UTA Klahr Test 3

Longitudinal Church Translated into Circular Form

- Aisle becomes ambulatory - Nave becomes center space - Clerestory remains a clerestory

Elements of a Christian Basilica

- Always has a high nave with clerestory - Always has lower aisles along the sides - Often has a narthex - Sometimes has an atrium - Sometimes has a transept

Aspects of Basilican Churches

- Designed with a dominant long axis - Excellent for great processions - Very hierarchical use of space • Best spaces are closest to apse • Reinforces a hierarchical institution of a church • Difficult to hear/see in the rear

Features of Early Romanesque

- Generally only one aisle per side - Generally aisles do not wrap around transept or apse - Generally no radiating chapels: in this church, all we have is the semicircular apse at the end.

Importance of Monasteries

- They were the centers of wealth and education. - They often were the builders of large pilgrimage churches. - They housed relics of saints and martyrs

Abbey Gatehouse

- Triple triumphal arch motif taken from the Arch of Constantine in Rome and translated into a simple, less monumental form using plain materials - Both structures mark entrances but for different purposes - Arch of Constantine heralds a Roman emperor - Abbey gatehouse heralds no single person but rather the entrance into a religious community

Tympanum B

B

Jamb Column F

F

St. Riquier

Features: 1. It is a longitudinal plan church. 2. It has a prominent westwork that consists of an extra-wide narthex, two narrow stair towers, and one large tower in the center of the narthex. A westwork announced an important church to travelers approaching a city by its tower(s), monumental entrance, and often stairs hidden within. 3. nave and clerestory 4. aisle 5. transept 6. drum and dome at crossing 7. stair towers 8. apse

St. Sernin

high romanesque church Plan: • Transverse arches still define a nave bay, but there is no X of dotted lines present, which means that each nave bay is just a barrel (not groin) vault • Each aisle bay is a groin vault • Two aisles on each side of the nave but only one aisle wraps around transept and apse • Around the apse: 4 small chapels and 1 large chapel. These are called radiating chapels. • Notice there are 4 radiating chapels along the transept as well

Iwan

in Islamic architecture, a vaulted rectangular recess opening onto a courtyard

Tympanum

in a Romanesque portal contained sculpture and carving, but it always was semi-circular in shape

Four-Iwan Mosque

mosque arranged around an open courtyard with a vaulted hall (iwan) on each side

Vaults with Ribs

named by how many sections are contained in one nave bay

Santa Costanza

originally a tomb to the Roman emperor's daughter it was later converted to a church

Central Plan Mosque

originated in Turkey and are basically modeled after Hagia Sophia. • To the right is our example: the Blue Mosque in Istanbul. • Features to note - Courtyard also housed a madrasa, yet instead of iwans, the courtyard is ringed with 32 small domes - Center dome inside mosque is flanked by four halfdomes - Three of the half-domes are flanked by three exedrae each - The fourth half-dome is flanked by only two exedrae, on account the mihrab - Four small domes are situated at the corners of the mosque - Mihrab not visible on plan, due to it being a very shallow niche

Frescos

paintings done on wet plaster walls

Exedra

recessed area, usually semicircular

Blue Mosque

similarly built to its predecessor, the Hagia Sophia, but fixes the buttress problem by supporting the central dome with with four half-domes on each side

Trumeau

the center post between the two sets of doors. This often was elaborately carved, featuring scenes from the Bible

Nave

the central part of a church building, intended to accommodate most of the congregation

Nave Bay

the distance between each nave ceiling vault

Aisles

the portion of a basilica flanking the nave and separated from it by a row of columns or piers

Oculus

the round central opening of a dome

Crossing

the space in a cruciform church formed by the intersection of the nave and the transept

Archivolts

these were a series of concentric arches that arose from the jamb figures. Sometimes the voussoirs were clearly visible - as in the innermost archivolt on the right - and sometimes the joints between the voussoirs were concealed by elaborate carving, as in the other archivolts to the right

Jamb Columns

these were mounted on the jamb pedestals

Jamb Pedestals

these were situated on both sides of the entrance

Jamb Figures

usually images of saints or kings, these were mounted on the jamb columns and led to the archivolts above

Mihrab

• A niche in the qibla that focuses attention toward Mecca • Usually elaborately decorated but always completely empty inside • Not an altar, but rather a metaphorical gate to Mecca, designed to help you imagine that you are on a journey to Mecca, directing your prayers toward the holiest city in Islam

Cross-in-Square Church

• How to identify a cross-in-square church: - Blue = cubical (cube-like) on the first level that is square in plan - Green = cruciform (cross-like) on the second level - Yellow = drum - Red = dome rests at the intersection of the arms of the cross - Four smaller domes (red) or vaults placed in-between the arms of the cross at the corners

Speyer Cathedral Plan

• Single dotted lines in an X pattern indicate a groin vault = orange • Two dotted parallel lines indicate a transverse arch = green • A nave bay is the distance between the each nave ceiling vault = purple In this church, one nave bay is defined by two transverse arches and therefore contains one giant groin vault • In this church, one nave bay = two groin vaults in an aisle = 2 aisle bays • Notice that the groin vaults in the aisle are separated by transverse arches as well!

Qibla

• The first wall to be erected • Perpendicular to the axis leading to Mecca

Carolingian Architecture

• This architecture demonstrated a looking back toward ancient Roman architecture so that impressions of power or of knowledge (as in the gatehouse) could be made. • This architecture was a rebuttal to the mystical, dematerialized architecture of the Byzantine half of the Roman Empire that survived. If this sentence doesn't make sense to you, don't worry: we will look at what is called Byzantine architecture in the next lecture! • The materiality of architecture was emphasized: clear division of spaces, sharp use of stone. • The architecture paved the way to Romanesque (meaning Roman-like) architecture of around 1000 A.D., which we will study right after Byzantine architecture. • Finally, the rise of Charlemagne signaled the beginning of the slow rise again of Western Europe, which had slid into decline between 500 and 800 A.D., which are known as the Dark Ages.

Hypostyle Hall Mosque

• Unusual feature: the qibla and mihrab were moved twice as the mosque expanded (building stages I-IV are shown in plan). • General features to note: - Space is dematerialized not through use of elaborate tiles or mosaics (as in four-iwan and central-plan mosques) but through having a forest of columns - Of the three types of mosques, the hypostyle hall is the easiest to expand and therefore accommodate a growing population - As with four-iwan and central-plan types, a hypostyle hall mosque will always have a courtyard with a fountain

Dikka

A raised platform upon which several muezzins will chant in unison with the imam

Apse

A recess, usually semicircular, in the wall of a Roman basilica or at the east end of a church.

Pendentive Dome

A shallow dome formed when pendentives are extended towards the center

Colonnette

A small, often decorative, column that is connected to a wall or pier.

Minaret

A tall, narrow tower from which the muezzin chants; often amplified electrically today

Octapartite Ribbed Vault

A vault divided into eight parts by diagonal ribs

Septpartite Ribbed Vault

A vault divided into seven parts by diagonal ribs

Sexpartite Ribbed Vault

A vault divided into six parts by diagonal ribs

Squinch

An architectural device used as a transition from a square to a polygonal or circular base for a dome. It may be composed of lintels, corbels, or arches.

Minbar

The pulpit from which the imam (religious leader) delivers the sermon • Usually in the form of a small tower or flight of steps • The imam stands on the second step from the top, for the top step is considered to be held in reserve for Muhammad as a sign of respect to the Prophet

Imam

The religious leader of a mosque

Hagia Sophia

Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world.

Latin Cross

a cross in which the vertical member is longer than the horizontal member it intersects

Pendentive

a curved triangle of vaulting formed by the intersection of a dome with its supporting arches.

Portal

a doorway, gate, or other entrance, especially a large and elaborate one. most romanesque churches had 3

Quadripartite Ribbed Vault

a rib vault which is divided into four sections by two diagonal ribs

Byzantine Architecture

a style of buildings with features such as large domes on square bases, rounded arches, spires, and mosaics

Ambulatory

a walkway behind the high altar, linking it with chapels at the east end of the church and with aisles either side of the chancel

Relic

an object considered holy because it belonged to, or was touched by, a saint or other holy person

Gallery

any covered passage that is open at one side, such as a portico or a colonnade

Horseshoe Arches

arches stacked on top of each other

Central Church Plan

centralized with a dome pendentives

Greek Cross

cross with four arms of equal length

Santa Costanza Plan

-thick drum with niches and apses (similar to the pantheon) - The oblong shape at the bottom is the narthex. - The light beige color is what would have been an aisle in a basilica, but now it wraps around the central space. It therefore no longer is called an aisle but an ambulatory. - The brown center space therefore is what would have been a nave, except now it has been transformed. We simply call it the center space. Notice how this central space - like a nave - rises up to contain a clerestory.

Domical Vault

A dome with groined surfaces rising from a square or octagonal base. Also known as a cloister vault.

Muezzin

A man who calls the faithful to prayer by chanting from a minaret

Narthex

A porch or vestibule of a church, generally colonnaded or arcaded and preceding the nave

Gracanica Church

-cross-in-square church plan -There are six domes in the church: 4 domes at corners, 1 dome visible both inside and outside, and 1 dome seen only when one is inside the church.

Three Archivolts A

A

Mosque

A Muslim place of worship

Kaaba

A black stone building in Mecca that is shaped like a cube and that is the most sacred Muslim pilgrim shrine

Imam Khomeni Mosque Plaza

Built before the mosque connected to it, the mosque is built off axis to face Mecca

Voussoir C

C

Longitudinal Church Plan

Christian Basilica

Jamb Figure D

D

Lintel E

E

Trumeau G

G

Church of Saints Sergius and Bacchus

Goals of Study: 1. To train your eyes to describe the details of a plan. Look at these features: 1. Overall shape is a somewhat crooked square 2. An ambulatory (green) wraps around the central space, consisting of: 1. 4 exedrae or curved portions tinted blue, each containing two columns. 2. 4 straight portions tinted pink, each containing two columns. The final straight portion is free of columns, for it leads to the chancel (orange) and apse (yellow). 2. To understand what a domical vault is.

Dome of the Rock

Muslim shrine containing the rock from which Mohammad is believed to have risen to heaven; Jews believe Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son Isaac on the rock • Features to know: - Octagon with double ambulatory • Inner ambulatory • Outer ambulatory - High clerestory in the form of a drum - Dome placed upon drum (no pendentives here!) - Diameter of dome = 65 ft. - Height from floor to top of dome = 115 ft. - Walls of stone and brick, covered with mosaics - Dome of wood, covered in gold

Jamb Pedestal H

H

Romaneque Church Portal

Made up of: -trumeau -jamb pedestals -jamb columns -jamb figures -archivolts -tympanum -voussoir -lintel

Imam Khomeni Mosque

Mosque at the end of one of the largest plazas in the world

Failure with the Hagia Sophia

Not using half-domes to support the central dome but rather used flat walls on 2 sides which later on required buttressing

Norman French Romanesque Architecture

Similarities to ealier: - Massive westwork with heavy buttresses - Few windows in comparison to amounts of stone Major Difference: - Westwork towers have become immensely tall

Westwork

The facade and towers at the western end of a medieval church, principally in Germany.

Transept

The part of a church with an axis that crosses the nave at a right angle.

Chancel

The portion of the church surrounding the altar, usually enclosing the clergy; area behind the altar or communion rail.

Kursi

The stand upon which the mosque's copy of the Koran (usually large and ornate) is placed so that the imam can read certain passages. Some great ceremonial Korans are so large and heavy that it takes two men to lift them

Basics of Romanesque Architecture

Thick heavy walls supported heavy stone roofs (most pre-Romanesque churches had lighter roofs). • Romanesque churches had block-like appearances with imposing westworks. • The exterior of a Romanesque church reflects the interior structure and organization: each part is clearly visible on outside. • Interiors are dark due to the thick walls that permitted only moderate-sized windows. • Barrel vaults, groin vaults, and rib vaults were used. • The floor plan usually was a Latin cross with clearly defined parts and modified for large crowds of pilgrims: - Often there were two aisles on each side for a total of four aisles for better flow of pilgrims. - One aisle usually wrapped around transept as well and continue eastward to form a half-circle ambulatory around the apse, for better flow of pilgrims. - Radiating (half-circle) chapels often were attached to apse and transept, to house more relics and also more fundraising opportunities for the church. • Nave design: - The nave always included a very tall gallery (second level) to handle overflow crowds. - The nave arcade and gallery arcade - the arcades that defined the nave gallery - were clearly separate parts, beganto be drawn together visually by the use of attached columns.