Virology Exam 2
How many HPV cases are estimated worldwide? a) 660 million b) 6 million c) 1 billion d) 60 million
660 million
Match the following cases to the corresponding acquired immunity types (Passive or active and artificial or natural) A. Donor blood containing y-globulins and antibodies are used to treat patients. B. Vaccination produces antibodies and lymphocytes to protect the person upon future exposure to that microbe. C. Maternal IgG antibodies can pass across the placenta and protect an infant for a few months outside the womb. D. Childhood viral infections, e.g., measles, mumps, and rubella, can provide nearly lifelong immunity.
A. (passive, artificial) B. (active, artificial) C. (passive, natural) D. (active, natural)
What percent range of the 70 million chronic carriers of Hepatitis C are likely to develop hepatocellular carcinoma? A. 1-5% B. 5-10% C. 25-30% D. 50-65%
A. 1-5%
Which of the following proteins are expressed from Merkel cell polyomavirus late region? A. A major capsid protein VP1, and an interior capsid protein VP2 B. A major capsid protein VP1, and two interior capsid proteins VP2 and VP3 C. Large T antigen and small T antigen D. VP3
A. A major capsid protein VP1, and an interior capsid protein VP2
HeLa cells are the first immortal human cells to be grown in culture and the basis for countless significant scientific discoveries. They were isolated in 1951 from a cervical carcinoma derived from a 31-year-old named Henrietta Lacks. Which tumor-associated virus do HeLa cells contain? A. HPV B. SV40 C. EBV D. HIV
A. HPV
Which two HPV types cause both laryngeal papillomas and benign genital condylomas? A. HPV 6 and HPV 11 B. HPV 16 and HPV 18 C. HPV 2 and HPV 10 D. HPV 3 and HPV 10
A. HPV 6 and HPV 11
What is the most common sexually transmitted disease in the United States? A. HPV genital infections B. Chlamydia C. HIV infection D. None of the above
A. HPV genital infections
Herpes viruses contain a linear genome of . and have a capsid with . symmetry. A) dsDNA; icosahedral B) dsDNA; helical C) RNA; icosahedral D) RNA; helical
A. Herpesviruses have a genome of dsDNA and icosahedral symmetry.
Retroviruses mainly cause which forms of cancer? A. Leukemias, lymphomas, and sarcomas B. Melanomas, Myelomas C. Meningiomas, Glioblastomas D. Osteoblastomas, Osteosarcomas
A. Leukemias, lymphomas, and sarcomas
The two types of activated B-cells are: A. Memory and plasma B. Memory and killer C. CD4 and CD8 D. PAMPs and PRRs
A. Memory and plasma
Which immune cell that originates from a lymphoid progenitor is actually part of the innate immunity of the host? A. NK cell B. B cell C. CD4+ T cell D. CD8+ T cell
A. NK cell
Members of Papillomaviridae are ____ viruses with ____ capsids and circular ____ genomes. A. Naked, Icosahedral, dsDNA B. Naked, Helical, ssDNA C. Enveloped, Icosahedral, dsDNA D. Enveloped, Helical, ssRNA
A. Naked, Icosahedral, dsDNA
Which papillomavirus preferentially infects the oral or anogenital mucosa in humans and primates? A. Alphapapillomavirus B. Betapapillomavirus C. Mupapillomavirus D. Deltapapillomavirus
A. alphapapillomavirus
How are tumor viruses classified in different virus families? A. By their size B. By the nucleic acid of their genome C. By their route of infection D. By the types of diseases they cause
A. by their size
What type of virus is a large, brick-shaped virus with a linear genome of double-stranded DNA, about 130-175 kbp long? a. Poxviruses. b. Adenoviruses. c. Papillomaviruses. d. Polyomaviruses.
A. poxviruses
What is the best current proof that viruses can be carcinogenic? A. The lower incidence of cancer cases with virus prevention B. Viral RNA and DNA mutations have been found in 23% of cancer cases. C. The transformation of human viruses into cancers in lab rats D. Viral proteins are often not expressed in most cancers.
A. the lower incidence of cancer cases with virus prevention
One tenant of viral carcinogenesis is that one virus may be associated with more than one type of tumor. A) True B) False
A. true
Q: Cidofovir has been used to treat the following viral infections: Adenovirus, BKPyV, CMV, TSPyV. A. True B. False
A. true
The p53 gene is mutated in over half of all human cancers A. True B. False
A. true
Tumor viruses mediate changes in cell behavior by two general patterns. The tumor virus introduces a new transforming gene into the cell via "direct-acting", and can also alter the expression of a pre-existing cellular gene via "indirect-acting". True or false ? a. True b. False
A. true
Type C viruses may exist as either exogenous entities or endogenous entities A. True B. False
A. true
Which of the following are negative regulators of cell growth? A. Tumor suppressor genes B. Cellular oncogenes C. Proto-oncogenes D. Promoter genes
A. tumor suppressor genes
What type of virus is the immature precursor of type B virus? a.) Type A b.) Type B c.) Type C d.) None of the above
A. type A
True or False: using laboratory cells in culture to show a virus is tumorigenic is proof that the virus caused cancer. A) True B) False
B) False. You need other tests, like prevention of viral infection coorelating to decrease tumor incidence.
A virus that is capable of infecting members of its natural host species, as well as one or several heterologous species would be classified as: A. Ecotropic B. Amphotropic C. Xenotropic D. Omnitropic
B. Amphotropic
Which type of retrovirus has the broadest host range? a. Ecotropic viruses b. Amphotropic viruses c. Xenotropic viruses d. Endogenous viruses
B. Amphotropic viruses
How can B cell be distinguished from T cell? A. B cells have a large nucleus-to-cytoplasm ratio. B. B cells have surface immunoglobulin. C. T cells mature in the bone marrow. D. Extensive gene recombinations occur in B cells.
B. B cells have surface immunoglobulin
What is the function of the large T Antigen in human polyomavirus? A. Binds and inactivates cellular protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) B. Binds the p53 and pRb driving the cell from G1 to S phase C. Major capsid protein responsible for absorption +hemagglutination activities of the virus D. Binds cyclin D1 and cyclin A
B. Binds the p53 and pRb driving the cell from G1 to S phase
Retroviruses can be classified as either exogenous or endogenous. Which of the following is TRUE? A) Exogenous retroviruses are spread vertically and endogenous retroviruses are spread horizontally B) Gene sequences of exogenous viruses are found only in infected cells; endogenous viruses are found in all cells C) Endogenous viruses are always pathogenic for their host animals D) Retroviruses may not be transmitted through the germ line
B. Exogenous viruses found in infected cells and endogenous viruses found in all cells
To produce IgM antibody to an antigen, a B-cell must interact with CD4 T-cell. A. True B. False
B. False
Which of the following is a RNA tumor virus? A) Human Papillomavirus (HPV) B) Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) C) Hepatitis B Virus (HBC) D) Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (KSPV)
B. HCV
Which virus has NOT been found to cause cancer in humans? A. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) B. HIV C. HPV D. HTLV-1 E. MCPyV
B. HIV
A UNH student gets two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine. After the first dose, which class of antibodies will first appear? After the second, or booster dose, what class of antibodies will predominate? A. IgM; IgM B. IgM; IgG C. IgG; IgM D. IgG, IgG
B. IgM; IgG
Macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils are: A. adaptive immune cells that generate antibodies to antigens of microorganisms. B. innate immune cells that phagocytose and destroy microorganisms C. adaptive immune cells that present antigen to the adaptive immune system on MHC I D. innate immune cells that present antigen to the adaptive immune system on MHC I
B. Innate immune cells that phagocytose and destroy microorganisms
Which of the following cells are able to differentiate into antigen presenting macrophages and dendritic cells? A. Lymphoid progenitor cells B. Monocytes C. Natural killer (NK) cells. D. Neutrophils
B. Monocytes
Most RNA tumor viruses belong to which group? A. Poxvirus B. Retrovirus C. Adenovirus D. Herpesvirus
B. Retrovirus
Which of the following statements is false regarding retroviruses? a. The retrovirus genome consists of two identical subunits of single-stranded positive-sense RNA. b. Retroviruses have been isolated from essentially all invertebrate species. c. Exogenous retroviruses can be spread horizontally and initiate infection and transformation only after contact. d. Endogenous retroviruses are retroviruses spread vertically through the germ line and is a constant part of the genetic constitution of an organism.
B. Retroviruses have been isolated from virtually all vertebrate species.
Q: Choose the most accurate description of the HPV "canyon protein". A. A capsid protein that binds heparin sulfate proteoglycans. B. A capsid protein exposed by a conformational change in L1. C. It is an attachment protein that allows HPV to enter the basal membrane. D. It is encoded by the L1 Late gene of the viral genome.
B. a capsid protein exposed by a conformational change in L1
An example of artificial active immunity would be: A. Chickenpox infection is followed by lifelong immunity B. Chickenpox vaccine triggers extended immunity to chickenpox C. Giving a person immune serum globulins to chickenpox virus after exposure to the disease D. A fetus acquiring maternal IgG to the chickenpox virus across the placenta
B. chickenpox vaccine triggers extended immunity to chickenpox
The human polyomaviruses BK and JC infection usually occurs when a) adulthood b) childhood c) no particular time frame d) in utero
B. childhood
Which of the following viruses is responsible for Hodgkin's Disease? a. Human papillomaviruses b. Epstein-Barr virus c. Merkel cell virus d. Hepatitis B virus
B. epstein-barr virus
Since retroviruses lack a transforming (onc) gene, they are able to transform cells in tissue culture, however they can not transform precursor cells in blood-forming tissues in Vivo. a. True b. False
B. false
In certain viral systems, virus-transformed cells can release _____ that affect the phenotype of neighboring uninfected cells, which contributes to the formation of tumors. a. Rh factors b. Growth factors c. Beta cells d. P53 gene
B. growth factors
Natural Killer cells are: A. innate immune cells that recognize virally infected cells or extracellular virus, and then either kill the cells and virus or phagocytose the cells and virus. B. innate immune cells that recognize virally infected cells and kill the infected cells. C. adaptive immune cells that recognize the extracellular virus and kill the virus. D. adaptive immune cells that recognize extracellular virus and virally infected cells.
B. innate immune cells that recognize virally infected cells and kill the infected cells
human lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) have a marked affinity for: A. B cells B. Mature T lymphocytes C. naive T lymphocytes D. NK cells
B. mature T lymphocytes
Which of the following is not classified as a DNA tumor virus? A. Adenovirus B. Provirus C. Papillomavirus D. Hepadnavirus
B. provirus (this is not a tumor virus but the DNA copy of the RNA genome in retroviruses)
What characterizes a stable change of a cell to a neoplastic cell? A. The DNA sequence changes many times. B. The retention of viral genomes in the cell C. The viral genome not being integrated into the host cell. D. Crossing over of genetic data
B. the retention of viral genomes in the cell
A feature of retroviruses is that they are not cytolytic. What does this mean? A. The virus kills the cell from which they replicated B. The virus does not kill the cell from which they replicated C. The virus releases cytotoxic particles that kill the cell from which they replicated D. The virus cannot infect cytotoxic T-cells.
B. the virus does not kill the cell from which it replicated
Which of the following is NOT true about skin warts? A. They are usually seen on the hands and feet. B. They can become malignant over time. C. They are caused by HPV types 1, 2, 3, 4, and 10. D. Skin warts can have an incubation period that lasts months.
B. they can become malignant over time
What is the function of permissive cells in terms of replication of a virus? A. To lyse the host cell in order for them to be transformed B. To support viral growth and production of a progeny virus C. To oppose viral growth and production of a progeny virus D. None of the above
B. to support viral growth and production of a progeny virus
What is the nature of the Cervarix vaccine? A. Live, attenuated B. Virus like particles C. Inactivated D. RNA vaccine
B. virus like particles
Which of the following is NOT true of DNA tumor viruses? A. DNA tumor viruses carry genes that encode for viral replication B. DNA tumor viruses transforming proteins can complex with normal cell proteins to alter the function C. DNA tumor viruses contain an RNA-directed DNA polymerase D. DNA tumor viruses do not have normal homologs
C.
Which of the following is false about viral carcinogenesis? a. Viral markers are usually present in tumor cells b. Viruses are not usually complete carcinogens c. Viruses only cause cancer in humans d. Viral strains differ in oncogenic potential
C.
Approximately how many new cases of cancer worldwide every year, are likely related to viral infection? A. 10,000 B. 100,000 C. 1 million D. 10 million
C. 1 million
What percent of all human tumors worldwide have a viral cause: A. 5-8% B: 10-12% C. 15-20% D. 20-25%
C. 15-20%
Approximately how long are the subunits of RNA retroviruses? A. 11-16 kb B. 4-6 kb C. 7-11 kb D. 20-25 kb
C. 7-11 kb
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding CD8 cells? A. CD8 cells interact with antigen presented on MHC II protein. B. CD8 cells are also known as "Helper T-Cells". C. CD8 cells secrete cytotoxic chemicals into an infected cell. D. CD8 cells release cytokines which further define the T-cell.
C. CD8 cells secrete cytotoxic chemicals into an infected cell
Which of the following statements regarding CD8+ T cells and Natural Killer (NK) cells is CORRECT? A. NK cells use perforins and granzymes to kill target cells, while CD8+ T cells do not B. CD8+ T cells respond to infection before NK cells C. CD8+ T cells require activation by antigen presenting cells (APCs), while NK cells do not D. All of the statements above are correct
C. CD8+ T cells require activation by antigen presenting cells (APCs), while NK cells do not
Which member of the Herpesviridae family is etiologically linked to Burkitt's lymphoma? A. Herpes simplex virus B. Varicella zoster virus C. Epstein-Barr virus D. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus
C. Epstein-Barr virus
Which of the following oncoviruses carries an RNA genome? A. EBV B. HBV C. HCV D. HPV E. KSHV
C. HCV
What is the most common viral infection of the reproduction tract? A. Genital Herpes B. HIV Infections C. HPV Genital Infections D. Hepatitis B Viral Infections
C. HPV genital infections
Which of the following is not true regarding Hepatitis B virus? A. More than 250 million people are living with a Hep B infection worldwide B. Viral infection can lead to necrosis, inflammation, and liver regeneration C. Member of the Polyomaviridae familyCauses high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma D. Woodchucks serve as an excellent model for Hep B infections in humans
C. Hepatitis B is part of the Hepadnaviridae family.
Hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with which virus: A. Hepatitis A B. Hepatitis B C. Hepatitis C D. Orthohepadnavirus
C. Hepatitis C
Which of the following groups is NOT used to classify human DNA tumor viruses? A. Papilloma- B. Hepadna- C. Hypo- D. Poxviruses
C. Hypo-
______ is the most abundant antibody in human sera. A. IgA B. IgE C. IgG D. IgM
C. IgG
Which of the following is not true regarding polyomaviruses? A. They are simple DNA viruses with 6-7 genes B. Contains the tumor virus SV40 C. Late region genes are only expressed in transformed cells D. None of the above
C. Late region genes code for the synthesis of the coat protein, they have no role in transformation, and are usually not expressed within transformed cells.
Xenotropic viruses can replicate in_______ a. Only in cells from animals of the original host species b. Cells of the natural host and the heterologous species as well c. Some heterologous cells but not in cultures cells from the natural host d. None of the above
C. Some heterologous cells but not in cultures cells from the natural host
Which cell type would not be present in a boy born without a thymus? A. NK cell B. B cell C. T cell D. Macrophages E. Neutrophils
C. T-cell
Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding T-Cells? A. T-independent antigens are large, repetitive structures that possess the ability to activate the B-cell directly. B. T-dependent antigens are generally proteins that require T-cell interaction with a B-cell. C. T-independent antigens produce all 5 classes of antibodies. D. T-independent antigens do not require T-cell interaction with a B-cell.
C. T-independent antigens produce all 5 classes of antibodies
Which RNA virus type represents the largest group of retroviruses, which may be exogenous or endogenous, has electron-dense centrally located nucleoids, and includes lentiviruses? A. Type A B. Type B C. Type C D. Type D
C. Type C
Which of the following retroviruses lacks a morphologically recognizable intracytoplasmic form? a. Type A b. Type B c. Type C d. Type D
C. Type C
T cells are produced in the ______ and mature in the _______ A. bone marrow; spleen B. bone marrow; bone marrow C. bone marrow; thymus D. spleen; thymus
C. bone marrow; thymus
What type of virus can replicate only in cells from animals of the origin host species? A. Xenotropic B. Amphotripic C. Ecotropic D. None of the above
C. ecotropic
Acute infections and different types of tumors are linked to what type of virus? A. Papillomavirus B. Poxvirus C. Herpesvirus D. Adenovirus
C. herpesvirus
What is the most common viral infection of the reproductive tract? a. Herpes simplex virus b. Human immunodeficiency virus c. Human papillomavirus d. Hepatitis B virus
C. human papillomavirus
Which of the following in NOT a major way to contract HPV? A. Sexual transmission B. Skin to skin contact C. Inhalation D. via contaminated fomites E. Mother to newborn transfer via birth canal
C. inhalation
a characteristic of Adenoviruses is? a) it is an RNA virus b) it always has spike proteins c) it is nonenveloped d) all of the above
C. it is nonenveloped
Which of the following factors is NOT associated with Burkitt's lymphoma formation? A. Malarial infection B.Infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) C.Reduced c-Myc protein levels D.HIV infection
C. reduced c-Myc protein levels (should be increased since myc is an oncogene)
What layer of the skin does papillomavirus assembly take place? A. stratum corneum B. stratum granulosum C. upper stratum spinosum D. stratum basale E. dermis
C. upper stratum spinosum
Which region of the human papillomavirus genome contains the origin of replication and enhancer and promoter sequences? a. Late open reading frames b. Early open reading frames c. Upstream regulatory region d. Downstream regulatory region
C. upstream regulatory region
Which of the following is true about Cellular Oncogenes? A. They are fully responsible for the molecular makeup of human cancer. B. When expressed incorrectly it very rarely causes problems. C. Leads to the inactivation of both alleles in a trait. D. Partly responsible for many processes including regulating cell proliferation, division, and differentiation and for maintaining the integrity of the genome.
D.
Once cervical cells begin to change, roughly how many years does it take before invasive cervical cancer develops? A. 1-2 months B. 1-3 years C. 3-5 years D. 10-15 years
D. 10-15 years
What percentage of the healthy population are infected with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), which is usually asymptomatic? A. 1% B. 10% C. 50% D. 95%
D. 95%
Which of the following are crucial tumor suppressor genes? A. p53 B. Rb C. Src D. A and B E. A and C
D. A and B (p53 and Rb)
Which of the following virions or virus-like particles or viral proteins will prevent sheep red blood cells from forming a red-colored dot in the round-bottom well of a tissue culture plate after overnight incubation? A. BK polyomavirus VP2 or VP3 protein. B. Merkel cell polyomavirus VP2 protein. C. A chimeric polyomavirus that consists of Merkel cell polyomavirus early region and BK polyomavirus late region. D. A chimeric polyomavirus that consists of BK polyomavirus early region and Merkel cell polyomavirus late region.
D. A chimeric polyomavirus that consists of BK polyomavirus early region and Merkel cell polyomavirus late region.
Which of the following are encoded genes found in specific antigens that make up the outer membrane of retrovirus particles? A. Env B. Rb C. Gag D. Both A and C E. Both A and B
D. Both A and C
E6 and E7 are two important proteins expressed by HPV during infection. What are their roles? A. E6 binds the vDNA and promotes entry to the host nucleus; E7 binds CD151 on basal epithelial cells, promoting macropinocytosis of virions. B. E6 binds CD151 on basal epithelial cells, promoting macropinocytosis of virions; E7 binds the vDNA and promotes entry to the host nucleus. C. E6 binds pRB and prevents pRB-E2F interaction, promoting cell growth; E7 promotes ubiquitination of p53, preventing apoptosis. D. E6 promotes ubiquitination of p53, preventing apoptosis; E7 binds pRB and prevents pRB-E2F interaction, promoting cell growth.
D. E6 promotes ubiquitination of p53, preventing apoptosis; E7 binds pRB and prevents pRB-E2F interaction, promoting cell growth.
Most tumor viruses either have a DNA genome or generate a DNA provirus after host cell infection. What virus is the exception to this? A. Hepatitis B Virus B. HPV Virus C. Polio Virus D. Hepatitis C Virus
D. Hepatitis C
Why is the inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) recommended in the United States instead of the oral live attenuated vaccine (OPV) for routine immunizations? A. IPV initiates lifelong immune response. B. IPV promotes Herd immunity. C. Smaller amounts of the IPV are required. D.IPV cannot cause disease. E. IPV is easier to administer to children.
D. IPV cannot cause disease
Which of the following genera of the Retroviridae family are capable of causing cytolytic activity? A. Gammaretrovirus B. Epsilonretrovirus C. Spumavirus D. Lentivirus
D. Lentivirus (Human immunodeficiency virus belongs to the Lentivirus genus and is a cytolytic virus)
Retroviruses contain a(n) . genome and a(n) . -directed DNA polymerase. A) DNA, DNA B) DNA, RNA C) RNA, DNA D) RNA, RNA
D. RNA, RNA
What type of retrovirus occurs only intracellularly and appears to be non-infectious? A. Type D B. Type C C. Type B D. Type A
D. Type A
Papillomaviruses and Polyomaviruses were originally classified into the same family but were separated into distinct virus families based on differences in their genome organization and biology. What qualities do these two viruses have similarities in? A. Morphology B. Both DNA Tumor Viruses C. Transforming Capabilities D. All of the above
D. all of the above
What are the criteria for establishing a virus as the only etiologic agent of a specific cancer? a. Viral infection should precede the tumor b. The geographic distribution of viral infection should coincide with that of the tumor c. The presence of viral markers should be higher in cases than in controls d. All of the above
D. all of the above
What characteristic led to the separation of papillomaviruses from the Papovaviridae family? A. Nucleic acid composition B. Transforming capabilities C. Differences in genome organization and biology D. All of the above
D. all of the above
Which of the following does not result in cancer if they are incorrectly expressed? A. Src-gene and Myc-gene B. Jun-gene and Sis-gene C. erb-B-gene and Ha-ras-gene D. All of the above can result in cancer.
D. all of the above can result in cancer
Which portion of the HPV viral life cycle occurs in the upper layer of the stratum spinosum? A. Establishment B. Replication C. Maintenance D. Amplification
D. amplification
Which type of human polyomavirus is most widely distributed in human populations? A. BK B. JC C. HPyV7 D. Both A and B
D. both A and B
What is the characteristic of the Hepatitis B virus? a) RNA tumor virus b) DNA tumor virus c) Can be a significant cause of chronic liver disease d.) both b and c
D. both b and c
The circular dsDNA genome of Human papillomavirus is bound to which of the following proteins? A. viral protein E6 B. viral protein E7 C. cell-derived tRNA D. cellular histone proteins
D. cellular histone proteins
Which is an important characteristic of retroviruses? a. Naked virus b. Virions escape through lysis c. DNA genome d. Contain reverse transcriptase enzymes
D. contain reverse transcriptase enzymes
Which treatment of HPV causes blisters to form under and around the wart? A. salicylic acid B. trichloroacetic acid C. 10% podophyllin D. cryotherapy
D. cryotherapy
The hepatitis B virus belongs to the Hepadnaviridae family. What family does Hepatitis C virus belong to? A) Hepadnaviridae B) Herpesviridae C) Retroviridae D) Flaviviridae
D. flaviviridae
Retrovirus particles contain the helical ribonucleoprotein within an _____ capsid surrounded by an outer membrane which contains _______. a. Icosahedral; lipids only b. Naked; lipids only c. Naked; glycoproteins and lipids d. Icosahedral; glycoproteins and lipids
D. icosahedral; glycoproteins and lipids
What types of cancer does Papillomavirus NOT cause? A) Cervical B) Oral C) Penile D) Kidney
D. kidney cancer
Which of the following types of tumors are NOT caused by retroviruses? A. Leukemias B. Lymphomas C. Sarcomas D. Melanomas
D. melanomas
What is the time window for cervical cancer to develop? A) 3-5 days B) 6 months C) 1 year D) Multiple years-decades
D. multiple year - decades
Which immune cells present both MHC I and MHC II? A. Macrophages B. B cells C. Dendritic cells D. Dendritic cells and Macrophages E. All of the above
E. All of the above
Which of the following are ways to prove that a virus causes cancer in humans? A. Distribution of infection coincides with the tumor B. Higher presence of markers in cases than controls C. Tumor induction in laboratory animals/transformation of cultured human cells D. Both B and C E. Both A and B
E. Both A and B (tumor induction and human cell transformation are not proof of a virus causing a specific human cancer)
In experiments in which rat embryo fibroblasts were transfected with suspected oncogenes, introduction of which of the following genes transformed the cells? A.Mycalone B. H-Rasalone C.E1Aalone D. Both Mycand E1Atogether E. Both Mycand H-Rastogether
E. Both Myc and H-Ras together
Which of the following virus proteins does NOT bind protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A)? A. SV40 small T B. Murine polyomavirus middle T C. Murine polyomavirus small T D. Merkel cell polyomavirus small T E. None of the above
E. None of the above (small and middle T both bind to PP2A)
What is an example of a viral evasion strategy for avoiding detection and recognition by the immune system? A. Restricted expression of viral genes B. Mutation of viral antibodies C. Infection of sites that are inaccessible to immune responses D. Infection and suppression of essential immune cells E. All of the above
E. all of the above
Which of the following, if incorrectly expressed, might interrupt cell regulation and result in the uncontrolled growth of cells, or cancer? a. Tyrosine-specific protein kinases. b. Growth factors. c. GTP-binding proteins. d. Nuclear transcription factors. e. All of the above.
E. all of the above
Which of the following statements accurately describes papillomaviruses? a. Papillomaviruses have a helical capsule. b. Composition is made of 90% DNA and 10% protein. c. Is a significant cause of cancer, specifically cervical cancer. d. Replication occurs in the nucleus. e. Both c and d.
E. both c and d
RNA tumor viruses are also called retroviruses
False
True or False: oncogenesis can occur only through the activation of specific genes. a. True b. False
False
Viral oncogenes expressed by DNA tumor viruses are not essential for replication
False
T/F: The Moderna vaccine trains the immune system to fight off Melanoma. Moderna's cancer vaccine can be used to prevent melanoma
False because melanoma is not caused by a virus
SV40 (Simian virus 40) is a small DNA tumor virus that can cause tumors in rodents. SV40 has been introduced into the human population through contaminated polio vaccines produced using monkey kidney cells in the 1950s and 1960s. Those people who were exposed to SV40 virus through contaminated polio vaccines could develop cancer caused by SV40.
False, SV40 is not efficient to make cancer in humans
True or false: Anogenital cancers are the only cancer forms that can be caused by papillomaviruses in humans.
False. (Papillomaviruses have also been linked to cancers of the mouth and throat)
A 35-year-old woman came into her doctor's office for a routine pap smear. The cells were stained and viewed under the microscope. The patient notes a history of unprotected sex. Which of the following is the most likely causative agent of the patient's cancerous cervical cells? A. HPV-2 B. HPV-6 C. HPV-11 D. HPV-16
HPV-16
Where does HPV bind during absorption? A. L2 binds to the hosts basal cells B. L1 binds to surface receptors of granular cells C. L1 binds to heparin sulfate proteoglycans on basement membrane D. L2 binds to heparin sulfate proteoglycans on basement membrane
L1 binds to heparin sulfate proteoglycans on basement membrane
Why is cancer so difficult to treat? And is it contagious?
Not contagious, cancer uses our own flesh, have to find very narrow therapeutic treatment to target cancer cells and not normal cells
The Pfizer and Moderna COVID-19 vaccines are examples of a/an: A. RNA vaccine used for active immunization B. subunit vaccine used for active immunization C. RNA vaccine used for passive immunization D. subunit vaccine used for passive immunization
RNA vaccine used for active immunization
Which are the primary lymphoid organs?
Thymus and bone marrow
Why do you have to transfect 293 cells?
To be able to amplify recombinant adenoviral plasmids
Not all infections with human cancer viruses can lead to tumor formation
True
True or False: The SV40 large tumor (T) antigen is essential for the viral replication of DNA transformative viruses in permissive cells.
True
True/False: HPV vaccines are not effective at treating established disease.
True
about 20% of human cancers are associated with viruses
True
Did moderna + pfizer use non-replicating or self-amplifying?
Used non-replicating mRNA construct
Which of the following tenets regarding carcinogens is false? a. Viruses can cause cancer in both humans and animals. b. Tumor viruses frequently establish persistent infections in natural hosts. c. One virus may only be associated with one type of tumor. d. Viruses may be either direct- or indirect-acting carcinogenic agents.
c. one virus may be associated with more than one type of tumor
A/An ________ is the specific three-dimensional structure of antigen that is recognized by the specific antibody or TCR
conformational epitope
True or False: Endogenous viruses are usually not pathogenic to their host animals.
true
True or False: Human papillomaviruses and adenoviruses both target p53 and pRb in host cells. a. True b. False
true
True or False: The p53 gene is a tumor suppressor gene that stops cell cycle and makes damaged DNA go under apoptosis A) True B) False
true
