Virtual Reality Final

Media Ideology

"how people understand both the communicative possibilities and the material limitations of a specific channel, and how they conceive of channels in general"

Summarize the Weis & Cerankosky article about the effects of video game ownership on boys' academic and behavioral functioning

-Boys in the video game condition spent more time playing video games and less time engaged in after-school academic activities than comparison children -Boys in the video game condition also had lower reading and writing scores and greater teacher-reported academic problems at follow-up than comparison children -Amount of video-game play mediated the relationship between video-game ownership and academic outcomes.

Strayers Model

-Cognitive- distraction by thought, can happen while conversing with others -Visual- looking at something other than the road -Manual- when the driver take sone or more hand off the wheel for GPS, eating, or other activities

Name the four types of adolescence proposed by Marcia

-Foreclosed Identity -Identity Diffusion -Moratorium -Identity Achievement

Who is likely to intervene bullying?

-Individuals in high empathy measures -High levels of extraversion -High levels of self-efficacy -People who feel morally responsible and believe bullying is wrong

Most dangerous driving distractions least to most

-Talking to passenger in the car -Listening to music -Talking on phone manual & hand free -Texting

Erikson stages

-Trust vs. Mistrust 0-2 -Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt 2-5 -Industry vs. Inferiority 5-11 -Identity vs. Confusion adolescence -Generativity vs. Stagnatism early adulthood -Integrity vs. Despair middle age

Differences between cyberbullying and actual bullying include:

-Unlimited number of bystanders with cyberbullying -Anonymity (temporary email accounts, for example) -Inability to escape the bullying behaviors and non-simultaneity (not attached to a space or time)

Summarize the results of the Anderson (2010) article

-VGV exposure was positively correlated with aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, and aggressive affect across experimental, cross-sectional, and longitudinal studies. -VGV exposure was related to desensitization/lack of empathy and to lack of prosocial behavior -Significant longitudinal effect on both aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, and empathy/desensitization . -Less of a longitudinal effect on aggressive affect and prosocial behavior.

Virtual World

-a computer-based environment that can simulate physical presence in places in the real world, as well as in imaginary worlds Second Life Club Penguin Webkinz Word of Warcraft Call of Duty

Avoidant Attachment

-often it's associated with early childhood trauma -adults with this attachment style fear relationships and expect to get hurt -will avoid or ignore the caregiver and show little emotion when the caregiver departs or returns; not much exploration whether caregiver is in the room or not

Issues related to the provision of cybertherapy:

-technological competence -confidentiality, privacy, and other ethical concerns -licensing and qualifications -establishing identity -efficacy of cybertherapy alone

Common elements of a cybertherapy practice according to the following organizations: APA, the ATA, and Telescope:

1) Must adhere to local law 2) Practitioner must be competent both in field and with technology 3) Client also must be competent with technology 4) Informed consent 5) Adequate assurances about confidentiality 6) Ongoing assessment re: appropriateness of cybertherapy 7) Emergency Planning

Texting while cycling increases your accident risk by...

1.4%

What percentage of individuals appear to be able to multitask when driving a car?

2%

What percentage of college students send and receive text messages while in class?

90%

E-therapy

?

Positive Technology

?

Sparx is

A video game created in New Zealand to help adolescents combat depression

Online dating provides which services?

Acces- probably its best feature is it's ability to provide -access to people who live in rural areas, or who are sexual minorities. However sometimes people get overwhelmed by the sheer quantity of choices and become sloppy in their decision making. -Communication- at first it's helpful, but after while, people start to misinterpret cues in text messages/emails. It's best to meet soon after the first communication -Matching- probably the poorest feature of online dating and there is no evidence to suggest it works, or that we completely understand who will match up, with each other

Oculus Rift is

An audiovisual headset designed to make computer games a more immersive experience

Eliza

An early example of AI, intended to simulate a Rogerian therapist→ person-centered

Name social phenomena that occur in virtual worlds

Business transactions Support groups Friendship Sex and dating Virtual dancing

Name the major safety concerns that are present in MovieStar Planet

Cyberbullying Grooming by a sex predator Self-harm/threats that are expressed online

Discuss Internet addiction. Talk about why it was not yet included in the DSM-V.

DSM says Internet Gaming Disorder is a diagnoses warranting further study, Diagnoses must give you information about the individual. May not overlap with other diagnoses.

Aspects of E-health

Electronic health records ePrescribing Telemedicine Consumer health informatics Health knowledge management Healthcare Information Systems

How many games were early gaming consoles able to play?

First generation consoles could play just one. Second generation consoles were able to play more than one.

Gunther Anders

Gunther Anders was a technological pessimist and said that the role of television was taking away from real-life experiences -He was mostly responding to the proliferation of nuclear weapons after WWII.

Requirements of the scientific method

Independence, Falsifiability, Repeatability, Representativeness

Quackenbush et al., (2015) tested which part of Mary Ainsworth's theory?

It tested the supposition that attachment requires occasional physical proximity with the significant other. Debbie says no. -Created by Mary Ainsworth: a baby is with their mother in a playroom, observe behavior. Observe when the mother leaves, observe when the stranger tries to comfort them, observe when the mother comes back in.

Be able to summarize Hofer's work on Skyping with parents, while studying abroad

It's negatively correlated with measures of autonomy. They perceive communication with parents to be less than usual, but it is actually the same as when they are in the States. Students perceive this percieve lesser communication with their parents as a sense of freedom, glad to immerse in the experience, and frustrated.

First console

Magnavox Odyssey

The first handheld game system was called

Nintendo 'game and watch'

First successful video game

Pong

Know some of the problems associated with doing research online, or in a virtual world

Problems are: really difficult to control; many outside variables regarding individual differences and environment for people online → homophily is drawback, polarizing subjects and topics online

Talk about Widyanto and Griffiths (2007) definition that they use for research purposes

Salience Mood Modification Interpersonal Conflict Tolerance Withdrawal Relapse Potential

Ainsworth's four types of attachment

Secure Dismissive Avoidant Anxious Ambivalent

The first game available on a mobile phone was

Snake

Qualities Used to Define Cybertherapy

Synchronous vs. asynchronous (real time vs. not) Automated vs. interpersonal (computer vs. human) Invisible/present (sense of the therapist there)

The first computer game

Tennis for Two created in NY, in 1958

Talk about the effect of violent video games on violence, especially as it relates to the Anderson article

The evidence strongly suggests that exposure to violent video games is a causal risk factor for increased aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, and aggressive affect and for decreased empathy and prosocial behavior.

Know some of the strategies that are used to protect children, online

The use of moderators Web filtering Collaborating with local law enforcement

Mirror Neurons

a neuron that fires both when we acts and when someone around us acts -responsible for empathy and necessary for good parenting

Presence

a sense of 'being there' can be heightened by immersion

Identity Diffusion

a state where the adolescent experiences neither crisis or commitment and is not actively exploring his or her sense of self -easily influenced by peers and may often change opinions or behavior

Social Robot

an autonomous robot that interacts and communicates with humans

Mary Ainsworth

attachment is maintained through physical proximity

Grooming

befriending and establishing an emotional connection with a child, and sometimes the family, to lower the child's inhibitions for child sexual abuse

Identity Achievement

both crisis and commitment are present, eventually commits to a particular sense of self, accepting responsibility

Cyberbullying

bullying someone through the use of the Internet or social media sites Risk factors for victimization: Low sociability, previous history of having bullied, engaging in risky online behaviors, lying about one's age

Falsifiability

can the experiment be proved false, if so, would have to tweak it

Repeatability

can the experiment be repeated again by other scientists and still gain the same outcome

Representativeness

can the experiment be represented to a different or outside population; data must be collected correctly and at the right time

Independence

can the experiment have the same outcomes every time, consistent; multiple lines of evidence conclude to the same outcome

Foreclosed Identity

characterized by the presence of commitment and the absence of exploration -although adolescent is satisfied with his or her sense of identity, it is drawn from authority figures and the youth may tend to be rigid and conformist

The first commercially available computer game was

computer space (available in arcades)

Anxious Ambivalent Attachment

develops when the parents are inconsistent, leading to uncertainty in the child -adults feel negatively about themselves, are insecure in relationships, fearing rejection -anxious of exploration and of strangers, even when the caregiver is present. When the caregiver departs, the child is extremely distressed; will seek to remain closer to caregiver

Cybertherapy

digitally-mediated counseling and psychotherapy

Construct validity

examines the question: Does the measure behave like the theory says a measure of that construct should behave? (are you measuring what you're supposed to be measuring?)

Marshall McLuhan

famous media scientist in Canada "the medium is the message"

Digital Pessimist

finding ways that technology distracts or misleads humankind; mindset that technology does not connect and aid people to be better and have more capabilities

Dewey & Education

first IQ test

Cathexis

fixation or obsession (attachment) to an object

Sigmund Freud

founder of psychoanalysis. Mostly conducted case studies as research, 1890

Simultaneity

happening, existing, at done at the same time, Kofoed -highlights ubiquitous nature of cyber bullying - "Plurality of Position" players are always shifting roles

Sampling

how we obtain our sample, for example, random sampling

Reliability

internal consistency

External Validity

is the extent to which the results of a study can be generalized to other situations and to other people

Artificial Intelligence

is the mind/inner workings of any type of robot machine; not the physical robotic structure

Digital Optimist

looking for positive outcomes of new technologies or how they can better be of use to connect and aid people globally

John Bowlby

mature attachment relations are reciprocal

True-Experiment

participants are randomly assigned to either treatment or the control group

Qualitative

primarily exploratory research used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations -provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research -it's done more often in EU than in the US.

Internal Validity

reflects the extent to which a causal conclusion based on a study is warranted. Such warrant is constituted by the extent to which a study minimizes systematic error (or 'bias')

Meta Analysis

researchers look at a large amount of existing research and analyzes it, when the treatment effect (or effect size) is consistent from one study to the next, meta-analysis can be used to identify this common effect

Homophily

similar individuals have a tendency to associate -explains some "group think" phenomena seen on social media

Digital Immigrant

somebody who didn't grow up with the Internet and other forms of modern technology -there is research that shows that there is structural brain differences between the two

Digital Native

somebody who grew up with the internet and other forms of modern technology

Supertasker

someone who has proven to be successful at multitasking, only 2.5% of the population are supertaskers

Criterion validity

statistical

Correlational

studying association/correlation between two different groups -Quantitative method -correlation does NOT mean causation -Testing the relationship between 2 groups

Transactive memory

suggests that groups, as opposed to individuals, collectively encode and store bits of information that individual members of the group can retrieve, when needed. It was suggested by Wegner in 1987.

Immersion

the ability to replace actual world phenomenon with virtual ones

Moratorium

the adolescent experiences a crisis about his or her identity, but does not commit to a particular sense of self -many experience states of anxiety and doubts, experiment

Robotics

the branch of technology which deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing

Quasi-experiment

the effects of one variable on another but NOT randomly assigned

Performativity

the extent to which our speech and behaviors communicate to the world our identity

Wilhelm Wundt

the first identified psychologist. He had the first Psych lab

Face Validity

the general validity

Review Paper

the paper summarizes the current state of knowledge of the topic, it creates an understanding of the topic for the reader by discussing the findings presented in recent research papers, rather than reporting new facts or analysis

Singularity

the point at which artificial intelligence surpasses human intelligence

Robopsychology

the study of personality and behavior of machines, coined by Isaac Asimov

Bullying

the use of force, threat, or coercion to abuse, intimidate, or aggressively dominate others Types: emotional, physical, verbal, cyber Three components necessary to occur: Bully, Bystanders, Victim

Social Thinking

thinking with the input of others

Clive Thompson

transactive memory "shared sort of knowledge between members of a system"

Quantitative

used to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical data or data that can be transformed into useable statistics -used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and other defined variables -done more often in the US

Dismissive Attachment

when the child is made to be overly independent -adults with this attachment style are excessively self-reliant and feel as though they don't really need intimate relations this has a higher prevalence in a hospital population -disorganized patterns of behavior on return of caregiver (move towards mother, then away, then freeze, then go into a corner

Secure Attachment

when the child learns that parents are source of security and trust. -Prevalence is about 60 percent of normal population -Adults do not fear abandonment and find it easy to get close to others -Child doesn't see mother and starts crying, mother comes back and child is reassured/stops crying because child has a sense of security and trust to mother

William James

wrote the first Psychology textbook in 1890, father of American Psychology

Know about the different measures used in the Quackenbush, et al. (2015) article on attachment.

→ Relationship Questionnaire: examined attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance → Strength of Attachment Questionnaire: examined a "safe haven in the face of emotional distress and a secure base that supports anonymous functioning" → in the form of Likert scale questions of attachment → Tellegen Absorption Scale: true/false questionnaire on particpants' perception of imagination and capacity of immersion in fantasy → World Health Organization Well-Being Index 5→ presenting "I have felt cheerful and in good spirits" -- tests reliability and validity