influence other countries in the Western Hemisphere. The U.S. trained a 'Liberation Army' and used them along with a large diplomatic, economic, propaganda campaign. This all eventually ended with Arbenz's resignation followed by a brutal counterinsurgency involving the massacre of thousands of Maya Indians.
National Reconnaissance Office
created during the Cold War to help centralize the management of reconnaissance flights. Was once in charge of U-2 and, later, Blackbird reconnaissance, but now relies more on the use of satellites. Today, the NRO is also responsible for the development as well as the supervision of high-altitude surveillance mechanisms.
National Security Agency
created in 1952 within the Department of Defense. Its main initiatives include collecting and exploiting of SIGINT (communication, radar, and telemtry intelligence). It also maintains 'listening posts' located in U.S. governmental facilities abroad, including U.S. embassies and military bases. It's also responsible for cryptology, the making and breaking of codes.
Director of National Intelligence
established under the Intelligence Reform Act, the DNI is responsible for serving as the principle advisor to the president, NSC, and Homeland Security for matters concerning national security; serving as the head of the Intelligence Community; and overseeing/directing the National Intelligence Program. DNI replaces the DCI position (DCI now only in charge of CIA) and was created in an effort to help ceturalize the authority for coordination of the 15ish agencies that make up the intelligence community. DNI also supervises the work of the National Intel Council and intelligence centers(NCTC, NCPC) Was created by the Intel Reform and Prevention of Terrorism Act of 2004 which gave the DCI increased authority to coordinate in the intel community, control budget, enhance authority over personnel.
Project MKULTRA
the name for a covert CIA human experimentation program intended to examine methods of influencing/controlling the mind and enhance their ability to extract information from resistant subjects during interrogation (through the use of LSD, other drugs, hypnosis, etc.)