VENERACION, AGRARIAN REFORM, PH CONS

Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957)

Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954 Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955) Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration)

President Manuel A. Roxas (1946-1948)

Republic Act No. 34 Republic Act No. 55

President Diosdado P. Macapagal (1961-1965)

Republic Act No. 3844 of August 8, 1963 (Agricultural Land Reform Code) The RA was hailed as one that would emancipate Filipino farmers from the bondage of tenancy.

Putzel, 1992; Manglapus, 1967

Lands were immediately acquisition by the Spanish Crown and lands that were formerly common space or shared between natives were suddenly owned by encomienderos, hacienderos, or were incorporated into the pueblo through the reduccion enacted by the Spaniards

President Ferdinand E. Marcos (1965-1986)

Proclamation No. 1081 on September 21, 1972 Republic Act No. 6389, (Code of Agrarian Reform) and RA No. 6390 of 1971 Presidential Decree No. 2, September 26, 1972 Presidential Decree No. 27, October 21, 1972\

THE ELEMENTS OF A STATE

citizenship, territory, government, sovereignty

!!

"I have given proofs as one who most wants liberties for our country and I continue wanting them. But I put as a promise the education of the people so that through education and work, they might have a personality of their own and make themselves worthy of them. In my writings, I have recommended study, civic virtues, without which redemption is impossible." "Patriotism... is not short, frenzied outbursts of emotion, but the tranquil and steady dedication of a lifetime."

1935 (Salient Features)

(a) It became the legal basis of the Commonwealth Government. (b) It enumerated the composition, separation of powers, and duties of the branches of the government (c) It adopted the Regalian Doctrine of the Principle of State ownership for its natural wealth utilized by every citizen. (d)It had created the General Auditing Office. (e)It had followed a unicameral system of government. (f) It gives the president the powers including the emergency power in terms of protecting the State from wars and national emergencies.

1987 Constitution Salient features

(a) It has supplanted the "Freedom Constitution" upon its ratification in 1987. (b) It has declared a National Policy to implement the reforms mandated by the people, protect their Basic Rights, adopt a Provisional Constitution, and provide for an orderly transition to a government under the new constitution. (b) It has adopted some provisions of the 1973 Constitution provided that they are not contrary to the proclamation such as the principle of separation of powers, the proper way of making a bill into a law, and the bill of rights which is comprised of our political, cultural, social, spiritual, and civil rights. (c) It granted the President broad powers to reorganise government and remove officials, as well as mandating the president to appoint a commission to draft a new, more formal Constitution. (d) It has been a document truly reflective of the ideals and aspirations of the Filipino people. (e) Legislative enactments again has rested in the Congress. (f) The Republic form of government by virtue of the 1987 Constitution was the same type of republican government prior to Martial law by virtue of the 1935 Constitution with three co-equal branches: Executive, Legislative and the Judiciary.

Republic Act 1425

- AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA OF ALL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES COURSES ON THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL, PARTICULARLY HIS NOVELS NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO, AUTHORIZING THE PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTION THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 1425

- AN ACT TO INCLUDE IN THE CURRICULA OF ALL PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SCHOOLS, COLLEGES AND UNIVERSITIES COURSES ON THE LIFE, WORKS AND WRITINGS OF JOSE RIZAL, PARTICULARLY HIS NOVELS NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL FILIBUSTERISMO, AUTHORIZING THE PRINTING AND DISTRIBUTION THEREOF, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES WHEREAS, today, more than any other period of our history, there is a need for a rededication to the ideals of freedom and nationalism for which our heroes lived and died; WHEREAS, it is meet that in honoring them, particularly the national hero and patriot, Jose Rizal, we remember with special fondness and devotion their lives and works that have shaped the national character; WHEREAS, the life, works and writing of Jose Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, are a constant and inspiring source of patriotism with which the minds of the youth, especially during their formative and decisive years in school, should be suffused; WHEREAS, all educational institutions are under the supervision of, and subject to regulation by the State, and all schools are enjoined to develop moral character, personal discipline, civic conscience and to teach the duties of citizenship; Now, therefore, SECTION 1. Courses on the life, works and writings of Jose Rizal, particularly his novel Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, shall be included in the curricula of all schools, colleges and universities, public or private: Provided, That in the collegiate courses, the original or unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their English translation shall be used as basic texts. The Board of National Education is hereby authorized and directed to adopt forthwith measures to implement and carry out the provisions of this Section, including the writing and printing of appropriate primers, readers and textbooks. The Board shall, within sixty (60) days from the effectivity of this Act, promulgate rules and regulations, including those of a disciplinary nature, to carry out and enforce the provisions of this Act. The Board shall promulgate rules and regulations providing for the exemption of students for reasons of religious belief stated in a sworn written statement, from the requirement of the provision contained in the second part of the first paragraph of this section; but not from taking the course provided for in the first part of said paragraph. Said rules and regulations shall take effect thirty (30) days after their publication in the Official Gazette. SECTION 2. It shall be obligatory on all schools, colleges and universities to keep in their libraries an adequate number of copies of the original and unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as of Rizal's other works and biography. The said unexpurgated editions of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo or their translations in English as well as other writings of Rizal shall be included in the list of approved books for required reading in all public or private schools, colleges and universities. The Board of National Education shall determine the adequacy of the number of books, depending upon the enrollment of the school, college or university. SECTION 3. The Board of National Education shall cause the translation of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, as well as other writings of Jose Rizal into English, Tagalog and the principal Philippine dialects; cause them to be printed in cheap, popular editions; and cause them to be distributed, free of charge, to persons desiring to read them, through the Purok organizations and Barrio Councils throughout the country. SECTION 4. Nothing in this Act shall be construed as amendment or repealing section nine hundred twenty-seven of the Administrative Code, prohibiting the discussion of religious doctrines by public school teachers and other person engaged in any public school. SECTION 5. The sum of three hundred thousand pesos is hereby authorized to be appropriated out of any fund not otherwise appropriated in the National Treasury to carry out the purposes of this Act. SECTION 6. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.

1973 Constitution (Salient features)

(a) The content of the Constitution is comprised of a preamble in contrast to the 1935 Constitution, and 17 articles especially on duties of the citizens. (b) It is the first time in history to have a parliamentary system of government where there is: (b.1) the President symbolized as the head of the state, and be voted by the people in a State; and (b.2) The Prime Minister is symbolized as the head of the government, and is voted by the ministries or what we call today as the cabinets as well as the members of the National Assembly. (c) Legislative powers are also given to the President in enacting laws necessary to prevent the insurgency of the New People's Army. (d) There is an emphasis of the duties and obligations of the citizens especially in giving military services and joining military forces. (e) The Constitution depicts an autocratic leadership to maintain and improve the discipline of every individual person.

President Joseph E. Estrada (1998-2000)

- "ERAP PARA SA MAHIRAP'. This was the battle cry that endeared President Joseph Estrada and made him very popular during the 1998 presidential election. President Joseph E. Estrada initiated the enactment of the following law: Executive Order N0. 151, September 1999 (Farmer's Trust Fund)

COMMONWEALTH PERIOD

- "Government for the Filipinos" - President Manuel L. Quezon espoused the "Social Justice" program to arrest the increasing social unrest in Central Luzon. Significant legislation enacted during Commonwealth Period: - 1935 Constitution - "The promotion of social justice to ensure the well-being and economic security of all people should be the concern of the State" - Commonwealth Act No. 178 (An Amendment to Rice - Tenancy Act No. 4045), Nov. 13, 1936 - Provided for certain controls in the landlord-tenant relationships - National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC), 1936 - Established the price of rice and corn thereby help the poor tenants as well as consumers. - Commonwealth Act. No. 461, 1937 - Specified reasons for the dismissal of tenants and only with the approval of the Tenancy Division of the Department of Justice. - Rural Program Administration, created March 2, 1939 - Provided the purchase and lease of haciendas and their sale and lease to the tenants.Commonwealth Act No. 441 enacted on June 3, 1939 - Created the National Settlement Administration with a capital stock of P20,000,000.

THE AMERICAN PERIOD

- "Long live America" Significant legislation enacted during the American Period: - Philippine Bill of 1902 - Set the ceilings on the hectarage of private individuals and corporations may acquire: 16 has. for private individuals and 1,024 has. for corporations. - Land Registration Act of 1902 (Act No. 496) - Provided for a comprehensive registration of land titles under the Torrens system. - Public Land Act of 1903 - introduced the homestead system in the Philippines. - Tenancy Act of 1933 (Act No. 4054 and 4113) - regulated relationships between landowners and tenants of rice (50-50 sharing) and sugar cane lands.

JAPANESE OCCUPATION

- "The Era of Hukbalahap" - The Second World War II started in Europe in 1939 and in the Pacific in 1941. - Hukbalahap controlled whole areas of Central Luzon; landlords who supported the Japanese lost their lands to peasants while those who supported the Huks earned fixed rentals in favor of the tenants. - Unfortunately, the end of war also signaled the end of gains acquired by the peasants. - Upon the arrival of the Japanese in the Philippines in 1942, peasants and workers organizations grew in strength. Many peasants took up arms and identified themselves with the anti-Japanese group, the HUKBALAHAP (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon).

THE PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

- "The New Republic" - After the establishment of the Philippine Independence in 1946, the problems of land tenure remained. These became worst in certain areas. Thus the Congress of the Philippines revised the tenancy law. - Elpidio R. Quirino (1948-1953) - President Manuel A. Roxas (1946-1948) - Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957)

1935 Constitution

- "The promotion of social justice to ensure the well-being and economic security of all people should be the concern of the State"

THE FIRST PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC

- "The yoke has finally broken" - When the First Philippine Republic was established in 1899, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo declared in the Malolos Constitution his intention to confiscate large estates, especially the so-called Friar lands. However, as the Republic was short-lived, Aguinaldo's plan was never implemented. - Article 16 Nobody shall be denied of his property and rights whether temporarily or permanently, or be disturbed in the possession of the same, except by virtue of a judicial sentence. Government officials who, under any pretext, infringe this provision shall be held personally responsible for whatever damage caused. - Article 17 Nobody shall be expropriated of his properties, except by reason of common necessity and utility, previously justified and declared by the proper authority, and through indemnification of the owner prior to expropriation.

THE SPANISH PERIOD

- "United we stand, divided we fall" - The word encomienda comes from the Spanish word encomendar, meaning "to entrust." - As legally defined in 1503, an encomienda (from Spanish encomendar, "to entrust") consisted of a grant by the crown to a conquistador, a soldier, an official, or others of a specified number of "Indios" (Native Americans and, later, Filipinos) living in a particular area. - The receiver of the grant, the encomendero, could exact tribute from the "Indios" in gold, in kind, or in labor and was required to protect them and instruct them in the Christian faith. - Lands were immediately acquisition by the Spanish Crown and lands that were formerly common space or shared between natives were suddenly owned by encomienderos, hacienderos, or were incorporated into the pueblo through the reduccion enacted by the Spaniards (Putzel, 1992; Manglapus, 1967).

MISSIONS: OSMENA, ROXAS AND QUEZON TYDINGS-MCDUFFIE

- 10 YEAR TRANSITION PLAN TO INDEPENDENCE

THE 1899 MALOLOS CONSTITUTION

- 1st Republic - Malolos Republic/ Malolos Congress - Assembly happened in Barasoain Church, Bulacan - PEDRO PATERNO suggested to make a constitution. - MABINI said peace and security problems should be highlighted first. - Inspired by Brazil, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Mexico and France.

REPUBLIC ACT NO. 6657

- AN ACT INSTITUTING A COMPREHENSIVE AGRARIAN REFORM PROGRAM TO PROMOTE SOCIAL JUSTICE AND INDUSTRIALIZATION, PROVIDING THE MECHANISM FOR ITS IMPLEMENTATION, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.

THE 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

- AQUINO WAS GIVEN 3 CHOICES: USE 1935 PH CONSTI ADOPT 1973 PH CONSTI WITH REFORMS CREATE A NEW CONSTITUTION JUSTICE CECILIA MUNOZ-PALMA - PRESIDENT OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION. - Bennagen (2018) added that the 1987 Constitution did not originate solely from EDSA but the struggles of people against Marcos which actually blurred the distinctions among Filipinos in terms of class, gender, etc.; those in the struggle, for Bennagen, were all Filipinos belonging to "one family." - When the members of the ConCom were appointed, the People Power euphoria remained (Bennagen 2018; Villacorta 1988, 302). - This is the reason why people's participation was consciously included all throughout the processes of the ConCom (Bennagen 2018; Braid 2018). - In April 1986, President Corazon C. Aquino announced her administration's plans to convene the ConCom and invited the public to submit nominations. The nominees endorsed by various political groups and sectors reached a large total, though written accounts vary from about 1,500 (Quijano 1986, 1) to 2,000 (Nolledo 1987, iii). Their names were published in the major newspapers along with the individuals and organizations which endorsed them.

TERRITORY

- AREA OR LAND UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF A STATE.

1971

- ASSEMBLY AT MANILA HOTEL TO DRAFT A CONSTITUTION

Republic Act No. 3844 of August 8, 1963 (Agricultural Land Reform Code)

- Abolished share tenancy, institutionalized leasehold, set retention limit at 75 hectares, invested rights of preemption and redemption for tenant farmers, provided for an administrative machinery for implementation, institutionalized a judicial system of agrarian cases, incorporated extension, marketing and supervised credit system of services of farmer beneficiaries.

Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954

- Abolished the LASEDECO and established the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) to resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed at rebel returnees providing home lots and farmlands in Palawan and Mindanao.

Executive Order N0. 151, September 1999 (Farmer's Trust Fund)

- Allowed the voluntary consolidation of small farm operation into medium and large scale integrated enterprise that can access long-term capital. - During his administration, President Estrada launched the Magkabalikat Para sa Kaunlarang Agraryo or MAGKASAKA. The DAR forged into joint ventures with private investors into agrarian sector to make FBs competitive. - However, the Estrada Administration was short lived. The masses who put him into office demanded for his ouster.

Republic Act No. 7881, 1995

- Amended certain provisions of RA 6657 and exempted fishponds and prawns from the coverage of CARP.

SOVEREIGNTY

- BASIS ON WHICH THE STATE REGULATES ALL ASPECTS OF LIFE OF ALL LIVING IN ITS TERRITORY.

Provision of Support Services

- CARP not only involves the distribution of lands but also included package of support services which includes: credit assistance, extension services, irrigation facilities, roads and bridges, marketing facilities and training and technical support programs.

President Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)

- Continued the program of President Ramon Magsaysay. No new legislation passed.

Republic Act No. 6389, (Code of Agrarian Reform) and RA No. 6390 of 1971

- Created the Department of Agrarian Reform and the Agrarian Reform Special Account Fund. It strengthen the position of farmers and expanded the scope of agrarian reform.

Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955)

- Created the Land Tenure Administration (LTA) which was responsible for the acquisition and distribution of large tenanted rice and corn lands over 200 hectares for individuals and 600 hectares for corporations.

Land Tenure Improvement

- DAR will remain vigorous in implementing land acquisition and distribution component of CARP. The DAR will improve land tenure system through land distribution and leasehold.

Infrastrucre Projects

- DAR will transform the agrarian reform communities (ARCs), an area focused and integrated delivery of support services, into rural economic zones that will help in the creation of job opportunities in the countryside.

PROCLAMATION 1102-PROCLAMATION 1102

- DECLARED THE RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION

Presidential Decree No. 2, September 26, 1972

- Declared the country under land reform program. It enjoined all agencies and offices of the government to extend full cooperation and assistance to the DAR. It also activated the Agrarian Reform Coordinating Council.

Jose Rizal

- Decree of December 20, 1898 - Act No. 137 - Republic Act 1425,

An American sponsored hero?

- Encouraged CULT following Iglesia Sagrada ni Lahi, Lipi ni Rizal et al. - Minimized the importance of other heroes. - Rizal's status was abetted and encouraged by Americans * William Howard Taft suggested to the PHILIPPINE COMMISSION that Filipinos be given a national hero. * PHILIPPINE COMMISSION: Pardo De Tavera, Benito Legarda, Jose Ruiz Luzuriaga

The ideological framework

- Equality of Insulares and Peninsulares - Hispanization of the Filipinos - Called for equality with Spaniards is equality of opportunity OPPORTUNITY = FREEDOM AND INDEPENDENCE

Republic Act No. 34

- Established the 70-30 sharing arrangements and regulating share-tenancy contracts.

National Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC), 1936

- Established the price of rice and corn thereby help the poor tenants as well as consumers.

President Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992)

- Executive Order No. 228, July 16, 1987 - Executive Order No. 229, July 22, 1987 - Proclamation No. 131, July 22, 1987 - Executive Order No. 129-A, July 26, 1987 - Republic Act No. 6657, June 10, 1988 (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law) - Executive Order No. 405, June 14, 1990 - Executive Order No. 407, June 14, 1990

Elpidio R. Quirino (1948-1953)

- Executive Order No. 355 issued on October 23, 1950 -

Innovation and Change

- Great Economic Changes in the 19th century. - Improvements in communications. - Material progress set the stage for cultural an social changes. - Led to the Mestizo culture

Rizal was not the leader of the revolution, he repudiated it.

- In his Manifesto of 1896 he declared: * That it is impossible to revolt. * Uprising is savage and absurd. * Reforms are more beneficial.

1943-1945

- JAPANESE OCCUPATION

CRITICISMS ON RENATO CONSTANTINO'S WORK

- John Nery (December 30, 2010) - Constantino says Filipinos who hold Rizal up as the ideal hero do not understand that he was, in truth, a counter-revolutionary—and therefore insufficiently nationalistic. - Constantino has a genuine desire to offer a corrective to the hero-worship of Rizal - but based on false logic . "In the histories of many nations, the national revolution represents a peak of achievement," "It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that almost always the leader of that revolution becomes the principal hero of his people." : If he admits exceptions, then his starting assumption that a country's "principal hero" is the leader that scaled the peak of that revolutionary achievement is not exceptional. In other words, if there are exceptions to this apparent rule, why take Rizal to task for being yet another exception? "In our case, our national hero was not the leader of our Revolution. In fact, he repudiated that Revolution." : he rhetorical objective of this first false choice is to imply that the Philippines, by choosing Rizal as its preeminent hero, is less of a nation.

BATASANG PAMBANSA

- Legislative power was vested in a unicameral National Assembly whose members were elected for six-year terms.

Executive Order No. 363, 1997

- Limits the type of lands that may be converted by setting conditions under which limits the type of lands that may be converted by setting conditions under which specific categories of agricultural land are either absolutely non-negotiable for conversion or highly restricted for conversion.

'Zero tolerance': DepEd to issue disclaimer on 'poor' depiction of farmer in module

- MANILA - The Department of Education on Thursday said it will issue an explanation to clarify the "poor" depiction of farmers that was published in one of its learning modules. - DepEd gave the commitment after Sen. Francis Pangilinan slammed the agency for stereotyping farmers as impoverished by depicting them as a family who wear ratty clothes. - "We understand that a vast majority of our farmers are poor but to stereotype them, ano magiging mensahe sa ating mga kabataan? Na hindi katanggap tanggap ang maging magsasaka?" he said as the Senate tackled the DepEd's budget in plenary.

THE RIZAL MANIFESTO

- Manifesto a Algunos Filipinos (Manifesto to Certain Filipinos) written on December 15, 1896 during his incarceration in Fort Santiago. - First, he absolved himself by declaring that he was never a part of the revolution; his name was used to attract Filipinos to join the revolution. - Second, he was consulted about the planned revolution but he advised the perpetrators to abandon it. - Third, he wanted to stop the rebellion by offering his services to the people. - Fourth, he condemned the revolution as ridiculous and barbarous. - Fifth, uprising was not an option at that time, that reforms should be the authorities' initiative, not the citizens'. He made it clear that the people's education is potent in inducing changes in society.

IDENTITY

- National symbols: Material Culture, People etc. that represents US.

IS THERE A LAW RECOGNIZING RIZAL AS A PH NATIONAL HERO?

- No law, executive order or proclamation has been enacted or issued officially proclaiming any Filipino historical figure as a national hero. However, because of their significant roles in the process of nation building and contributions to history, there were laws enacted and proclamations issued honoring these heroes.

Article 16

- Nobody shall be denied of his property and rights whether temporarily or permanently, or be disturbed in the possession of the same, except by virtue of a judicial sentence. Government officials who, under any pretext, infringe this provision shall be held personally responsible for whatever damage caused.

Article 17

- Nobody shall be expropriated of his properties, except by reason of common necessity and utility, previously justified and declared by the proper authority, and through indemnification of the owner prior to expropriation.

GOVERNMENT

- ORGANIZATION, MACHINERY, AGENCY, MAGISTRY OF THE STATE WHICH MAKES, IMPLEMENTS, ENFORCES OR ADJUDICATES THE LAWS OF THE STATE.

Historical Figures Recommended as National Heroes

- On November 15, 1995 , the Technical Committee after deliberation and careful study based on Dr. Onofre D. Corpuz' and Dr. Alfredo Lagmay's criteria selected the following nine Filipino historical figures to be recommended as National Heroes: a. Jose Rizal b. Andres Bonifacio c. Emilio Aguinaldo d. Apolinario Mabini e. Marcelo H. del Pilar f. Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat g. Juan Luna h. Melchora Aquino i. Gabriela Silang

JUSTICE CECILIA MUNOZ-PALMA

- PRESIDENT OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION.

SEDITION LAW OF 1901

- PROHIBIT ADVOCACY OF INDEPENDENCE ANTI PH FLAG DISPLAY OF 1907

PHILIPPINE COMMISSION

- Pardo De Tavera, Benito Legarda, Jose Ruiz Luzuriaga

Republic Act No. 8435, 1997 (Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act AFMA)

- Plugged the legal loopholes in land use conversion.

President Benigno Aquino III (2010-2016)

- President Benigno Aquino III vowed during his 2012 State of the Nation Address that he would complete before the end of his term the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP), the centerpiece program of the administration of his mother, President Corazon Aquino. - The younger Aquino distributed their family-owned Hacienda Luisita in Tarlac. Apart from the said farm lots, he also promised to complete the distribution of privately-owned lands of productive agricultural estates in the country that have escaped the coverage of the program. - Under his administration, the Agrarian Reform Community Connectivity and Economic Support Services (ARCCESS) project was created to contribute to the overall goal of rural poverty reduction especially in agrarian reform areas. - Agrarian Production Credit Program (APCP) -The legal case monitoring system (LCMS) - Executive Order No. 26, Series of 2011

THE 1973 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

- Promulgated after Marcos' declaration of martial law - was supposed to introduce a parliamentary-style government. - Legislative power was vested in a unicameral National Assembly whose members were elected for six-year terms. - BATASANG PAMBANSA - The President was ideally elected as the symbolic and purely ceremonial head of state chosen from amongst the Members of the National Assembly for a six-year term and could be re-elected to an unlimited number of terms. - Executive power was meant to be exercised by the Prime Minister who was also elected from among the sitting Assemblymen. The Prime Minister was to be the head of government and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. - From October 16-17, 1976, a majority of barangay voters (also called "Citizens' Assemblies") approved that martial law should be continued and ratified the amendments to the Constitution proposed by President Marcos.

Republic Act 8532, 1998 (Agrarian Reform Fund Bill)

- Provided an additional Php50 billion for CARP and extended its implementation for another 10 years.

Land Registration Act of 1902 (Act No. 496)

- Provided for a comprehensive registration of land titles under the Torrens system.

Republic Act No. 55

- Provided for a more effective safeguard against arbitrary ejectment of tenants.

Commonwealth Act No. 178 (An Amendment to Rice Tenancy Act No. 4045), Nov. 13, 1936

- Provided for certain controls in the landlord-tenant relationships

Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration)

- Provided small farmers and share tenants loans with low interest rates of six to eight percent.

Rural Program Administration, created March 2, 1939

- Provided the purchase and lease of haciendas and their sale and lease to the tenants.Commonwealth Act No. 441 enacted on June 3, 1939 - Created the National Settlement Administration with a capital stock of P20,000,000.

CITIZENS ASSEMBLY

- REPRESENTATIVE FROM THE BARANGAY - APPROVE OR DENY CONSTITUTION

Executive Order No. 355 issued on October 23, 1950

- Replaced the National Land Settlement Administration with Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) which takes over the responsibilities of the Agricultural Machinery Equipment Corporation and the Rice and Corn Production Administration.

Presidential Decree No. 27, October 21, 1972

- Restricted land reform scope to tenanted rice and corn lands and set the retention limit at 7 hectares.

RIZAL AND THE REVOLUTION

- Rizal refused to align himself with the revolution - This caused dilemma to the Filipinos

The concept of Filipino Nationhood

- Rizal repudiated de-colonization * Hispanized and urbanized indios, Spanish Mestizo and Sangley Mestizos are FILIPINOS. - The reformists could not shake off their Spanish orientation - Accomodation with the ruling system - Rizal did not want separation from Spain * Better education * Better government officials * Greater attention * Greater security for person and property

The limited Filipino

- Rizal was separated by culture and even property from the masses. - He condemned the revolution as an ILUSTRADO because: * Underestimated the power and talents of the people. * Freedom is deserved, not a national right. * Did not equate liberty with independence.

1943

- SECOND REPUBLIC CONSTITUTION

Philippine Bill of 1902

- Set the ceilings on the hectarage of private individuals and corporations may acquire: 16 has. for private individuals and 1,024 has. for corporations.

The role of heroes

- Special relations endangered by Spanish colonialism. Subsequent economic development eventually leads to: * Nationalist development * Development of other talents * Others giving a different style to the historic struggle. ! HISTORY IS MADE BY MEN WHO CONFRONT THE PROBLEMS OF SOCIAL PROGRESS AND TRY TO SOLVE THEM IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE HISTORIC CONDITIONS OF THEIR EPOCH. !A man's perception of reality + reality itself = THE GREATER THE MAN!

Commonwealth Act. No. 461, 1937

- Specified reasons for the dismissal of tenants and only with the approval of the Tenancy Division of the Department of Justice.

Republic Act No. 7905, 1995

- Strengthened the implementation of the CARP.

CITIZENSHIP

- THE RELATIONSHIP OF AN INDIVIDUAL TO HIS COUNTRY/ STATE IN WHICH HE OWES ALLEGIANCE AND IN TURN ENTITLED TO PROTECTION AND PRIVILEGES.

1986 FREEDOM CONSTITUTION

- TRANSITION FROM ML TO AQUINO ADMINISTRATION - RETAIN SOME OF 1973 CONSTI WITH REFORMS

1935 PREAMBLE

- The Filipino people, imploring the aid of Divine Providence, in order to establish a government that shall embody their ideals, conserve and develop the patrimony of the nation, promote the general welfare, and secure to themselves and their posterity the blessings of independence under a régime of justice, liberty, and democracy, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.

KALAHI ARZone

- The KALAHI Agrarian Reform (KAR) Zones were also launched. These zones consists of one or more municipalities with concentration of ARC population to achieve greater agro-productivity.

THE 1899 MALOLOS CONSTITUTION

- The Political Constitution of 1899 (Spanish: Constitución Política de 1899), informally known as the Malolos Constitution, was the constitution of the First Philippine Republic. - It was written by Felipe Calderón y Roca and Felipe Buencamino. - The Political Constitution of 1899 is written in Spanish which was the official language of the Philippines at the time. - It is composed of ninety-three articles divided into fourteen titles, with transitory provisions in eight further articles, and with one un-numbered additional article.

President Gloria Macapacal-Arroyo (2000-2010)

- The agrarian reform program under the Arroyo administration is anchored on the vision "To make the countryside economically viable for the Filipino family by building partnership and promoting social equity and new economic opportunities towards lasting peace and sustainable rural development." - Land Tenure Improvement - Provision of Support Services - Infrastrucre Projects - KALAHI ARZone - Agrarian Justice

Illustrados and Indios

- The katipunan is in contrast to the Illustrado approach, it is a people's movement based on confidence in the people's capacity to act on its own behalf.

Encomendero

- The receiver of the grant - could exact tribute from the "Indios" in gold, in kind, or in labor and was required to protect them and instruct them in the Christian faith.

Agrarian Justice

- To help clear the backlog of agrarian cases, DAR will hire more paralegal officers to support undermanned adjudicatory boards and introduce quota system to compel adjudicators to work faster on agrarian reform cases. DAR will respect the rights of both farmers and landowners.

Gov. Cameron Forbes (The Philippine Islands)

- US lent every assistance to the recognition of Rizal as a national hero.

President Rodrigo Roa Duterte (2016 - present)

- Under his leadership, the President wants to pursue an "aggressive" land reform program that would help alleviate the life of poor Filipino farmers by prioritizing the provision of support services alongside land distribution. - The President directed the DAR to launch the 2nd phase of agrarian reform where landless farmers would be awarded undistributed lands under the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP). Duterte plans to place almost all public lands, including military reserves, under agrarian reform. - The President also placed 400 hectares of agricultural lands in Boracay under CARP. - Under his administration, the DAR created an anti-corruption task force to investigate and handle reports on alleged anomalous activities by officials and employees of the department. - The Department also pursues an "Oplan Zero Backlog" in the resolution of cases in relation to agrarian justice delivery of the agrarian reform program to fast-track the implementation of CARP.

VENERATION WITHOUT UNDERSTANDING

- WRITEN BY RENATO CONSTANTINO - Doubts about Rizal's status as a national hero. - Filipino knowledge on Rizal and nationalism is shallow. - In other countries, a national hero led the REVOLUTION in 1896. - Rizal repudiated the revolution and was completely against it. - Rizal wanted REFORM - PH be a province of Spain and wanted equality between PH and Spaniards.

PREAMBLE (1899)

- We, the Representatives of the Filipino People, legally convened to establish justice, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare and ensure the blessings of liberty, imploring the aid of the Sovereign Lawgiver of the Universe in order to obtain these objectives, have voted, decreed and approved the following:

1987 PREAMBLE

- We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good, conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.

1973 PREAMBLE

- We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Divine Providence, in order to establish a Government that shall embody our ideals, promote the general welfare, conserve and develop the patrimony of our Nation, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of democracy under a regime of justice, peace, liberty, and equality, do ordain and promulgate this Constitution.

President Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998)

- When he formally took over in 1992, his administration came face to face with publics who have lost confidence in the agrarian reform program. His administration committed to the vision "Fairer, faster and more meaningful implementation of the Agrarian Reform Program. - Republic Act No. 7881, 1995 - Republic Act No. 7905, 1995 - Executive Order No. 363, 1997 - Republic Act No. 8435, 1997 (Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act AFMA) - Republic Act 8532, 1998 (Agrarian Reform Fund Bill)

THE CONSTITUTION

- a body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed. - Middle English (denoting a law, or a body of laws or customs): from Latin constitutio(n- ), from constituere 'establish, appoint' (see constitute). - The highest law of the land - List of Doctrines and practices to organize the state. - Important for SELF PRESERVATION: the protection of one's self from harm and danger. - the body of doctrines and practices that form the fundamental organizing principle of a political state. -social contract, in political philosophy, an actual or hypothetical compact, or agreement, between the ruled and their rulers, defining the rights and duties of each.

The legal case monitoring system (LCMS)

- a web-based legal system for recording and monitoring various kinds of agrarian cases at the provincial, regional and central offices of the DAR to ensure faster resolution and close monitoring of agrarian-related cases, was also launched.

The Functions of a Constitution

- can declare and define the boundaries of the political community. - can declare and define the nature and authority of the political community. - can express the identity and values of a national community. - can declare and define the rights and duties of citizens. - can establish and regulate the political institutions of the community— defining the various institutions of government; prescribing their composition, powers and functions; and regulating the relations between them. - can divide or share power between different layers of government or sub-state communities. - can declare the official religious identity of the state and demarcate relationships between sacred and secular authorities. - can commit state/s to particular social, economic or developmental goals.

The President was ideally elected as the symbolic and purely ceremonial head of state

- chosen from amongst the Members of the National Assembly for a six-year term and could be re-elected to an unlimited number of terms.

Encomienda

- comes from the Spanish word encomendar, meaning "to entrust."

Nation-building

- efforts of the collective community/people to realize or achieve the national goals and aspirations.

President Manuel L. Quezon

- espoused the "Social Justice" program to arrest the increasing social unrest in Central Luzon.

1901

- first civil government of US in the PH. Gov.Gen Francis Burton Harison - gave us a hand in governing our country.

Gov.Gen Francis Burton Harison

- gave us a hand in governing our country.

TERRITORY/ Boundries

- geographical location/boundery, extra-territorial rights

Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954)

- governed the relationship between landowners and tenant farmers by organizing share-tenancy and leasehold system. The law provided the security of tenure of tenants. It also created the Court of Agrarian Relations.

Technical Committee of the National Heroes Committee

- held a series of meetings on June 3, 1993 , August 19,1993 , September 12, 1994 and November 15, 1995 , defining, discussing and deliberating upon the merits of the various definitions and criteria of a hero.

Public Land Act of 1903

- introduced the homestead system in the Philippines.

ANTI PH FLAG DISPLAY OF 1907

- is an act of the Philippine Commission that outlawed the display of Katipunan flags, banners, emblems, or devices in the American-controlled Philippine Islands.

Decree of December 20, 1898

- issued by General Emilio Aguinaldo, declared December 30 of every year a day of national mourning in honor of Dr. Jose Rizal and other victims of the Philippine Revolution.

Agrarian Production Credit Program (APCP)

- provided credit support for crop production to newly organized and existing agrarian reform beneficiaries' organizations (ARBOs) and farmers' organizations not qualified to avail themselves of loans under the regular credit windows of banks.

Agrarian Production Credit Program (APCP)

- provided credit support for crop production to newly organized and existing agrarian reform beneficiaries' organizations (ARBOs) and farmers' organizations not qualified to avail themselves of loans under the regular credit windows of banks.organizations (ARBOs) and farmers' organizations not qualified to avail themselves of loans under the regular credit windows of banks.

KAPISANAN SA PAGLILINGKOD SA BAGONG LIPUNAN (KALIBAPI)

- pushed for a new constitution under Imperial Japan.

Tenancy Act of 1933 (Act No. 4054 and 4113)

- regulated relationships between landowners and tenants of rice (50-50 sharing) and sugar cane lands.

William Howard Taft

- suggested to the PHILIPPINE COMMISSION that Filipinos be given a national hero.

Oplan Zero Backlog

- the resolution of cases in relation to agrarian justice delivery of the agrarian reform program to fast-track the implementation of CARP.

Executive Order No. 26, Series of 2011

- to mandate the Department of Agriculture-Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Department of Agrarian Reform Convergence Initiative to develop a National Greening Program in cooperation with other government agencies.

Proclamation No. 1081 on September 21, 1972

- ushered the Period of the New Society. Five days after the proclamation of Martial Law, the entire country was proclaimed a land reform area and simultaneously the Agrarian Reform Program was decreed.

Agrarian Reform Community Connectivity and Economic Support Services (ARCCESS) project

- was created to contribute to the overall goal of rural poverty reduction especially in agrarian reform areas.

THE 1935 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

- was written, approved and adopted in 1934 by the Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935-1946) and later used by the Third Republic (1946-1972). - The Commonwealth Constitution was ratified to prepare the country for its independence. - The draft of the constitution was approved by the convention on February 8, 1935, and was ratified by President Roosevelt in Washington D.C. on March 25, 1935. - Elections were held on September 16, 1935, and Manuel L. Quezon was elected as the first President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines.

SOVEREIGNTY

- where power of the state resides

Act No. 137

- which organized the politico-military district of Morong into the Province of Rizal , was the first official step taken by the Taft Commission to honor our greatest hero and martyr.

Executive power was meant to be exercised by the Prime Minister

- who was also elected from among the sitting Assemblymen. The Prime Minister was to be the head of government and Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces.

THE 1935 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

-1901 - first civil government of US in the PH. Gov.Gen Francis Burton Harison - gave us a hand in governing our country. - Jones Act - 1916 PHILIPPINE AUTONOMY ACT ALL FILIPINO LEGISLATURE CREATE A GOVERNMENT MODELED AFTER US GOVT. - MISSIONS: OSMENA, ROXAS AND QUEZON TYDINGS-MCDUFFIE - 10 YEAR TRANSITION PLAN TO INDEPENDENCE - WOMEN WERE GIVEN THE RIGHTS TO VOTE 1943-1945 - JAPANESE OCCUPATION 1943 SECOND REPUBLIC CONSTITUTION - KAPISANAN SA PAGLILINGKOD SA BAGONG LIPUNAN (KALIBAPI) pushed for a new constitution under Imperial Japan.

HUKBALAHAP

-Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon)

Additional Criteria for Heroes (Adopted by the Technical Committee of the National Heroes Committee on November 15, 1995, Manila)

1. A hero is part of the people's expression. But the process of a people's internalization of a hero's life and works takes time, with the youth forming a part of the internalization. 2. A hero thinks of the future, especially the future generations. 3. The choice of a hero involves not only the recounting of an episode or events in history, but of the entire process that made this particular person a hero. (As defined by Dr. Alfredo Lagmay)

Jones Act - 1916 PHILIPPINE AUTONOMY ACT

1. ALL FILIPINO LEGISLATURE 2. CREATE A GOVERNMENT MODELED AFTER US GOVT.

Rizal is not a hero.

1. He could have stopped and altered the course of events. 2. Revolution broke out despite his refusal to lead it and continued despite his condemnation. 3. He fought for national unity but feared revolution and loved his mother country - in his own ILLUSTRADO way.

Criteria for National Heroes

1. Heroes are those who have a concept of nation and thereafter aspire and struggle for the nation's freedom. Our own struggle for freedom was begun by Bonifacio and finished by Aguinaldo, the latter formally declaring the revolution's success. In reality, however, a revolution has no end. Revolutions are only the beginning. One cannot aspire to be free only to sink back into bondage. 2. Heroes are those who define and contribute to a system or life of freedom and order for a nation. Freedom without order will only lead to anarchy. Therefore, heroes are those who make the nation's constitution and laws, such as Mabini and Recto. To the latter, constitutions are only the beginning, for it is the people living under the constitution that truly constitute a nation. 3. Heroes are those who contribute to the quality of life and destiny of a nation. (As defined by Dr. Onofre D. Corpuz)

Summary points in veneration without understanding

1. Rizal was not the leader of the revolution, he repudiated it. 2. RIZAL AND THE REVOLUTION 3. An American sponsored hero? 4. The role of heroes 5. Innovation and Change 6. The ideological framework 7. The concept of Filipino Nationhood 8. The limited Filipino 9. Illustrados and Indios

A. TERRITORY (1987)

ARTICLE I National Territory The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all other territories over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction, consisting of its terrestrial, fluvial, and aerial domains, including its territorial sea, the seabed, the subsoil, the insular shelves, and other submarine areas. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, regardless of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.

A. TERRITORY (1973)

ARTICLE I THE NATIONAL TERRITORY SECTION 1. The national territory comprises the Philippine archipelago, with all the islands and waters embraced therein, and all the other territories belonging to the Philippines by historic right or legal title, including the territorial sea, the air space, the subsoil, the sea-bed, the insular shelves, and the other submarine areas over which the Philippines has sovereignty or jurisdiction. The waters around, between, and connecting the islands of the archipelago, irrespective of their breadth and dimensions, form part of the internal waters of the Philippines.

7 constitution made in the History of the Philippines:

1897 - Biak na Bato Constitution 1899 1935 1943 - Second Republic 1973 1986 - Freedom Constitution 1987

THE 1973 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

1971 - ASSEMBLY AT MANILA HOTEL TO DRAFT A CONSTITUTION PROCLAMATION 1102 - JANUARY, 1973 - DECLARED THE RATIFICATION OF THE CONSTITUTION CITIZENS ASSEMBLY - REPRESENTATIVE FROM THE BARANGAY - APPROVE OR DENY CONSTITUTION 1986 FREEDOM CONSTITUTION TRANSITION FROM ML TO AQUINO ADMINISTRATION RETAIN SOME OF 1973 CONSTI WITH REFORMS

B. SOVEREIGNTY (1987)

ARTICLE II Declaration of Principles and State Policies Principles SECTION 1. The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them.

B. SOVEREIGNTY (1973)

ARTICLE II DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES AND STATE POLICIES SECTION 1. The Philippines is a republican state. Sovereignty resides in the people and all governmental authority emanates from them.

B. SOVEREIGNTY (1935)

ARTICLE II.—DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES Section 1. The Philippines is a republican state. Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them.

D. CITIZENSHIP (1973)

ARTICLE III CITIZENSHIP SECTION 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines: (1) Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution. (2) Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines. (3) Those who elect Philippine citizenship pursuant to the provisions of the Constitution of nineteen hundred and thirty-five. (4) Those who are naturalized in accordance with law. SEC. 2. A female citizen of the Philippines who marries an alien shall retain her Philippine citizenship, unless by her act or omission she is deemed, under the law, to have renounced her citizenship. SEC. 3. Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner provided by law. SEC. 4. A natural-born citizen is one who is a citizen of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect his Philippine citizenship.

D. CITIZENSHIP (1987)

ARTICLE IV Citizenship SECTION 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines: (1) Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption of this Constitution; (2) Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines; (3) Those born before January 17, 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority; and (4) Those who are naturalized in accordance with law. SECTION 2. Natural-born citizens are those who are citizens of the Philippines from birth without having to perform any act to acquire or perfect their Philippine citizenship. Those who elect Philippine citizenship in accordance with paragraph (3), Section 1 hereof shall be deemed natural-born citizens. SECTION 3. Philippine citizenship may be lost or reacquired in the manner provided by law. SECTION 4. Citizens of the Philippines who marry aliens shall retain their citizenship, unless by their act or omission they are deemed, under the law, to have renounced it. SECTION 5. Dual allegiance of citizens is inimical to the national interest and shall be dealt with by law.

C. GOVERNMENT (1987)

ARTICLE VI The Legislative Department SECTION 1. The legislative power shall be vested in the Congress of the Philippines which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives, except to the extent reserved to the people by the provision on initiative and referendum. ARTICLE VII Executive Department SECTION 1. The executive power shall be vested in the President of the Philippines. ARTICLE VIII Judicial Department SECTION 1. The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as may be established by law.

C. GOVERNMENT (1935)

ARTICLE VI.—LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT SECTION 1. The Legislative power shall be vested in a National Assembly. ARTICLE VII.—EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT SECTION 1. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the Philippines. ARTICLE VIII.—JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT SECTION 1. The Judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such inferior courts as may be established by law.

C. GOVERNMENT (1973)

ARTICLE VII THE PRESIDENT SECTION 1. The President shall be the head of state and chief executive of the Republic of the Philippines. ARTICLE VIII BATASANG PAMBANSA SECTION 1. The Legislative power shall be vested in a Batasang Pambansa. ARTICLE X THE JUDICIARY SECTION 1. The Judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such inferior courts as may be established by law. The Batasang Pambansa shall have the power to define, prescribe, and apportion the jurisdiction of the various courts, but may not deprive the Supreme Court of its jurisdiction over cases enumerated in Section five hereof.

A. TERRITORY (1899)

Article 1 The political association of all Filipinos constitutes a Nation, whose State shall be named the Philippine Republic. Article 2 The Philippine Republic is free and Independent.

A. TERRITORY (1935)

Article I.—THE NATIONAL TERRITORY Section 1. The Philippines comprises all the territory ceded to the United States by the treaty of Paris concluded between the United States and Spain on the tenth day of December, eighteen hundred and ninety-eight, the limits of which are set forth in Article III of said treaty, together with all the islands embraced in the treaty concluded at Washington, between the United States and Spain on the seventh day of November, nineteen hundred, and in the treaty concluded between the United States and Great Britain on the second day of January, nineteen hundred and thirty, and all territory over which the present Government of the Philippine Islands exercises jurisdiction.

D. CITIZENSHIP (1935)

SECTION 1. The following are citizens of the Philippines: (1) Those who are citizens of the Philippine Islands at the time of the adoption of this Constitution. (2) Those born in the Philippine Islands of foreign parents who, before the adoption of this Constitution, had been elected to public office in the Philippine Islands. (3) Those whose fathers are citizens of the Philippines. (4) Those whose mothers are citizens of the Philippines and, upon reaching the age of majority, elect Philippine citizenship. (5) Those who are naturalized in accordance with law. SEC. 2. Philippine citizenship may be lost or re-acquired in the manner provided by law.

CHAPTER I (R.A. 6657)

SECTION 1. Title. - This Act shall be known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988. SECTION 2. Declaration of Principles and Policies. — It is the policy of the State to pursue a Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP). The welfare of the landless farmers and farmworkers will receive the highest consideration to promote social justice and to move the nation toward sound rural development and industrialization, and the establishment of owner cultivatorship of economic-size farms as the basis of Philippine agriculture. To this end, a more equitable distribution and ownership of land, with due regard to the rights of landowners to just compensation and to the ecological needs of the nation, shall be undertaken to provide farmers and farmworkers with the opportunity to enhance their dignity and improve the quality of their lives through greater productivity of agricultural lands. The agrarian reform program is founded on the right of farmers and regular farmworkers, who are landless, to own directly or collectively the lands they till or, in the case of other farm workers, to receive a just share of the fruits thereof. To this end, the State shall encourage and undertake the just distribution of all agricultural lands, subject to the priorities and retention limits set forth in this Act, having taken into account ecological, developmental, and equity considerations, and subject to the payment of just compensation. The State shall respect the right of small landowners, and shall provide incentives for voluntary land-sharing.

Theodore Friend

The Two Empires

B. SOVEREIGNTY (1899)

Title 1 — On the Republic Article 3 Sovereignty resides exclusively in the people.

C. GOVERNMENT (1899)

Title II — On the Government Article 4 The Government of the Republic is popular, representative, alternative and responsible, and shall be divided among three distinct powers, which shall be named legislative, executive and judicial.Never can two or more of these powers be given to a person or corporation, nor shall the power of the legislative be vested in any single individual.

D. CITIZENSHIP (1899)

Title IV — On the Filipinos and their National and Individual Rights Article 6 The following are Filipinos:1. All persons born in Philippine territory. Any sea vessel where the Philippine flag is flown is considered, for this purpose, a part of Philippine territory. 2. Children of a Filipino father or mother, even though they were born outside the Philippines. 3. Foreigners who have obtained the certificate of naturalization. 4. Those who, without such certificate, have acquired domicile in any town within Philippine territory.

1899 Constitution (Salient Features)

a) This paved the way to launching the first Philippine Republic. b) It established a democratic, republican government with three branches - the Executive, Legislative and the Judicial branches. c) It called for the separation of church and state. d) The executive powers were to be exercise by the president of the republic with the help of his cabinet. e) Judicial powers were given to the Supreme Court and other lower courts to be created by law. f) The Chief justice of the Supreme Court was to be elected by the legislature with the concurrence of the President and his Cabinet.