VETT 113
Week 6: Feline Infectious Diseases
Feline Panleukopenia Feline Upper Respiratory Disease Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis (FVR) 3. Feline Calicivirus (FCV) 4. Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) 5. Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) 6. Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
Disease Terminology
--- Disease / infection terms --- disease: a pathological condition of body parts or tissues characterized by an identifiable group of signs and symptoms infection: occurs when an infectious agent enters the body and begins to reproduce; may or may not lead to disease infectious disease: disease caused by an infectious agent such as a bacterium, virus, protozoan, or fungus that can be passed on to others contagious disease: develops more slowly and is usually less severe, but may persist for a long, indefinite period of time iatrogenic disease: induced inadvertently by a physician or surgeon or by medical treatment or diagnostic procedures idiopathic disease: arising spontaneously or from an obscure or unknown cause acute disease: develops and runs its course quickly chronic disease: develops more slowly and is usually less severe, but may persist for a long, indefinite period of time nosocomial infection: acquired or occurring in a hospital symptomatic infections: having the characteristics of a particular disease but arising from another cause asymptomatic infection: presenting no symptoms of disease latent infection: characterized by periods of no symptoms between outbreaks of illness recurrent illness: returning or happening time after time --- Terms related to microorganisms --- pathogen: an infectious agent that causes disease microbe / microorganism: Most infectious agents that cause disease are microscopic in size and thus, are called microbes or microorganisms virulence: the relative ability of an agent to cause rapid and severe disease in a host etiology: a branch of knowledge concerned with causes; specifically, a branch of medical science concerned with the causes and origins of diseases --- Host / signs --- carrier: a person or thing that carries, holds, or conveys something clinical signs: the abnormalities of structure or function observed in the patient by the veterinarian or the client. These are customarily graded according to severity, e.g. severe, moderate, mild, and according to speed of onset and progress, e.g. peracute, acute, subacute, chronic, intermittent. host: an organism infected by another organism reservoir host: an animal or plant that harbors and provides sustenance for another organism (the parasite) susceptible host: refers to any organism that is easily invaded by a parasitic organism for the purpose of subsistence, is presented --- Transmission of diseases --- transmission of disease: vectors: A vector is an organism that does not itself cause disease but serves to transmit an infectious organism from one host to another. Important arthropod vectors include fleas, ticks, mosquitoes, and flies. transplacental: relating to, involving, or being passage (as of an antibody) between mother and fetus through the placenta transplacental immunization mucous membranes: an epithelial tissue that secretes mucus and that lines many body cavities and tubular organs including the gut and respiratory passages vertical transmission of infectious diseases: transmission from one generation to another. The term is restricted by some to genetic transmission and extended by others to include also transmission of infection from one generation to the next, as by milk or through the placenta. horizontal transmission of infectious diseases: the spread of an infectious agent from one individual to another, usually through contact with bodily excretions or fluids, such as sputum or blood, that contain the agent. --- Terms (miscellaneous) --- neoplasia / neoplasm: a new and abnormal growth of tissue in some part of the body, especially as a characteristic of cancer congenital: (especially of a disease or physical abnormality) present from birth exposure: the state of being exposed to contact with something differential diagnosis: the process of differentiating between two or more conditions that share similar signs or symptoms
Normal Flora
1. Define "normal flora" - Microorganisms that live on or within a body to compete with disease-producing microoganisms and provide a natural immunity against certain infections 2. What parts of the body contain normal flora? - Skin - Upper respiratory tract (nose, pharynx, trachea) - Gastrointestinal tract (oral cavity, intestines, colon) - Urinary and genital openings (distal urethra, vagina) 3. What are the benefits or functions of the normal flora? (study guide chart, page 18) 4. How does the normal flora protect animals from disease? - Competing with invaders for space and nutrients - Producing compounds (bacteriocins) which kill other bacteria - Lowering the pH so that other bacteria can't grow. 5. What can adversely change the normal flora? 6. What parts of the body do not normally contain microbes? - All internal tissues including the cardiovascular system, muscles and skeleton, liver, glands, kidney, urinary bladder, lungs, brain and spinal cord, blood, Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF). 7. Why is it important to not overuse antibiotics?
Taxonomy
1. Define taxonomy Taxonomy is the orderly classification of organisms into groups and this classification scheme allows every single organism to have a specific scientific name (in Latin). The scientific name is referred to as a binomial (meaning 2 names) classification as it must include the genus and species of the organism. 2. Why is it important to know and use scientific names of bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and parasites? - Some microbes will cause disease in some species of animals but not others. This is known as being "host specific". Example = There are several Parvo viruses that infect different species, but the virus that affects dogs (Canine Parvovirus), will not infect humans. - Also, vaccines are manufactured against specific species or strains of microbes and will only protect against these specific strains. 3. What are the 4 most important taxonomy categories or levels for our purposes? - Family - Genus - Species - Subspecies / Variant / Strain / Serovar
Bacteria Introduction to Bacterial Infections (article)
1. List and describe the 3 primary ways that bacteria are classified (simple classification)? - Shape - Gram stain - Need for oxygen 2. What is the color of a Gram + bacterium? - Blue 3. What is the color of a Gram - bacterium? - Pink 4. List the 3 basic shapes of bacteria (common and technical names) - spheres (cocci) - rods (bacilli) - spirals or helixes (spirochetes) 5. List the general characteristics of bacteria - Microscopic, single-celled organelles 6. How do bacteria reproduce? (chart on study guide, page 14) 7. Define aerobic bacteria - Require oxygen to grow 8. Define anaerobic bacteria - Require that NO oxygen by present 9. Define "obligate" as it pertains to oxygen requirement for bacterial growth - Requires 10. Define "facultative" as it pertains to oxygen requirement for bacterial growth - Capable of living with either condition 11. How can bacteria cause disease? - Bacteria can cause disease by producing harmful substances (toxins), invading tissues, or doing both 12. What is meant by a "strain" of bacteria? - Within a species, there may be different types, called strains 13. List and understand how bacteria defend themselves - Biofilm - Capsules - Outer membrane - Spores - Flagella - Antibiotic resistance 14. Define endotoxin - a toxin that is present inside a bacterial cell and is released when the cell disintegrates 15. Define exotoxin - a toxin released by a living bacterial cell into its surroundings 16. Why is it a concern when antibiotics are overused to treat different infections?
Overview of Microbes Understanding Microbes (article) Germs: Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi (article) Bacterial Growth Rate (video)
1. List the 4 major groups of microorganisms - Bacteria - Viruses - Fungi - Protozoa (study guide, page 9) 2. Define prokaryote and eukaryote and list the microbes in each category Prokaryotes: These cells do not have a "true" nucleus and are relatively simple cells. The genetic material is found loose in the cell. Example = Bacteria Eukaryotes: These cells have a defined / "true" nucleus surrounded by a membrane and are much more complex Examples = Fungi, Protozoa, Animal, and Plant cells 3. Define "pathogenic micro-organisms" - Pathogenic = disease causing 4. Describe the general characteristics of the each group (Germs: Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi article) 5. List a disease of humans and one of animals caused by an organism of each category (example: influenza = virus) (Germs: Viruses, Bacteria, Fungi article)
Epidemiology Pandemics Since 1900 (article)
1. List the pieces of the puzzle that help you understand a disease Animals affected - Clinical signs - Location of cases - Timeline of cases - Risk factors (Age, Nutrition, etc.) - Factors in common between affected animals (study guide, page 2) 2. Why are epidemiology studies and reports so important? - These studies are important in order to develop programs to aid in control and prevention of the disease (study guide, page 2) 3. What do epidemiologists study? - Epidemiology is the study of the cause, incidence, source, method of transmission, and distribution of disease in a population (group of animals / humans) (study guide, page 2) 4. How does the roles of veterinarian differ from that of an epidemiologist? What do each study? (chart in study guide, page 3) 5. By using Google, find the list of reportable animal diseases for the state where you live (refer to the website links in the Appendix of this document) Define the following terms: epidemiology: Epidemiology is the study of the cause, incidence, source, method of transmission, and distribution of disease in a population (group of animals / humans) morbidity / morbid: An illness or abnormal condition / diseased / unhealthy mortality / mortal: Death / death rate endemic: This is a disease that is found at a fairly constant, low incident rate in a population Example = Rabies in certain wildlife species in certain areas epidemic (outbreaks): Occurrence of more cases of disease than would normally be expected in a population (an increase in cases). This may also be called an Epizootic when animals are affected Examples = Spinal Meningitis in school age children or typical flu cases pandemic: Epidemics that spread to several countries / new continents (worldwide), which affect large number of animals/people Examples = AIDS, Influenza, Plague reportable diseases: By law, certain diseases must be reported to health officials at the local, state, and federal levels asymptomatic / subclinical infection: the animal is infected but no clinical signs develop clinical signs / symptomatic: the animal is infected and shows a variety of clinical signs of the disease
Quiz
A ___________ infection is an initial infection in a previously healthy animal and is often an acute infection. - Primary An inanimate object that can become contaminated with a pathogen which can then be carried to a susceptible host is called a/an: - Fomite The type of vector that only serves to physically transport microbes from host to host. (Example is flies carrying microbes on its legs and contaminating food and water.) - Mechanical Which of the following are vectors? (Check all that apply) - Ticks - Flies - Mosquitos - Fleas Systemic infection occurs when the microbe spreads throughout the body, usually in the bloodstream. - True How can microbes enter the body of a susceptible host? (Check all that apply) - Ingestion - gastrointestinal tract - Mucous membranes - Inhaled into respiratory tract - Skin wounds Virulence, infectivity, mode of transmission, and environmental hardiness are all characteristics / factors of the ____________ that help determine the development of an infectious disease. - Pathogen Not all infectious diseases can be transmitted between animals. - True Inanimate objects that can become contaminated with a pathogen and can then be responsible for transmitting the pathogen to a susceptible host are called ___________. - Fomites
Quiz
A disease that is transmissible between humans and animals is known as a zoonosis or zoonotic disease. True What should a human always do immediately after being bitten by an animal? Clean (using soap and water) and disinfect the wound and seek medical attention Which of the following are ways that can be used to prevent certain zoonotic diseases? (Click all that apply) Vaccinate animals against certain diseases Elimination of certain hosts or vectors Avoidance / prevention of contact with animals / vectors Proper handling and cooking of meat Which of the following are zoonotic diseases caused by intestinal parasites? (Check all that apply) Roundworms Hookworms Over 50,000 human deaths occur each year from infection with Rabies. Most of these deaths occur in India, Africa, and Asia and the rate is so high due to which of the following factors? (Check all that apply) Lack of health care in poorer communities Failure to seek medical help after being bitten Lack of animal vaccination and control programs Lack of knowledge about rabies and its transmission Which of the following animals are not susceptible to infection with the Rabies virus? (Check all that apply) Snakes Mice and other rodents Lizards Birds Which animals account for more than 90% of the reported cases of rabies in the U.S.? Wildlife (bats, raccoons, foxes, skunks primarily) Rabies is caused by a _____________ and is spread via___________. Virus, saliva in bites Which of the following can help reduce the transmission of infectious diseases? (Check all that apply) Wash hands after contact with feces, body fluids, exudates; after contact with environmental surfaces; after removing gloves Use disposable towels Keep fingernails short; no artificial nails should be worn in clinic Hand wipes to remove organic material prior to application of an alcohol based hand solution In the U.S., what domestic animal species has had the most confirmed cases of Rabies in the last few years? Cats
Quiz 3
By law, certain diseases must be reported to health officials at the local, state, or federal levels and these diseases are labeled as: - Notifiable diseases Areas of the body which are normally free of microbes include: (Click all that apply) - Brain - Heart - Spinal Cord Areas of the body with normal flora include: (Click all that apply) - Intestines - Skin - Nose Knowing the genus and species name of an organism is very important when studying microbes because some species will affect some animals and not others. - True An epidemic is a/an: - Occurrence of more cases of disease than would normally be expected in a population: an increase in cases The term ___________ refers to bacteria with a rod shape - Bacillus A pathogen that can cause disease in some species of animals but not others is known as being ___________ - Host specific An endemic disease refers to: - A disease that is found at a fairly constant, low incident rate in a population Epidemiology only studies infectious diseases. - False The level of disease occurence where the disease has spread to several countries/continents and which affects large numbers of animals/people is termed: (An example is influenza) - Pandemic
Quiz
Feline Viral Rhinotracheitis is caused by a/an: Herpesvirus The abbreviation for feline immunodeficiency disease is FIV Oral ulcerations are commonly seen in cats infected with which of the following? Calicivirus FeLV infection is spread by direct and repeated close contact such as grooming or sharing of food and water dishes, whereas FIV infection is transmitted by? Inoculation of the virus through cat bites Which of the following viruses always cause immunosuppression which results in opportunistic infections and periodically can result in cancerous cells? FeLV and FIV This is a parvoviral disease of cats, that is characterized by lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, and later severe dehydration. One of the hallmarks of the disease is a profound reduction in the total white cell count. Feline panleukopenia The abbreviation for Feline Leukemia is: FeLV FeLV (feline leukemia virus) is spread by direct and repeated close contact such as grooming and sharing and of food and water dishes, whereas FIV (feline immunodeficiency virus) infection is transmitted by innoculation of the virus through cat bites True FIP stands for ____________ which is caused by a______________ virus: Feline infectious peritonitis, corona How can Panleukopenia be diagnosed? (Check all that apply) High degree of suspicion based on clinical signs and exposure history Parvo Snap Test Low white blood cell count
Quiz
Which of the following are some things that you can do to minimize some of the hazards associated with animal handling? (Check all that apply) - Keep your back straight and lift with your legs - Never bend at the waist to lift something heavy - Use proper restraint techniques - Communicate well with other veterinary personnel when handling a patient Which of the following are characteristics of cat bite wounds? (Check all that apply) - Up to 80% of bites become infected - Puncture wounds - Deep penetration into tissue/bones Bite-associated infections may result in which of the following:(Check all that apply) - Swelling - Infection of the blood - Redness - Pain Which of the following may be seen with bite wounds? (Check all that apply) - Inflammation of tissue and regional lymph nodes within a couple hours after a bite - Pain - Swelling - Erythema Animal bite wounds are classified into 3 groups. These groups are: (Check all that apply) - Lacerations - Punctures - Avulsions A / an ______________ wound is one where the tooth penetrates the skin and can seed bacteria deep into the wound, with the skin sealing over the wound. - Puncture Which of the following are hazards that you may be exposed to in the veterinary practice? (Check all that apply) - Exposure to zoonotic diseases - Animal bites and scratches - Harmful chemicals - Radiation Which of the following are behaviors or problems that pets may have that can increase the risk of them biting humans and other animals? (Check all that apply) - Protectiveness or territoriality - Painful conditions - Dominance aggression - Fearfulness A dog who has been bitten by another dog presents to your clinic. When you are examining the patient, you only see 2 - 3 puncture wounds in the skin and there are no lacerations noted. It is safe to say that because you only see the small puncture wounds on initial examination, that there will be no other damage to the tissues. - False What should you ALWAYS do after being bitten by an animal in the clinic? (Check all that apply) - Thoroughly wash the wound with soap and water - Cleanse the wound with an antiseptic solution like iodine - Make a note of the incident on the animal's record - Report the injury to the practice manager / veterinarian
Quiz
Which of the following test may be used to help diagnose viral infections? (Check all that apply) -Virus culture and isolation - Serum of infected animals tested for the presence of antibodies or viral antigens - Clinical signs alone may be highly suggestive of some viral infections A virus is much larger than a bacterium. - False Which of the following are true statements regarding fungal infections? (Click all that apply) - Fungal infections typically begin in the lungs or on the skin - Fungal infections usually progress slowly - Fungal infections are rarely passed from one person or animal to another (except for some superficial skin infections) - Fungal infections are rarely serious unless the immune system is weakened Infections caused by pathogens that are restricted geographically and are true pathogens because they have the ability to cause serious systemic infection in healthy individuals are termed _____________. - Endemic mycoses A virus cannot reproduce outside a host cell - True A _____________ infection with a bacteria may occur after the initial infection with a virus damages the cells. - Secondary Which of the following describe a non-enveloped virus? (Check all that apply) - Examples include: Parvoviruses, Caliciviruses - Has a protein capsid - Are generally very difficult to destroy with commonly used disinfectants What are the characteristics of a virus? (Click all that apply) - Obligate intracellular parasite - May or may not have an envelope around the capsid - Not considered to be a living organism - Much smaller than bacteria and require an electron microscope to visualize Which of the following are host defense factors that help protect against infection with pathogenic and opportunistic fungi? (Check all that apply) - Normal flora - Fatty acid content of the skin - Normal body temperature of the animal - Physical barriers such as skin and mucous membranes Which of the following are defenses that the body has against viruses? (Click all that apply) - White Blood Cells - Substances , such as interferons, that infected cells may produce to make uninfected cells more resistant - Skin acts as a physical barrier - Body's immune defenses The infectious disease which usually causes self-limiting clinical signs of coughing, is highly infectious, and is commonly seen where dogs are housed in close contact is: - Kennel cough Parvo is spread primarily in - Feces Infectious Tracheobronchitis is also known as: - Kennel Cough Infectious Canine Hepatitis is usually transmitted via contact with infected: - Urine The disease which is also known as "old dog encephalitis" is: - Distemper Infection with Canine Parvo can result in death due to which of the following? (Check all that apply) - Destruction of intestinal cells which allows bacteria from the intestinal tract to enter the body (septicemia = bacteremia) - Diarrhea and vomiting can lead to dehydration and shock Clinical signs of canine distemper may include: (Check all that apply) - Coughing - Mucopurulent discharge from eyes and nose - Neurological signs such as seizures / muscle twitching - Enamel hypoplasia Another name for infectious tracheobronchitis is - Kennel Cough
Reading Assignment #2: Introduction to Disease (See study guide for material)
Written Assignment #1: Introduction to Disease 1. Disease Terminology Definitions In order to be able to understand diseases you must first learn the terminology. Using a medical dictionary, the information found in the Coursework document and in the articles, please define the terms listed in the "Disease Terminology" table located at the end of this document. 2. List and define the different mechanisms of disease - Noninfectious disease mechanisms include genetics, nutritional, autoimmune, inflammation, trauma, toxicities, degeneration, etc. - Infectious disease mechanisms include pathogenic/infectious organisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa and parasites - Mnemonic of the various mechanisms / categories of disease (DAMNIT - V) D = Degenerative / developmental A = Allergic / auto-immune / anatomical / anomalous (genetic) M = Metabolic N = Neoplastic, neurologic, nutritional I = Infectious, idiopathic, immune-mediated, inflammatory, iatrogenic T = Traumatic, toxic V = Vasucular 3. List and define the host risk factors - Breed, age, gender, reproductive status, genetics, health status (current and previous diseases), vaccination status, immune status, stress 4. What is the difference between the following: - Infectious Disease = has the disease - Communicable or Contagious Disease = capable of passing the agent on to others 5. What factors determine the development of an infectious disease? - Host factors - Agent - Environmental factors
Reading Assignment #1: OSHA OSHA in Veterinary Hospitals (pages 105-122) Top Ten OSHA Violations - AVMA (article) OSHA and Hospital Safety Presentation (video)
Written Assignment #1: OSHA 1. Explain proper methods for lifting objects and animals - Keep your back straight and lift with your legs - Never bend over at the waist to lift an object - Get help with lifting patients weighing more than about 40 pounds (108) 2. List methods to minimize the hazards associated with animal handling - Stay alert - If you are the person restraining the animal, keep your attention focused on the animal's reactions, not on the procedure (114-115) 3. Should covered food and drink be stored in the same refrigerator as laboratory samples, drugs, and vaccines? - No (109) 4. List 2 chemicals used in veterinary clinics that are carcinogenic - Ethylene Oxide - Formalin (114) 5. List some common zoonotic diseases encountered in the veterinary practice - Viral infections - Bacterial infections - Fungal infections - Internal parasites (115-116) 6. List some of the hazards that you may be exposed to in the veterinary practice - Noise - Bathing, dipping and spraying areas - Zoonotic diseases - Nonzoonotic diseases - Etc (114-117) 7. List ways that you can be exposed to microbes in the veterinary practice - Inhalation - Contact with broken skin - Ingestion - Contact with eyes and mucous membranes - Accidental inoculation by a needle (115) 8. List 4 major types of infections - Viral infections - Bacterial infections - Fungal infections - Internal parasites (115-116) 9. List 1 zoonotic viral disease that is generally fatal to affected mammals and is spread by contact with virus laden saliva. What animal species are susceptible to this virus? - Rabies - Although the disease is ever present in wild animal populations (primarily bats, raccoons and skunks in the United States and Canada), in recent years many states have confirmed record high numbers of rabies cases in domestic species such as cats, dogs, horses and cattle (115-116) 10. List 5 examples of pathogenic bacteria - Salmonella spp. - Pasteurella spp. - Escherichia coli - Pseudomonas spp. - Staphylococcus spp. (116) 11. List an example of a fungal infection. How can this microbe spread? - Ringworm (116) 12. List 2 common internal parasites - Roundworms - Hookworms (116) 13. When should you wash your hands? - Frequently 14. What precautions should you take when treating animals with a contagious disease? - Always wear PPE 15. Describe the proper handling of needles and syringes after use - Whenever possible, the entire needle and syringe should be disposed of in the designated sharps containers immediately after use (120) 16. Define "sharps" - Any device with characteristics that make it possible to puncture, lacerate or penetrate skin (Table 4.1 on page 121) 17. What are the 10 most common OSHA violations in a veterinary facility? - Hazard communication program - Certification of PPE assessment - Fire and emergency plans - Employee training documentation - Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) - Appropriate PPE - Chemical labeling - OSHA forms - Human food in unsafe areas - Waste anesthetic gases (Top Ten OSHA Violations - AVMA article) 18. Define the following terms: OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration (106) MSDS: Material Safety Data Sheets (112) SDS: Safety data sheets (112) CDC: PPE: Personal protective equipment (107) Ethylene Oxide: Gaseous substance used as a sterilant for instruments and articles that would be damaged by steam sterilization (114) Formalin: Formalin has been used in the veterinary profession for tissue preservation, diagnostic tests and even sterilization (114) Glutaraldehyde: Glutaraldehyde is a potent chemical used in the veterinary practice to sterilize hard instruments without the use of an autoclave (114) Zoonotic disease: Infectious diseases that can be passed from animals to humans (115) Sharps: Any device with characteristics that make it possible to puncture, lacerate or penetrate skin (121) Carcinogen/Carcinogenic: Substance or agent that causes cancer in animals or people
Reading Assignment #2: Animal Bites What You Should Know About Animal Bites (article) The Peril of Pet Bites in Veterinary Practice (video)
Written Assignment #2: Animal Bites 1. List some dangers from animal bites (What You Should Know About Animal Bites article page 1) 2. List things that can increase the risk of bites 3. Describe the differences between dog bites and cat bites (What You Should Know About Animal Bites article pages 1-2) 4. Which type of bite wound becomes infected more frequently and why? (dog or cat) - Cat (What You Should Know About Animal Bites article page 2) 5. Why are bite wounds to the hands often serious? (What You Should Know About Animal Bites article page 1) 6. What is the most common bacteria recovered from bite wounds? - The most common bite-associated infection is caused by a bacterium called Pasteurella (What You Should Know About Animal Bites article page 2) 7. Describe the clinical signs associated with infection by this bacterium (What You Should Know About Animal Bites article page 2) 8. What other bacteria can be found in bite wounds? - Pasteurellosis - Streptococcal and Staphylococcal - Capnocytophaga (What You Should Know About Animal Bites article pages 2-3) 9. What are some clinical signs associated with infection with these bacteria? (What You Should Know About Animal Bites article pages 2-3) 10. What are some things that increase the risk of infection from dog and cat bites? (What You Should Know About Animal Bites article page 3) 11. What should you do if you are bitten by an animal? (What You Should Know About Animal Bites article pages 3-4) 12. What should the medical team include when evaluating a bite wound? 13. Is it easy to tell how severe the tissue damage is just by looking at the surface wound? Why? 14. What do some technicians and veterinarians generally do after being bitten by an animal in the clinic? Why is this a bad idea?
Reading Assignment #2: Transmission of Infectious Agents Methods of Disease Transmission (article) Transmission Routes (article) Fomites (article)
Written Assignment #2: Transmission of Infectious Agents 1. Continue with the Disease Terminology Definitions 2. List and understand the 6 major ways that infectious organisms can be transmitted - Vectors - Formites - Direct contact - Igenestion - Inhalation - Indirect contact 3. Define "fomite" and list several examples of fomites found in the veterinary facility - A fomite is an inanimate object (not living) that can become contaminated with a pathogen which can then be carried to a susceptible host. Important fomites in the veterinary clinic include dog brushes, stethoscopes, exam tables, mops, etc. 4. List the 4 groups of important vectors - Fleas - Ticks - Mosquitos - Flies 5. What is the difference between mechanical and biological vectors? - Mechanical vector = Microbes do not multiply within the mechanical vector and the vector physically transport microbes from host to host. Example: flies that carry a microbe on its legs and contaminates food or water. - Biological vector = The microbe is found within the vector's body and may be transmitted directly or require a period of time within the vector in order to multiply or to develop to an infectious stage before the biological vector can transmit the microbes. Examples: Tick transmitting the bacteria that causes Lyme Disease; Mosquito that transmits the organism that causes Malaria.
Reading Assignment #3: Progression to Disease (See study guide for material)
Written Assignment #3: Progression to Disease 1. List the steps that occur after a microbe is encountered - Microbe encountered - Microbe enters - Spreads - Multiplies - Damage disease - Microbe exits 2. List the ways that microbes enter the body - Skin Wounds (abrasions, incisions, punctures) - Gastrointestinal tract (Ingestion of contaminated water, food, soil) - Respiratory tract (Inhalation) - Mucous Membranes - Urogenital tract - Entry into the bloodstream - Vector or fomites - Transplacental (Congenital infections) 3. Define localized infection and systemic infection - Localized Infection occurs when the microbe enters the body and is confined to a specific area. Example: Cat bite abscess - Systemic Infection = the microbe spreads throughout the body usually in the bloodstream 4. List the ways that microbes exit from the body. What bodily fluids may contain pathogens? - Respiratory secretions (mucus, sputum, nasal discharge) - Saliva - Ocular discharge - Blood borne - Urine - Genital fluids - Feces
Reading Assignment #4: Infection and Disease
Written Assignment #4: Infection and Disease 1. Continue with the Disease Terminology definitions 2. Be able to list and identify the different phases of the infectious disease - incubation period - prodromal phase - clinical phase - decline phase - recovery phase 3. Define "incubation period", as it pertains to infectious disease - Time between infection and the appearance of signs and symptoms 4. Is an animal infectious to other animals only after it begins showing clinical signs? - The infectious microbe can be shed from these animals even if they are not showing clinical sign 5. What is meant by a "primary infection"? - Initial infection in a previously healthy person 6. What is meant by a "secondary infection"? - Infection that occurs in a person weakened by a primary infection