Violence Against Women final

Violence Against Women Act: its history and effects

1990's violent crime control and law enforcement implemented the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA). Gave 1 billion to programs designed to reduce and respond to violence against women. in 2000's the act was reauthorized to fund rape prevention and education, battered women's shelters, transitional housing for female victims of violence, addressed violence against older women and stalking. Violence against women act in 2013 was again reauthorized to expand housing for victims, protect victims of sexual assault, additional protections for dating violence on college campuses, and expands protection for LGBTQ survivors of violence from discrimination.

Steps critical to making the ability to leave the abuser and become a survivor (as per L&B)

7 stage process. A: Acknowledging their relationship is unhealthy, B: realizing it will not get better, C: experience a catalyst for leaving, D: Giving up the dream of an idealized committed relationship, E: accepting that it will never be over.

Routine Activities Theory: its components and what it predicts as regards crime and offenders

A person's routine activities and lifestyles place him or her at risk of being victimized. Risk is highest when motivated offenders, lack of capable guardianship, and suitable targets coalesce in time and space.

Six elements of the L&B definition of battering

A: Physical B: Sexual C: Psychological D: Stalking: E: Destruction of pets and property F: Dominance/control/isolation

safe haven laws

Allow mothers or caregivers in crisis to leave their babies at designated locations anonymously without risk of punishment.

anxiety

An affective disorder or state experienced as irrational and excessive fear and worry, which may be coupled with feelings of tension and restlessness, vigilance, irritability, and difficulty concentrating.

the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

An annual survey of selected American households conducted by the Bureau of Justice Statistics to determine the extent of criminal victimization-especially unreported victimization-in the United States

How typical was the 80 known rapes in a three year period in Missoula as per Krakauer

Average

What the voices of survivors of domestic violence indicate about reporting, staying in an abusive relationship and the danger inherent in trying to leave

Battered women stay and leave abusive relationships around 5 to 6 times. trying to leave can bring the abuser to violence.

The value of retraining in changing the prejudices of the medical, child protective and criminal justice system actors. What police training should include

CPS: keep the nonabuser and child together, hold the abuser accountable, set context of abuse for the courts, confront personal bias. Police: educate them on when women kill, who the primary aggressor is, stalking, effects on children, victim behaviors, officer as an abuser, typologies of abusers, and when women use violence.

deinstitutionalization

Closing institutions for mentally disordered people

Types of disabilities and vulnerability to abuse, most likely perpetrators

Developmental and physical disabilities, perps: kids in school, care givers

Types of homicide/murder, examples of them and their effects and the most effective responses to them

Excusable homicide: Homicide with no guilt. ex: swim instructor giving a lesson to two children, child needs inhaler, while she is getting it the second child drowns. Justifiable homicide: occurs in defense of life or property. Stand your ground laws and Castle Doctrine. criminal homicide: first degree murder, second degree murder, felony murder, manslaughter.

According to L&B the gender equivalence argument and studies are flawed because?

False assumptions about context of abuse, flaws in self reporting data, selection of questions used in CTS, lack of information on motivations for the violent act, little information about outcomes, inadequate measures of chronicity of violence prior to or after the study's timeline, insufficient measures of the survivors fear, false presumptions about gender equivalence, false assumptions about the equality of an occasional act.

Megan's Law

Federal legislation that promotes the establishment of state registration systems to maintain residential information on every person who kidnaps children, commits sexual crimes against children, or commits sexually violent crimes.

Homicides and the use of weapons and types of weapons

Firearms were used in 71% of homicides, handguns most common. 40% of murders during an argument.

Types of rapes and sexual victimization: their characteristics, percentage of victims that reported drug- or alcohol-facilitated or incapacitated rapes (5%), cost of the rape for the victim, percentage of false reports of rape cases (1.6%)

Forcible rape: rape through threat of force Drug/alcohol facilitated: rape while victim is under influence while being given alcohol without consent Incapacitated rape: Victim cannot consent because of self-induced consumption of alcohol. statutory rape: sex with individual under the age of consent, usually 18.

Minneapolis Domestic Violence Experiment and findings

Found that only 10% of offenders re-offended Led to Mandatory Arrest policies Not necessarily full recommendation of the study As of 2011, more than 20 states have mandatory arrest policies

guardian ad litem

Guardian ad litem appears in court to represent a child's best interests. court appointed special advocate.

Victims' Rights requirements

In all states: right to compensation, notification of rights, notification of court appearances, and the ability to submit victim impact statements before sentencing. other rights: restitution, dignity/respect, attend court, attend sentencing, right to bb protected from their offender, right to a speedy trial, and rights related to evidence. Goals: enhance victim privacy, protection, and participation.

The link between sexual victimization as an adult and as a child

Individuals who experience childhood sexual abuse are at risk for being victimized as an adult.

Victimization surveys: types and general findings

International Crime Victims Survey: Most recent survey (2004/2005) found almost 16% of population of 30 participating countries has been victim of crime National victimization surveys Local victimization studies Specialized victimization surveys

As per LaViolette and Barnett (L&B), the elements of the battering control pattern

Intimidation and pressure, withholding of financial or emotional support, issuance of ultimatums and accusations, and employment of children as confederates against the woman.

What does research on homicide tell us about victims, offenders, use of weapons, what precipitated the offense, etc.?

Males are more likely to be victims and offenders. Aged 18-24. Homicide is intraracial, within the same race, black people have higher to be victimized and offend than white people, etc. Homicide victimization and offending is highest in urban areas. Victims and offenders often knew each other. Firearms were used in 71% of homicides, handguns most common. 40% of murders during an argument. Homicides occur within victim's residence. In intimate partner homicides, 2/3 involved offenders under the influence.

Elder abuse: what it is and what forms it takes

Maltreatment of a person over the age of 60. Physical Elder abuse, Emotional/psychological elder abuse, Sexual elder abuse, Abandonment (deserted by person giving them care), financial exploitation illegal or improper usage of an elderly person's property, assets, or funds. Power of attorney abuse.

The Matthew Shephard and James Byrd Act added gender as a category of hate crimes

Mathew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crime Prevention Act (2009)—hate crimes based on gender and gender identity included in data collection

L&B argue that the prevailing model of masculinity needs to be changed to prevent interterpersonal violence (IPV)

Mirror cells in the brain respond to actions the same way whether an individual has personally executed the action himself or just observed it.

the National Incident Based Reporting System (NIBRS)

More advanced version of the UCR that groups reported crimes into A and B columns.

What crimes are most likely and least likely to be reported to the police and why?

Most likely: Larceny, Burglary, Simple Assault.Least likely: Rape, Robbery, Aggravated Assault, and Motor Vehicle Theft.Least reported because most people know the offender or they are an acquaintance. Features of the victimization and motivations for reporting are factors.

The student rapist in Lisak's study (as reported in Krakauer's book) described how he and his fraternity brothers engaged in rape on a regular basis. How did they do it? Who did they target and why?

Naïve Freshmen girls, they would get them really drunk of some punch made of sweet juice and hard alcohol and they would rape them.

low self-esteem

Negative self image, lack of confidence, results in women who are victims of sexual victimization. Also occurs in older Americans and African Americans who are victimized.

The purpose of shelters

Offer support services, form close relationships with people who are not their abuser.

Victim compensation, what it is and what it covers

Only victims of rape, assault, child sexual abuse, drunk driving, domestic violence, and homicide are eligible. Victims can be compensated for medical care cost, mental health treatment, funeral costs, and lost wages.

responses to trauma and its effects

PTSD: Fear, helplessness, horror. Self blame: person ascribes blame to a nonmodifiable source. vicarious victimization: ie the effects on the victims family. low self-esteem, depression and anxiety

As per Krakauer what happened in the Allison Huguet rape case? And Allison Huguet did not fight off her rapist because? She did not at first report the rape to the police because? And then the most important reason she reported the rape was? And she didn't tell her dad for a year and a half because? What happened immediately after Allison escaped from the rapist's house? How did Allison react in the year and a half after the rape? How did the rapist plea? What did he do after his plea?

Raped by childhood best friend, Beau Donaldson. She was scared he would hurt her because he is a giant. She did not report originally because Beau was a childhood friend and he agreed to stop drinking and get help. Beau and his friends were laughing at her in a bar when she saw them a year later. She realizes her repressed feelings are effecting her mental health.

Prison Rape Elimination Act (of 2003) and why it existed and accomplished.

Requires bureau of justice statistics to analyze prison rape incidences and effects

Personal factors that are related to less criminal engagement

Routine activities and risky lifestyles. Neighborhood context, peers, and family.

What circumstances or actions were likely to hurt the case of a rape victim (as per Krakauer)?

Showering, throwing away clothes. etc.

As described by Krakauer, what tactics were commonly used by rapists in Missoula?

Similar tactics to Lisak case, get the girls really drunk and then rape them.

The Victims' Rights Movement: its history, aims and effects.

Started in 1979 in Wisconsin. Goals are to enhance victim privacy, protection, and participation.

Lenore Walker's Cycle of Violence and its modification

Tension building < Acute or battering < Honeymoon

Uniform Crime Reports (UCRs)

The FBI's national crime reporting system, published annually as a report on Crime known to police in the United States.

vicarious victimization

The effects one person's victimization has on others

neglect

The failure to provide for a child or elder's basic needs. Food, Shelter, transportation, love, and care. Self neglect occurs in elderly people who top taking care of themselves.

sexual violence

Unwanted sexual contact, sexual coercion, and rape. Often involves someone close to the victim, includi9ng current or former intimate partners.

The community response to the rape culture in Missoula as reported by the media (as per Krakauer)?

Victim blaming, siding with the rapists,

learned helplessness

Victims learn that response is futile and become numb/passive.

The women's movement of the 1970s and its involvement in creating shelters and the recognition of women battering

When media attention focused on issues affecting women, violence became a topic. First shelter created in 1964

Why women report they do and don't leave their batterer

Why they don't leave: Love and commitment, children, lack of economic dependence, embarrassment, shame, fear. Why they do: When they have community support, counseling, shelters.

Reasons why victims do and do not report a crime

Why victims do report: To catch an offender/send a message. First important step in activating the criminal justice system. Reason's given for not reporting: Victimization was private, dealt with another way, not important enough, police could not help, and fear of reprisal.

The economic and religious ties that bind abused women to their batterers

Women and their children are economically dependent on the abuser. Women with strong religious beliefs feel bound to their relationship by the tenants of their religion. Depending on the religious beliefs towards women, some countries may beat women for not adhering to the religions morality.

Poverty and gender

Women represent 57.8% of economically poor adults

The intersection of race, ethnicity, income, age, sexual abuse and battering: which groups suffer the most, from what crimes and from what offenders

Women suffer the most, American indians/alaska natives have the most male partner violence. Most common amongst those in poverty.

Why women tend to commit homicide or violence in intimate partner relationships?

Women usually kill a husband or boyfriend who is abusive.

Same-sex intimate partner victims and their fear of being outed by the batterer

a form of abuse in same sex partner relationships is outing a partner to their family who is not aware of their sexuality.

depression

a mood disorder characterized by loss of interest, sadness, hopelessness, loss of appetite, disturbed sleep, and other physical symptoms, symptoms interfere with a person's everyday life.

PTSD and battered women: symptoms of, what other group they have been compared to (who also have PTSD)

a: reexperiencing the trauma through recurrent dreams B: Diminished responsiveness with disinterest in significant activities and feelings of detachment and estrangement from other C: Such symptoms as exaggerated startle response disturbed sleep, difficulty in concentrating or remembering, guilt about surviving, avoidance of activities that recall the event. Compared to Vietnam veterans.

School victimization of students (K-12 and college), teachers and staff: the types, characteristics, risk factors of victims and associated with locations and preventative measures

age 12-14, white youth, rural students face greater risks, types: bullying,

Most likely source of child maltreatment:

biological parents

stalking

course of conduct that is unwanted and harassing and would cause a reasonable person to be fearful.

dark figure of crime

crime that is not reported to the police

As discussed in the book by Krakauer, what were the circumstances of the Kelsey Belnap case and how did the criminal justice system react to it? What did they do or not do?

gang raped by football players. They all lied for each other and said the act was consensual. Detectives treat her like just another dunk girl, her friend also lies for the football players, who say she was moaning. Detective determines there is no probable cause.

The effects of psychological abuse

increases depression, lowers elf esteem, precedes aggression.

rape shield laws

laws that protect rape victims, for example, by limiting the introduction of evidence about their prior sexual behavior

Why LGBTQ+ persons and immigrant women are less likely to leave their abusers

little social support, alienated from family, isolated.

poly victimization

multiple types of victimization that occurs again at a much later point in a victim's life. Ie. childhood victimization vs adulthood.

Greatest source of abuse in institutions:

nursing aides

Recurring victimization

occurs more than once by any crime.

re-victimization

occurs more than once by any type of crime, but over much longer time.

repeat victimization

occurs more than once by the same crime

restitution

payment for an injury; compensation to victim by offenders

What happened in the Kaitlyn Kelly rape and its aftermath. How did the system respond.

raped by Calvin smith, the incel who thought it was consensual then watched her cry on the toilet. no criminal charges were sought by prosecution, but Smith was kicked out of the university.

As per Krakauer, what were the circumstances of the Keely Williams rape and how did the criminal justice system react to it? What did they do or not do?

raped by a boy she knew from high school in her first year at PSU.

victim precipitated homicide

refers to those killings in which the victim is a direct, positive precipitator of the incident

victim impact statements

statements by victims to the judge before sentencing about how the crime has harmed them

The Justice for All Act and its effect on rape kits

strengthened federal crime victim rights and provided funds to test backlog of rape kits.

How the community and football program (as depicted in the Krakauer book) reacted to the rape allegations by several women and the reporting about it in the media.

the community took the sides of the women, the football program supported the rapists.

justifiable homicide

the killing of a person in circumstances that allow the act to be regarded in law as without criminal guilt as it occurs in defense of life or property

According to L&B the criminal justice system is

the most effective response to stopping the abuse from battering

Personality traits and abused women

there is no distinct personality trait

Why the mentally ill are reticent to report a crime:

they fear not being believed

Workplace victimization: the types and characteristics

types: criminal intent incidents, customer/client incidents, worker on worker incidents, personal relationship incidents White people more often victimized in workplace, males and female equally likely to be violently victimized,

Lisak's summary of the research on rape (as per Krakuaer).

vast majority of rapes, over ninety percent, occur between non-strangers. The trauma of being raped by an acquaintance is no less severe than the trauma of being raped by a stranger. people like to think they would be able to recognize the type of person who might be a rapist, but that they can't. A rapist may even seem timid. People tend to imagine that a woman being raped would do anything in her power to avoid being raped, but most often women do not resist. Their fear is overwhelming. Sometimes they are afraid that, if they resist, they will be hurt even worse. After being raped, victims are often confused about what has happened to them and sometimes blame themselves.

intimate partner violence (IPV)

violence that occurs between individuals who maintain a romantic or sexual relationship

According to the appendices in the L&B book, the most likely victims of IPV are

women