Vocab v19

Dharma

(in Indian religion) the eternal and inherent nature of reality, regarded in Hinduism as a cosmic law underlying right behavior and social order.

leukocytes

white blood cells White blood cells (WBCs), also called leukocytes or leucocytes, are the cells of the immune system that are involved in protecting the body against both infectious disease and foreign invaders. All white blood cells are produced and derived from multipotent cells in the bone marrow known as hematopoietic stem cells. Leukocytes are found throughout the body, including the blood and lymphatic system.[1] All white blood cells have nuclei, which distinguishes them from the other blood cells, the anucleated red blood cells (RBCs) and platelets. Types of white blood cells can be classified in standard ways. Two pairs of broadest categories classify them either by structure (granulocytes or agranulocytes) or by cell lineage (myeloid cells or lymphoid cells). These broadest categories can be further divided into the five main types: neutrophils, eosinophils (acidophiles), basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes.[2] These types are distinguished by their physical and functional characteristics. Monocytes and neutrophils are phagocytic. Further subtypes can be classified; for example, among lymphocytes, there are B cells, T cells, and NK cells.

cyclones

winds around centers of low atmospheric pressure

The world is changed by your example, not by your opinion.

You are what you do, not what you say you'll do.

what causes bubbles in urine

You might be more likely to have foamy urine if you have a full bladder, which can make your urine stream more forceful and faster. The urine can also get foamy if it's more concentrated, which can occur due to dehydration or pregnancy. Protein in the urine can also cause foaminess and is usually due to kidney disease

Can a Fart Make You Fly?

You realize, K., that this question is idiotic. However, that's never stopped us before, and there's no doubt that from a scientific perspective the subject has its points of interest. So I assigned the job to my assistant Una, a professional engineer, who quickly obtained the relevant thrust equations from NASA and got to work computing the necessary forces. While Una and I found the results enlightening, for you—assuming you're the 180-pound man here—it wasn't such a good day. Rocket science works impressively when embodied in the space shuttle, but I'm here to tell you that on a personal scale it makes a real mess. The thing is, the digestive system isn't optimally configured for propulsion. Our first problem is the shape of your sphincter. All you've got to work with is a pretty slender ring of muscle; no matter how good your control, it's not going to be able to direct and contain the flow of gas like a rocket nozzle. I suppose one could find some sort of attachment for this on the Internet, but we'll leave that to you. The more immediate challenge is handling the necessary pressure buildup. Una devised an ingenious spreadsheet that factored in sphincter diameter, molar mass of gas, and other matters that nobody but your doctor needs to know about. We learned that getting you aloft—and I don't mean putting you in orbit, I mean just budging you off the launch pad—would require 800 newtons. Your basic fart generates 0.2 newtons. Hoisting's going to take a lot more petard than that. It was time, you should pardon the expression, to turn up the gas. Assuming a robust 23 cubic inches of flatus per emission, we computed the necessary exit pressure at 3,680 pounds per square inch. Problem is, your gut will rupture somewhere north of four pounds per square inch. Alternatively, if we took four PSI as our limit and instead ramped up the propellant volume, we discovered we needed about 17,600 cubic feet of gas. The observed volume of the human intestine is on the order of 300 cubic inches. You asked about beans. The most potent kind we know about are mature lima beans, which produce about 34 cubic inches of gas per pound ingested. So if your lower GI tract were somehow magically able to accommodate the volume, at 4 PSI you'd need 453 tons of lima beans to generate the requisite 17,600 cubic feet of flatus. Most of this would be carbon dioxide, but 30 percent would be hydrogen and 16 percent methane. Should you actually try to consume all those beans, for God's sake don't smoke. We advise a less spectacular but more practical approach. Think you can pump out a steady two PSI? If so, we'll hook you up to an air jack—essentially a super-strong balloon that uses compressed air to lift things. If you're sitting on a jack measuring a foot square, at two PSI we get 288 pounds of lifting power. Not the most glamorous way to travel, but hey, you're up.

Ingot

a block of steel, gold, silver, or other metal, typically oblong in shape.

algorational

using an algorithm as a way to solve an issue

gangue

waste rock that must be removed before a mineral can be used the commercially valueless material in which ore is found.

stucco

plaster made of cement, sand, and lime for covering exterior walls of buildings fine plaster used for coating wall surfaces or molding into architectural decorations.

Southpaw

refers to a person who is left handed. If you're left-handed, you can call yourself a southpaw. If you're also a baseball fan, you may admire southpaws like the famous left-handed pitcher Sandy Koufax.

Rayleigh scattering

scattering of light caused by atmospheric particles smaller than the wavelength being scattered the scattering of light by particles in a medium, without change in wavelength. It accounts, for example, for the blue color of the sky, since blue light is scattered slightly more efficiently than red.

autolysis

self-destruction of cells; decomposition of all tissues by enzymes of their own formation without microbial assistance the destruction of cells or tissues by their own enzymes, especially those released by lysosomes.

faux pas

social blunder an embarrassing or tactless act or remark in a social situation.

Podostroma cornu-damae

also known as Poison Fire Coral,[2] is a species of fungus in the family Hypocreaceae. The fruit bodies of the fungus are highly toxic, and have been responsible for several fatalities in Japan. The fungus contains several trichothecene mycotoxins.

marsh

an area of low-lying land that is flooded in wet seasons or at high tide, and typically remains waterlogged at all times.

mind bending

mind blowing; confusing; incomprehensible

noc shift

nocturnal shift late night work graveyard shift

self-evident

not needing to be demonstrated or explained; obvious.

opioid

opium or any of the drugs derived from opium, including morphine, heroin, and codeine

"Don't practice until you get it right, practice until you can't get it wrong"

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A fool takes no pleasure in understanding, but only in expressing his opinion.

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A planet can also be a runaway snowball. Since the planet is completely white it reflects light/heat. So as less heat is absorbed, more ice forms and the cycle perpetuates. Think of the soda analogy. As you heat soda the carbonation go away until it becomes "flat". If your soda is cool, the carbonation will stay dissolved. (Analogy for boiling of oceans releasing carbon dissolved in it)

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As Alan Watts said "If you get the message, hang up the phone. For psychedelic drugs are simply instruments, like microscopes, telescopes, and telephones. The biologist does not sit with an eye permanently glued to the microscope, he goes away and works on what he has seen."

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Chimps for the most part take the same medications as humans. They also take our birth control since they are so reproductively inclined.

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Do not regret growing old. It is a privilege denied to many.

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I have extensive (and I do mean extensive), experience with psychedelics and I can definitively say that they have vastly and permanently changed my outlook on life and the world in general. I actually kind of agree with you in the sense that they don't exactly reveal hidden truths about anything; in my opinion it's more like they help you to see what's right in front of your face.

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If we can pay for bombs, we can pay for schools.

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If you never heal from what hurt you, you'll bleed on people who didn't cut you.

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If you're arguing with a fool, so is he.

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In the end, we will remember no the words of our enemies, but the silence of our friends.

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It is easier to fool someone than to convince them they've been fooled.

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It's like that famous Nietzsche quote about, "If you gaze for long into an abyss, the abyss gazes also into you."

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We judge ourselves by our intentions, but we judge others by their behavior.

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When you do things right, people won't be sure you've done anything at all.

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When you start to learn new things, they begin to bleed into everything you know.

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You can tell the size of a man by the size of the things that make him mad.

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you are the one constant in a sea of variables

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battery cell module

A cell is the smallest, packaged form a battery can take and is generally on the order of one to six volts. A module consists of several cells generally connected in either series or parallel. A battery pack is then assembled by connecting modules together, again either in series or parallel.

CMOS chip

A chip used to retain system settings when the PC is turned off or unplugged. CMOS stands for "Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor." It's the name of a manufacturing process used to create processors, RAM, and digital logic circuits, and is also the name for chips created using that process. Like most RAM chips, the chip that stores your BIOS settings is manufactured using the CMOS process The CMOS is a physical part of the motherboard: it is a memory chip that houses setting configurations and is powered by the onboard battery. The CMOS is reset and loses all custom settings in case the battery runs out of energy, Additionally, the system clock resets when the CMOS loses power.

dipole moment

A dipole moment is simply the measure of net polarity in a molecule. If a molecule contains polar bonds that are unevenly distributed about the center, there will be an uneven charge distribution across the entire molecule, making it a polar molecule. Polar molecules exhibit a large difference in electrical charge (a positive end and a negative end), otherwise known as a dipole moment. For example, ammonia (NHsub3) is a polar molecule. As you can see, ammonia consists of one nitrogen atom covalently bonded to three hydrogen atoms. Since nitrogen has a stronger attraction for electrons than hydrogen, the electrons that they share are drawn towards nitrogen and away from hydrogen. This gives nitrogen a partial negative charge (which is denoted in the figure by a minus sign on N) and hydrogen a partial positive charge (which is denoted by a plus sign on each H). The presence of both a positive and negative charge on the molecule means that ammonia is polar and therefore exhibits a net dipole moment.

Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

A direct access storage device used to store and retrieve data from rapidly rotating disks coated with magnetic material. "The magnetic surface of each platter is divided into small sub-micrometer-sized magnetic regions, each of which is used to represent a single binary unit of information." "The data is stored digitally as tiny magnetized regions, called bits, on the disk. A magnetic orientation in one direction on the disk could represent a "1", an orientation in the opposite direction could represent a "0". " "Each platter has set of concentric rings (technically called a "track") which are used to store the data and each head reads from one of these concentric rings on the cylinder. There can be more than a thousand tracks on a 3.5-inch hard disk. All the heads move at the same time and are positioned to read or write to the same track on their respective platter, which means that they form a cylindrical shape and hence are known as cylinder. So, if head 2 is positioned to read from track 23, head 3 will also be positioned to read from track 23. Therefore, we might say that head 2 is positioned to read from cylinder 23 (which implies that head 3 and further heads are also positioned to read from same track i.e. cylinder 23). Finally, each track is split into small segments. Each segment is called a "sector", as shown in the figure. A sector is the smallest physical storage unit on a disk, and is most of the time 512 bytes (0.5 kB) in size. All the hardware operations take place in terms of sectors. If some application or some file wants to access one particular sector, then it could refer it by specifying which head it is on, and which cylinder it is on and finally the appropriate corresponding sector. That would then uniquely identify the sector that we wanted to access."

dossier

A dossier is a collection of papers or other sources, containing detailed information about a particular person or subject.

delusions of grandeur

A false belief that one is a famous person or a powerful or important person who has some great knowledge, ability, or authority.

Lewy body dementia

A form of dementia characterized by an increase in Lewy body cells in the brain. Symptoms include visual hallucinations, momentary loss of attention, falling, and fainting.

geosynchronous satellite

A geosynchronous satellite is a satellite in geosynchronous orbit, with an orbital period the same as the Earth's rotation period. Such a satellite returns to the same position in the sky after each sidereal day, and over the course of a day traces out a path in the sky that is typically some form of analemma. orbits in unison with earth

Levee

A levee, dike, dyke, embankment, floodbank or stopbank is an elongated naturally occurring ridge or artificially constructed fill or wall, which regulates water levels. It is usually earthen and often parallel to the course of a river in its floodplain or along low-lying coastlines.

bryophytes

A moss, liverwort, or hornwort; a nonvascular plant that inhabits the land but lacks many of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants. Bryophytes are small, non-vascular plants, such as mosses, liverworts and hornworts. They play a vital role in regulating ecosystems because they provide an important buffer system for other plants, which live alongside and benefit from the water and nutrients that bryophytes collect.

Mesabi Range

A section of low hills in Minnesota owned by Rockefeller in 1887, it was a source of iron ore for steel production. There are three iron ranges in northern Minnesota, the Cuyuna, the Vermilion, and the Mesabi. Most of the world's iron ore, including that contained in northern Minnesota, was formed during the middle Precambrian. During this period, erosion leveled mountains. This erosion released iron and silica into the waters of a new sea. Marine algae living in this new sea raised the level of atmospheric oxygen. This oxygen catastrophe caused the eroded iron to precipitate into the banded iron formations found in northern Minnesota and other members of the Animikie Group. Over billions of years, geological forces left behind ore deposits of varied quality and concentrations - differences that would determine how the ore was mined from place to place. On the Mesabi Range, stretching 100 miles (160 km) from Grand Rapids to Babbitt, soft ore lay close to the surface, where it could be scooped from open pit mines.[4] The overall structure of the range is that of a monocline dipping 5 to 15 degrees to the southeast. Key faults include the Calumet, La Rue, Morton, Biwabik, and the Siphon. The Duluth Gabbro complex to the east has caused metamorphic changes in the Biwabik formation. The natural iron ores and the magnetite taconites occur in this Precambrian Biwabik formation, which is a cherty layer 340-750 feet (100-230 m) thick. The natural ores are located in elongated channels or tabular deposits, while the magnetite taconites occur in stratigraphic zones. Natural ores have an iron content of 51 to 57 per cent while the pellets contain 60 to 67 per cent. The natural ores are mainly mixtures of hematite and goethite.[5]:519-520, 522, 527-528 The most common silicate is Minnesotaite. Also of note are the presence of algal structures in the Biwabik formation.[6]

diastema

A space between two teeth

Sinkhole discovery suggests humans were in Florida 14,500 years ago

A stone knife, mastodon bones and fossilized dung found in an underwater sinkhole show that humans lived in north Florida about 14,500 years ago, according to new research that suggests the colonization of the Americas was far more complex than originally believed.

How Does a Subwoofer Work?

A subwoofer is essentially a speaker that is designed to play the lowest bass frequencies replicated by your stereo system. Regular speakers reproduce a wide frequency range but often lack the deepest bass frequencies. A subwoofer uses a larger woofer as well as a built-in amplifier that powers the signal to provide deeper, cleaner bass. Most subwoofers are powered, meaning they require their own individual power supply from an electrical outlet to power a built-in amplifier. Passive subwoofers do not require their own dedicated power supply and use power from the receiver's amplifier. Subwoofers are connected to an audio receiver or preamplifier. The receiver sends low frequency (usually 20 Hz to 100 Hz) signals, refered to on soundtracks as low frequency effects (LFE), via electrical current to the subwoofer. The subwoofer amplifies the current and converts it to sound through the use of a magnetic coil that causes vibration of the driver's cone. This vibration results in low frequency sound waves being sent out through the air.

adaptive optics

A technique in which telescope mirrors flex rapidly to compensate for the bending of starlight caused by atmospheric turbulence. Adaptive optics works by measuring the distortions in a wavefront and compensating for them with a device that corrects those errors such as a deformable mirror or a liquid crystal array.

parsec

A unit of distance that is equal to 3.26 light years

how modern speaker works

A very thin piece of wire (coated with something like lacquer, which insulates it from shorting to itself) is wrapped around a light, hollow cylinder (usually cardboard or very thin metal). This assembly is referred to as the voice coil. The voice coil is placed so that it can move in and out of a hockey-puck-shaped piece of metal with a permanent magnet around its edge (we'll call it the "magnet assembly"). The voice coil and the magnet assembly are situated so that the circles of their cylinders form concentric circles. When an alternating current of electricity is sent through the leads of the voice coil, this creates a pulsating magnetic force that causes the cylinder to move into and out of the middle of the magnet assembly with a rate and force proportional to that of the alternating current. This converts electrical signal into physical movement. The rest of the speaker assembly is designed to efficiently turn that mechanical movement into sound waves which will travel through the air to reach your ears. A basket-shaped metal frame (called the "basket") is attached firmly to one side of the magnet assembly. A stiff, inverted and truncated (usually paper) cone is firmly glued to one side of the voicecoil, and this cone and voicecoil unit are suspended from the basket so that the voicecoil has freedom to travel into and out of the middle of the magnet assembly. A flexible material joins the outer edge of the cone to the inside edge of the large end of the basket (called the "surround") and another circular piece of flexible material joins the smaller end of the basket to the smaller end of the cone (called a "spider"). The surround and the spider work to limit the amount of distance that the voicecoil and cone can travel, to prevent the speaker from self-destructing when the amplitude of the alternating current is increased. Some very early speakers didn't have a permanent magnet, but used an electromagnet to magnetize the magnet assembly instead. Yes, the voicecoil is also an electromagnet.

Scientists reconstruct Ötzi the Iceman's frantic final climb

A wounded and possibly wanted—man, Ötzi the Iceman spent his final days on the move high up in the Alps until he was felled with an arrow to the back. About 5,300 years later, archaeologists are still unraveling the mystery of his death. Now, a new analysis of mossy plant remains from the Iceman's murder site may reveal details of his frantic, final climb. Flat neckera was found in relatively large quantities at the site, often stuck to Ötzi's clothing. The moss may have been part of Ötzi's toolkit, though its purpose is still unclear. Was it used for insulation? Or perhaps toilet paper? In any case, the species only grows at lower altitudes; its presence helped researchers start mapping Ötzi's final journey. Ötzi's preserved digestive tract contained not just food but also traces of background pollen from the environment in which he ate his last meals, which provided a vague map for his final journey in previous research led by Klaus Oeggl, an archaeobotanist of Innsbruck University in Austria, who is also a co-author of the new study. Samples from Ötzi's rectum and the lower part of his colon, representing the oldest digested food in his system, had traces of pine and spruce pollen. This put Ötzi in a high-altitude forest, close to the top of the tree line around 8,200 feet, about 33 hours before his death. But the middle tract of the Iceman's colon contained pollen from hop hornbeams and other trees that only grow in forests at lower altitudes, meaning Ötzi must have descended to 4,000 feet or lower—perhaps reaching the bottom of a valley—9 to 12 hours before his death. According to the pollen evidence, Ötzi then ascended again and ate his last meal in a subalpine coniferous forest before climbing even higher to Tisen Pass, where he was killed. Living links to the Iceman have now been revealed by a new DNA study. Gene researchers looking at unusual markers on the Iceman's male sex chromosome report that they have uncovered at least 19 genetic relatives of Ötzi in Austria's Tyrol region. The match was made from samples of 3,700 anonymous blood donors in a study led by Walther Parson at Innsbruck Medical University. Sharing a rare mutation known as G-L91, "the Iceman and those 19 share a common ancestor, who may have lived 10,000 to 12,000 years ago," Parson said. Ötzi's frozen mummy preserves a fine collection of Copper Age tattoos. Numbering over 50 in total, they cover him from head to foot. These weren't produced using a needle, but by making fine cuts in the skin and then rubbing in charcoal. The result was a series of lines and crosses mostly located on parts of the body that are prone to injury or pain, such as the joints and along the back. This has led some researchers to believe that the tattoos marked acupuncture points. The Iceman's final meals have served up a feast of information to scholars. His stomach contained 30 different types of pollen. Analysis of that pollen shows that Ötzi died in spring or early summer, and it has even enabled researchers to trace his movements through different mountain elevations just before he died. His partially digested last meal suggests he ate two hours before his grisly end. It included grains and meat from an ibex, a species of nimble-footed wild goat.

What is the difference between OLED and LED TV's?

An LED TV is really just an LCD TV with an LED (as opposed to fluorescent) backlight. It is completely different than an OLED TV. In and LED backlit LCD, the LED provides white light, which then goes through a stack primarily consisting of a polarizer, a liquid crystal, and another polarizer. This stack basically acts like a shutter, modulating how much light comes through each individual subpixel for each frame. The light then goes through a color filter, generally red green and blue, to produce the full color image you see. LED's are thinner than fluorescent backlights and also give a wider color spectrum, which is much of what you see in the improved picture. Although technically they aren't much different than traditional LCD's. In an OLED, the TV works entirely differently. The OLED itself is a very thin film (ok, actually a stack of several very thin films), around 200-300 nanometers thick, that emits light of a certain color when electric current is passed through it. The chemical structure of the OLED material is altered to give red, green, or blue, so each subpixel is made of a different material. The brightness is adjusted by altering the current to each subpixel, with the ratios of current in the red green and blue subpixels determining the overall color of that pixel. The biggest advantage of OLED is that there is no backlight, so when the screen calls for black it is truly black. This leads to a much higher contrast ratio (millions:1 or higher). This is ultimately why OLEDs have much better picture quality than anything else out there. But yes, trying to produce large TV's in a cost effective manner is still a big challenge to the industry. It will likely be 3-5 years before you can buy a 50" OLED for what you can buy an LED TV for today.

ad hominem

An ad hominem remark appeals to personal feelings instead of logical reasons. If you're debating labor laws and you criticize your opponent's extra-marital affair instead of engaging his ideas, that's an ad hominem attack.

chip off the old block

An expression used of people who closely resemble their parents in some way: "Mark just won the same sailboat race his father won twenty years ago; he's a chip off the old block."

Photometer

An optical instrument that measures the intensity of light from a source.

lysosomes

An organelle containing digestive enzymes an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane.

what are bogs

Areas of land that are acidic & waterlogged Plants that live in bogs don't fully decay when they die, due to the lack of oxygen, thus they gradually build up to form peat A bog or bogland is a wetland that accumulates peat, a deposit of dead plant material—often mosses, and in a majority of cases, sphagnum moss. It is one of the four main types of wetlands. Other names for bogs include mire, quagmire, and muskeg; alkaline mires are called fens.

Greenland Lost 4 Trillion Pounds Of Ice In Just 1 Day

As the heat wave that struck the southeastern United States made its way up to Greenland, the ice-covered island recorded over 2 billion tons of ice melt in just one day. Melting in Greenland this season began early and strong. This is because there has been a persistent high-pressure ridge along eastern Greenland. This high-pressure ridge is responsible for warm central Atlantic air masses around Greenland and clear, sunny skies. Is the Greenland Melting Unprecedented? To put this singular massive melting day into perspective the best year to compare this to is 2012. There was a similar scenario in 2012 where a persistent high-pressure system sat over Greenland for much of the summer. This causes record-breaking melting in 2012 across Greenland and at one point 97% of the entire island's ice sheet was melting.

what is asphalt made of

Asphalt concrete pavement mixes are typically composed of 5% asphalt cement and 95% aggregates (stone, sand, and gravel). Due to its highly viscous nature, asphalt cement must be heated so it can be mixed with the aggregates at the asphalt mixing facility. Asphalt is a heterogeneous mixture of three substances: Binding material, aggregates and fine aggregates. The binding agent is a bituminous pitch produced by refining petroleum. The aggregates are crushed stone typically 0.5 inch (13 mm) in diameter. The fine aggregates are sand typically those particles that are caught in a number 200 sieve (0.0029 inch or 0.074 mm in diameter). The Asphalt mix is designed much like a concrete mix, when the ratios of the materials are altered to achieve different design strengths. is a sticky, black, and highly viscous liquid or semi-solid form of petroleum. It may be found in natural deposits or may be a refined product, and is classed as a pitch. Before the 20th century, the term asphaltum was also used.[2] The word is derived from the Ancient Greek ἄσφαλτος ásphaltos. The primary use (70%) of asphalt is in road construction, where it is used as the glue or binder mixed with aggregate particles to create asphalt concrete. Its other main uses are for bituminous waterproofing products, including production of roofing felt and for sealing flat roofs.[3]

Smart grid

Smart grid technologies can be defined as self-sufficient systems that can find solutions to problems quickly in an available system that reduces the workforce and targets sustainable, reliable, safe and quality electricity to all consumers.

mouth brooding

Babies can stay in the mouths of their mothers when predators come.

bone marrow

Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside some of your bones, such as your hip and thigh bones. It contains stem cells. The stem cells can develop into the red blood cells that carry oxygen through your body, the white blood cells that fight infections, and the platelets that help with blood clotting

Water hemlocks

Caution: Water hemlock can be deadly. It contains a toxin called cicutoxin, a violent convulsant, which acts as a stimulant in the central nervous system. Ingestion of hemlock can be fatal and symptoms can occur 15 minutes to 6 hours after the plant has been ingested.

Chapter 7 bankruptcy

Chapter of the Bankruptcy Code providing for liquidation of the debtor's assets in order to repay the creditors; certain assets or aggregate value of assets of the debtor may be exempt based on state law. The forfeiture of an individual's assets in exchange for the discharge of debts.

What do pions decay into?

Charged pions most often decay into muons and muon neutrinos, while neutral pions generally decay into gamma rays.

Chapter 13 Bankruptcy

Form of bankruptcy that allows an individual to submit a plan to repay debts in 3 to 5 years. A chapter 13 bankruptcy is also called a wage earner's plan. It enables individuals with regular income to develop a plan to repay all or part of their debts. Under this chapter, debtors propose a repayment plan to make installments to creditors over three to five years.

How are pions produced?

Charged pions most often decay into muons and muon neutrinos, while neutral pions generally decay into gamma rays. ... Pions are not produced in radioactive decay, but commonly are in high energy collisions between hadrons. Pions (commonly shortened to a π) are a type of meson, which are subatomic particles made of a combination of quarks and antiquarks. Since antiquarks are antimatter, they will annihilate the same type (known as a flavour) of quark if they come near it.

The marble statues are often slowly corroded when kept in the open for a long time. Why?

Chemically, marble is Calcium Carbonate. The atmosphere contains many oxides, which dissolve in water forming acids like sulfuric, nitric which are common due to modern pollution. Even carbon dioxide forms carbonic acid which also does damage. These will react with marble and result in formation of calcium salt, carbon dioxide and water. So, under extended periods, the wear of marble statues is expected.

climatologist

Climatology or climate science is the scientific study of climate, scientifically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of time. This modern field of study is regarded as a branch of the atmospheric sciences and a subfield of physical geography, which is one of the Earth sciences. Climatologists are atmospheric scientists who study the Earth's climate. They collect and analyze data from sources such as ice cores, soil, water, air, and even plant life to find patterns in weather and learn how those patterns affect the Earth and its inhabitants.

What is the difference between a camshaft and a crankshaft?

Crankshaft: It is the shaft which gives us output from the engine. It is made to rotate by the connecting rod of the piston. It is the shaft which is made to rotate and take output power from the Combustion process in the chamber. The connecting rod is connected to this crankshaft and makes it revolve about its own axis and thereby utilize the power further for use. The crankshaft has a main journal and the counterweight. Th Main Journal is over which the connecting rod is mounted whereas the counterweights are used to utilize the inertia of the weights in further rotation of the crank during the exhaust stroke happening in the combustion chamber of IC Enigne. Camshaft: It is the shaft which is driven in synchronization with the crankshaft, having cam lobes mounted on it, to make the valves open and close on the corresponding times. In an Internal Combustion Engine, the intake and exhaust valves open and close due to simple lift and drop mechanism of the cam-lobes. These cam lobes are those which have a cam profile. As shown in the image below(The cam-lobe) These cam lobes are mounted on the camshaft which rotates about its own axis in synchronization of the crankshaft or the shaft which is the one generating the power from combustion) .Due to this type of profile, the valves open and close as the lobe's nose pushes the pushrod and makes the valves open or close as a result of the pushing mechanism (they come back because of spring retracting mechanism of the valve springs). The camshaft is often powered by the belt drive from the crankshaft. The belt is called as the Timing Belt.Following is the image of two camshafts being driven by the camshaft with the help of a timing belt. Image is crankshaft.

cyclothymic

Cyclothymia -- or cyclothymic disorder -- is a relatively mild mood disorder. In cyclothymic disorder, moods swing between short periods of mild depression and hypomania, an elevated mood. The low and high mood swings never reach the severity or duration of major depressive or full mania episodes

ferrite bead

Ferrite Bead has the ability to stop and block the emission of radio waves form the power cords and uses electrical energy for charging purpose only without power losses. Due to this important factor, that's why are there a tiny cylinder in your laptop or mobile charger cords. Ferrite Bead has the ability to stop and block the emission of radio waves form the power cords and uses electrical energy for charging purpose only without power losses. Due to this important factor, that's why are there a tiny cylinder in your laptop or mobile charger cords.

how do trees survive winter

Deciduous(broad leaved) trees in temperate and arctic climates go dormant during winter. They shed their leaves as preparation for that, as water easily evaporates from leaves. Warmth and sunlight in spring reactivate the tree. Coniferous trees with needle shaped "leaves", like spruce are able to photosynthesize with lower levels of heat and light. Their needles have a waxy coating which protects against evaporation. They gain a growing advantage in fall and spring. Some coniferous trees like larch/tamarack shed their needles like deciduous trees shed their leaves. Just like during winter some animals go into the hibernation. Trees go through a process similar to hibernation called 'dormancy'. Dormancy is like hibernation in that everything within the plant slows down like metabolism, energy consumption, growth and so on. Trees do much the same thing. In the autumn, they shed their leaves in anticipation of winter. Trees send all the sugars they have been producing, in the form of sap, down to the roots. This protects the tree's food reserves but just as important it removes water from the cells of the trunk and branches. Otherwise, the water would freeze and burst the cell walls, killing the plant. Like a bear, the tree goes into a kind of plant hibernation. The food and water it needs to live are safely stored underground. In spring, the sap begins to flow back up the trunk from the roots, bringing with it the water and nutrients to awaken the tree. This combination of water, food and heat from the sun, stimulates leaf buds to start growing and the annual cycle of life begins.

Oleander

Despite the danger, oleander seeds and leaves are used to make medicine. Oleander is used for heart conditions, asthma, epilepsy, cancer, painful menstrual periods, leprosy, malaria, ringworm, indigestion, and venereal disease; and to cause abortions. The plant is so poisonous that even drinking water from a vase holding a bloom can cause a severe reaction. The gummy sap can cause irritation when it comes in contact with the skin, and even smoke from burning the plant can cause severe adverse reactions. Symptoms of oleander poisoning include: Blurred vision.

multimedia

Different types of media including text, video, sound, graphics and animations. a system of relaying information or entertainment that includes many different forms of communication

brown dwarfs can be binary stars

Discovering a brown dwarf binary star with microlensing. Brown dwarfs are stars less massive than the sun and unable to burn hydrogen. They comprise (at least in mass) a bridge between planets and stars, and astronomers think that they form and evolve in ways different from either planets or stars.

DID

Dissociative identity disorder a rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities

energy density battery

Energy density is the amount of energy stored in a given system or region of space per unit volume. Colloquially it may also be used for energy per unit mass, though the accurate term for this is specific energy They have one of the highest energy densities of any battery technology today (100-265 Wh/kg or 250-670 Wh/L). In addition, Li-ion battery cells can deliver up to 3.6 Volts, 3 times higher than technologies such as Ni-Cd or Ni-MH.

faraday law of induction

Faraday's First Law: Whenever a conductor is placed in a varying magnetic field an EMF gets induced across the conductor (called as induced emf), and if the conductor is a closed circuit then induced current flows through it.Magnetic field can be varied by various methods 1. By moving magnet 2. By moving the coil 3. By rotating the coil relative to magnetic field Faraday's second law of electromagnetic induction: states that, the magnitude of induced emf is equal to the rate of change of flux linkages with the coil. The flux linkages is the product of number of turns and the flux associated with the coil.

hematite

Fe2O3 a reddish-black mineral consisting of ferric oxide. It is an important ore of iron.

magnetite

Fe3O4 Magnetite is a rock mineral and one of the main iron ores, with the chemical formula Fe3O4. It is one of the oxides of iron, and is ferrimagnetic; it is attracted to a magnet and can be magnetized to become a permanent magnet itself. It is the most magnetic of all the naturally-occurring minerals on Earth.

fraunhofer lines

Fraunhofer lines, in astronomical spectroscopy, any of the dark (absorption) lines in the spectrum of the Sun or other star, caused by selective absorption of the Sun's or star's radiation at specific wavelengths by the various elements existing as gases in its atmosphere.

thermionic conversion

From a physical electronic viewpoint, thermionic energy conversion is the direct production of electric power from heat by thermionic electron emission. From a thermodynamic viewpoint, it is the use of electron vapor as the working fluid in a power-producing cycle.

Vegetable vs. Fruit

Fruit- matured ovary of flower and seeds Vegetable- leaf, root, stem, buds, flower Vegetable: A plant part that is used as food, but that is not classified botanically as a fruit. a plant or part of a plant used as food, typically as accompaniment to meat or fish, such as a cabbage, potato, carrot, or bean. Fruit: the sweet and fleshy product of a tree or other plant that contains seed and can be eaten as food.

nuclear fusion byproducts

Fusion on the other hand does not create any long-lived radioactive nuclear waste. A fusion reactor produces helium, which is an inert gas. It also produces and consumes tritium within the plant in a closed circuit. Tritium is radioactive (a beta emitter) but its half life is short.

glycine

Glycine is an amino acid, a building block for protein. It is not considered an "essential amino acid" because the body can make it from other chemicals. A typical diet contains about 2 grams of glycine daily. The primary sources are protein-rich foods including meat, fish, dairy, and legumes.

galaxies are attracted to each other's gravity

Gravity. All of the stars of a galaxy are all attracted to each other. This attraction is weak because the stars are very far apart, but it is enough to keep the galaxies together. There is also a large amount of matter that has never been seen (called "dark matter") that helps keep galaxies together.

agglomeration

Grouping together of many firms from the same industry in a single area for collective or cooperative use of infrastructure and sharing of labor resources. a mass or collection of things; an assemblage.

HDD vs SSD

Hard Disk Drives use a spinning metal disk, which Solid State Drives have no moving parts, and store data on integrated circuits. The best case for HDD is mass storage. This type of drive is cheaper than SSD and available in some quite massive sizes. ... Price per gigabyte is still much less than SSDs, and large capacity drives won't take all your money. An efficient system would have an SSD to boot Windows from and one or more HDDs for mass storage.

What is hydrogen fuel cell?

Hydrogen fuel cells are cells that contain hydrogen as the fuel. Hydrogen fuel is a zero emission fuel that releases energy during combustion or through electrochemical reactions. Fuel cells and batteries produce an electric current through a chemical reaction, but a fuel cell will produce energy as long as there is fuel, thus never losing its charge.

hydrometallurgy

Hydrometallurgy is a method for obtaining metals from their ores. It is a technique within the field of extractive metallurgy involving the use of aqueous chemistry for the recovery of metals from ores, concentrates, and recycled or residual materials.

Ice VII

Ice VII is a cubic crystalline form of ice. It can be formed from liquid water above 3 GPa (30,000 atmospheres) by lowering its temperature to room temperature, or by decompressing heavy water (D2O) ice VI below 95 K. Ordinary water ice is known as ice Ih, (in the Bridgman nomenclature). Ice is not just a matter of freezing water. The crystal structure of Ice subtly varies with the exact temperature and pressure. Ice seven as you will see in the diagram on this web page occurs at about 2000MPa i.e. 290,000 Pounds per square inch.I don't know of any reachable location where this pressure will occur naturally.So unless you work in a high pressure laboratory you will never see ice seven, but if you did it would look just like ordinary ice.

Hyperbolic Excess Velocity

If you give a space vehicle exactly escape velocity, it will just barely escape the gravitational field, which means that its velocity will be approaching zero as its distance from the force center approaches infinity. If, on the other hand, we give our vehicle more than escape velocity at a point near Earth, we would expect the velocity at a great distance from Earth to be approaching some finite constant value. This residual velocity the vehicle would have left over even at infinity is called hyperbolic excess velocity. We can calculate this velocity from the energy equation written for two points on the hyperbolic escape trajectory - a point near Earth called the burnout point and a point an infinite distance from Earth where the velocity will be the hyperbolic excess velocity, v∞. Solving for v∞ we obtain

efflorescence

In chemistry, efflorescence is the migration of a salt to the surface of a porous material, where it forms a coating. The essential process involves the dissolving of an internally held salt in water, or occasionally in another solvent It's called "efflorescence," and it's a crystalline deposit of salts often seen on the surface of concrete, brick, stucco or natural stone surfaces. It occurs when water leaves behind salt deposits and is present on or in the masonry surface.

If birds are just contemporary dinosaurs, did dinosaurs taste like chicken?

Indeed they did.

How are chip debit and credit cards more secure than standard magnetic strip cards?

Information over your Magnetic Stripe is static and present in a clear (un-encrypted) format and contains some critical data such as CVV, Expiry date etc. which if stolen can be easily used alone for performing transactions by cloning over a new card or being used over Internet, as for such Magnetic Stripe card transactions Bank only verifies the above given information along with the PIN (that too not always). On the other hand, the Chip on your EMV card, is not just a static storage, the chip itself is a microprocessor (a small computer embedded over your card) which when supplied power by inserting into a terminal generates several chunks of encrypted and dynamic data by using cryptographic information from terminal (ATM, POS, KIOSK). This while add several cryptographic layers of security to your data, it also makes it practically impossible to use such information through an unregistered terminal. Which makes it way more secure (read: not completely) compared to its Magnetic Stripe counterpart. Also, one thing to note here is just having an EMV card doesn't ensure the above security features but the capability of the terminal over which it is used and your bank's policy or transactions processing also matters a lot. EMV — which stands for Europay, Mastercard and Visa — is a global standard for cards equipped with computer chips and the technology used to authenticate chip-card transactions

purpose of insulators in transmission lines

Insulators are used in electrical equipment to support and separate electrical conductors without allowing current through themselves. An insulating material used in bulk to wrap electrical cables or other equipment is called Insulation.

"Why does sodium catch fire at room temperature?"

It does not. It simply oxidizes at a fast, but moderate speed. No spectacular flames or even significant temperature rise. It can be handled relatively safely without the risk of fire. Sodium reacts violently with water, but does not usually catch fire. Potassium reacts even more violently with water, and the heat is enough to ignite the liberated hydrogen gas. Sodium would only do so, if it's put into a piece of paper, that limits the water circulation and cooling of the reaction site. The eutectic alloy of sodium and potassium is liquid at room temperature. It's even more reactive: it might catch fire at room temperature if exposed to air, and it reacts explosively with water Sodium-potassium alloy - Wikipedia

Opium

It is the dried latex from the opium poppy Just to add a little, morphine is an extract of opium, which is then turned into diacetylmorphine (heroin) through the magic of chemistry. Heroin is considered an ester of morphine, rather than a semi-synthetic. This little alteration of the morphine molecule allows it to pass the blood/brain barrier much more easily, which is why heroin gives you a better "rush". Opium contains a number of opiate alkaloids, such as codeine, thebaine and morphine. From these, many semi-synthetic opiates, such as oxycodone and hydromorphone, are derived, and they are also the inspiration for many opioids, (synthetic opiates), such as fentanyl and methadone. The different shapes of the opioid molecules determine which receptors they affect, and how well, how long, how tenaciously, and even in which direction they affect them, i.e., whether they are agonists or antagonists. Typically, the shorter-acting a full-agonist opioid, the greater the euphoria it produces. Heroin is a short-acting opiate, methadone is a long-acting opiate.

myeloid cells

Myeloid tissue, in the bone marrow sense of the word myeloid, is tissue of bone marrow, of bone marrow cell lineage, or resembling bone marrow, and myelogenous tissue is any tissue of, or arising from, bone marrow; in these senses the terms are usually used synonymously, as for example with chronic myeloid/myelogenous leukemia.

zeno paradox

It was not so much a paradox as an intellectual dead end. The philosophers of Zeno's day had no idea of how to measure the speed of an object. Rather than get their hands dirty measuring distance and time, they thought they could reason out everything purely by introspection. The most famous one is that of Achilles and the turtle. Say if there is a turtle in front of you at a certain separation. The paradox says that Achilles can never cross the turtle provided it has the head start. The statement goes like this "In a race the quickest one can never overtake the slower one since the pursuer must first reach the point whence the pursued started, so that the slower must always have the lead." Zeno's paradoxes are a set of philosophical problems which primarily focus on the concept that motion is just an illusion. It took about two thousand years for Europeans to get out of that mental straitjacket. It was then that the famous experimentalist, Galielo, devised the simple (to us) formula relating distance speed and time s=d/t. Using this formula and applying a bit of elementary high-school algebra, we can determine precisely when and where Achilles would overtake The Tortoise, no calculus necessary.

Greenland lost a staggering 1 trillion tons of ice in just four years

It's no news that Greenland is in serious trouble — but now, new research has helped quantify just how bad its problems are. A satellite study, published last week in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, suggests that the Greenland ice sheet lost a whopping 1 trillion tons of ice between the years 2011 and 2014 alone. And a big portion of it came from just five glaciers, about which scientists now have more cause to worry than ever. The new study takes a detailed look at ice loss in Greenland between 2011 and 2014 using measurements from the CryoSat-2, an environmental research satellite launched by the European Space Agency in 2010. It relied on a type of measurement known as altimetry — basically, measuring how the surface of Greenland's altitude changed over time in response to ice gains or losses. "Simplistically, if the ice sheet's going up, we can find that as evidence that the ice sheet is growing," said lead author Malcolm McMillan, a research fellow at the University of Leeds. "And where we see that the ice sheet surface is lowering, we can find that the ice sheet is losing ice." But he cautioned that this is something of a simplification. The researchers also had to consider how other factors such as snowfall — which would be difficult to differentiate by satellite — might be affecting changes on the surface of the ice sheet. "Snow and ice are at different densities, so they're associated with a different amount of mass loss," McMillan explained. "We used a regional climate model and a model of the surface of the ice sheet to really inform us and tell us about the nature of the changes that we're seeing."

tesla

Magnetic Flux Density one tesla is equal to one weber per square metre.

marshes vs. bogs

Marshes are nutrient-rich wetlands that support a variety of reeds and grasses, while swamps are defined by their ability to support woody plants and trees. Bogs are characterized by their poor soil and high peat content, while fens have less peat and more plant life than a bog.

Life's too short to learn from your own mistakes.

Meaning you should learn from others mistakes too so you don't make them.

monochromatic lights mess with rods and cones making it hard to see for awhile

Monochromatic light refers to light that is of one color. Therefore, monochromatic light would emit just one of these colors. Examples of monochromatic lights are. Sodium Vapour Lamp (Commonly Used) Laser beam (Excellent Example)

Are there any trinary star systems?

Most multiple star systems are triple stars. ... Multiple-star systems are called triple, trinary or ternary if they contain three stars; quadruple or quaternary if they contain four stars; quintuple or quintenary with five stars; sextuple or sextenary with six stars; septuple or septenary with seven stars. Alpha Centauri is a triple star composed of a main binary yellow dwarf pair (Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B), and an outlying red dwarf, Proxima Centauri. Together, A and B form a physical binary star, designated as Alpha Centauri AB, α Cen AB, or RHD 1 AB, where the AB denotes this is a binary system.

niobium

Niobium, formerly known as columbium, is a chemical element with the symbol Nb and atomic number 41. Niobium is a light grey, crystalline, and ductile transition metal. Pure niobium has a hardness similar to that of pure titanium, and it has similar ductility to iron Niobium is used with iron and other elements in stainless steel alloys and also in alloys with a variety of nonferrous metals, such as zirconium, Niobium alloys are strong and are often used in pipeline construction. The metal is used in superalloys for jet engines and heat resistant equipment.

what allows animals to see in the dark

Nocturnal animals can use a broad portion of spectrum & can see the infrared & ultraviolet spectrum too. The animals which has night vision installed in them also have big eyes & pupils. Their pupils open wider & allows the maximum amount of light to enter the eye in dark. Their lens is large & situated near retina.This also allows a lot of light to register on the retina. Their Retina contains 2 types at light sensing cells rods & cones.The Cones are responsible for colored vision & require bright, focused light. On the other hand Rods are extremely sensitive to light. Rods have a photosensitive pigment called rhodopsin which plays vital role in night vision. Multiple rods are wired to a single brain connector. This helps in creating a stronger signal. Many nocturnal animals have a mirror like layer behind Retina called " Tapitum lucidum". The light passes through retina & is reflected by tapetum ,that gives the retina a second chance to sense it. The tapetum lucidum is a layer of tissue in the eye of many vertebrates. Lying immediately behind the retina, it is a retroreflector. It reflects visible light back through the retina, increasing the light available to the photoreceptors. The tapetum lucidum contributes to the superior night vision of some animals.

How is the light of a white dwarf produced?

Once the core of a small star has finished all possible fusion it becomes a white dwarf with a temperature of over 100,000 degrees kelvin. The light we see from a white dwarf is the product of residue heat left over after the star has completed all of its possible fusion cycles and the contraction of carbon and oxygen at the core is complete. The white dwarf will continue to radiate away until it is the same temperature as its environment. It is just like taking a pie out of the oven. It will cool down until it becomes the same temperature as the room. We will continue to be able to detect a white dwarf all the way through the spectrum until it becomes the same temperature as its surroundings. At that point it will probably just blend in to its local environment. Once a white dwarf has radiated away all it residue heat it will become a black dwarf and as the name suggests, a black dwarf doesn't emit any radiation at all because there is no residue heat left. It has been suggested that a white dwarf star can take many trillions of years to radiate away all of its residue heat and become a black dwarf. The current estimate of the mean temperature of the universe is about 2.7 degrees kelvin . As the universe is only 13.7 billion years old, there has not been enough time for a white dwarf to become a black dwarf. A white dwarf star will have to have a temperature of ZERO kelvin in order for it to become a true black dwarf.

Ooid

Ooids are small, spheroidal, "coated" sedimentary grains, usually composed of calcium carbonate, but sometimes made up of iron- or phosphate-based minerals. Ooids usually form on the sea floor, most commonly in shallow tropical seas

beam splitter

Optical device within the camera that splits the white light into the three additive primary light colors: red, green, and blue. a device for dividing a beam of light or other electromagnetic radiation into two or more separate beams. A beam splitter works like a mirror that transmits part of the light. So there is always part of light that goes directly through without changing the direction. The rest gets reflected from the diagonal, which represents the reflecting surface.

pin technology

PIN (personal identification number) A PIN, or personal identification number, is a series of digits used to verify the identity of the holder of a card. The PIN is a kind of password.

Paranoid personality disorder (PPD)

Paranoid personality disorder is characterized by mistrust and suspicion of others' motives. Those with PPD expect to be betrayed, humiliated, and taken advantage of. They are hostile and argumentative, and do not easily confide in others.

carnivorous plants

Plants that get some or most of their nutrients from trapping and consuming animals. Venus flytrap California pitcher plant Round-leaved sundew Cephalotus follicularis Drosera capensis Purple pitcher plant Sarracenia leucophylla Aldrovanda vesiculosa Nepenthes ampullaria

Platelet

Platelets, also called thrombocytes are a component of blood whose function (along with the coagulation factors) is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot.[1] Platelets have no cell nucleus: they are fragments of cytoplasm that are derived from the megakaryocytes[2] of the bone marrow, and then enter the circulation. Circulating unactivated platelets are biconvex discoid (lens-shaped) structures, 2-3 µm in greatest diameter. Activated platelets have cell membrane projections covering their surface. Platelets are found only in mammals, whereas in other vertebrates (e.g. birds, amphibians) thrombocytes circulate as intact mononuclear cells.

Porpoise

Porpoises are a group of fully aquatic marine mammals, all of which are classified under the family Phocoenidae, parvorder Odontoceti (toothed whales). There are seven extant species of porpoise. They are small toothed whales that are very closely related to oceanic dolphins.

bessemer furnace

Process discovered in the 1800's which allowed steel to be made quickly and cheaply. Made it possible to turn 30,000 pounds of iron into steel in minutes. The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace. The key principle is removal of impurities from the iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron.

Hernia

Protrusion of an organ through the wall of the cavity that normally contains it A bulging of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening.

sending messages with neutrinos

Researchers send 'wireless' message using neutrinos. (PhysOrg.com) -- A group of scientists led by researchers from the University of Rochester and North Carolina State University have for the first time sent a message using a beam of neutrinos - nearly massless particles that travel at almost the speed of light

The Morris Worm

Robert Tappan Morris was a Harvard graduate and Cornell graduate student when he developed the first widely spread Internet "worm." He released it on Nov. 2, 1988, using MIT's systems to disguise the fact that he was a Cornell student.

what causes bubbles on the beach

Sea foam, ocean foam, beach foam, or spume is a type of foam created by the agitation of seawater, particularly when it contains higher concentrations of dissolved organic matter (including proteins, lignins, and lipids) derived from sources such as the offshore breakdown of algal blooms. If you'll notice, pure water bubbles and causes mild foaming. It is a property of water to adhere, one molecule to another because water is polar. Gasoline is not. Big difference. Add to water various organic impurities, salts, and oils and the foaming increases. This is because most organic compounds and tend to increase the viscosity and stickiness of the solution/suspension.

SSRI

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors are a class of drugs that are typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders. The exact mechanism of action of SSRIs is unknown.

Survivor bias

Set of reporting entities is skewed because failures don't report the logical error of concentrating on the people or things that made it past some selection process and overlooking those that did not, typically because of their lack of visibility. This can lead to false conclusions in several different ways. It is a form of selection bias.

stem cells

Stem cells are cells with the potential to develop into many different types of cells in the body. They serve as a repair system for the body. There are two main types of stem cells: embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Most of our cells have specific tasks - their ways are set in stone and cannot manage changes in function. For example, muscle cells expand and contract to enable movement, skin cells form a protective layer around our bodies, and nerve cells carry signals throughout the body. Such kinds of cells are known as "terminally differentiated" - that is, they have specialized already, and will not perform division again. If they are damaged, death will occur. Some cells, however, are able to double in order to renew themselves and also differentiate and give rise to specialized progeny. These cells are known as stem cells. They are used to produce new skin to replace damaged skin cells, or to replace damaged cells on the surface of our intestines. Stem cells can also divide and replace both red and white blood cells. Stem cells in the breast can proliferate and form a complete, fully functioning breast- similar stem cells can be found in the brain and in the heart. While these cells are few and far between, they exist in many of our vital organs and we can already begin to see their vast potential. The stem cells that most research is centered around are known as embryonic stem cells. Such cells can be found in the inner cell mass of an early embryo and are referred to as "totipotent"- as they have the unique ability to form every cell that is needed in as the growing embryo develops. Such cells can also be extracted from the embryo and cultured in petri-dishes. They can also be modified genetically via the addition of DNA, and then injected back into other embryos or into adult animals where they can replicate themselves and differentiate into other cell types that might be needed. Until recently, this work has been done in laboratory mice primarily. It is also possible to induce skin cells, including many different terminally differentiated cells, back into what are known as "induced pluripotent stem cells", or iPS cells. It is also possible to convert skin cells, and indeed many different terminally differentiated cells, back into what are called "induced pluripotent stem cells" or iPS cells. "In 2012 the scientist Shinya Yamanaka won the Nobel Prize for discovering how to convert normal cells into iPS cells using the OKSM regulators to turn on and off the right genes and convert skin cells into stem cells." [1]. However, researchers are still in the process of investigating whether iPS cells have the same potential as embryo-derived stem cells. Hopefully, in the future, stem cells may provide therapies for those suffering from neurodegenerative diseases. For example, skin cells may be taken from a patient, then converted into stem cells and re-injected back into a damaged organ. In an ideal situation, they would repopulate the damaged organ with new cells.

Sulfide

Sulfide is an inorganic anion of sulfur with the chemical formula S²⁻ or a compound containing one or more S²⁻ ions. Solutions of sulfide salts are corrosive. Sulfide also refers to chemical compounds large families of inorganic and organic compounds, e.g. lead sulfide and dimethyl sulfide.

Banana Wars

The Banana Wars were occupations, police actions, and interventions on the part of the United States in Central America and the Caribbean between the end of the Spanish-American War in 1898 and the inception of the Good Neighbor Policy in 1934.[1] These military interventions were most often carried out by the United States Marine Corps, which developed a manual, The Strategy and Tactics of Small Wars (1921) based on its experiences. On occasion, the Navy provided gunfire support and Army troops were also used. The main cause of the Banana wars stemmed from the abuse and mistreatment Latin Banana workers faced and the uprising that came from it. The US saw what was happening and decided to "intervene" . Slavery was by far the most morally disastrous period, followed by the disenfranchisement of women for most of its history, and racial segregation. Governmental efforts to suppress women's rights using religious excuses still persist to this day.

MODIS

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) is a key instrument onboard the Earth Observing System (EOS) Terra and Aqua platforms, designed to monitor the Earth's atmosphere, ocean, and land surface with a set of visible, NIR, MIR, and thermal channels.

How does the magnetic strip of credit cards work? What's the science behind that?

The credit card magnetic stripe or magstripe as they are sometimes called carries loads of information. Each stripe is made up of iron based magnetic particles that are in a plastic film with each one being a very small bar magnetic of about 20 millionths of an inch. These magnetic stripes are able to have information placed on them because each magnet can be magnetised in the direction of the north or south pole. Each magstripe has three tracks that is one-tenth of an inch wide and each track contains unique data. Before describing how a magnetic card reader works, look at how data is stored on a magnetic card and the format of data storage collected. Data Storage: There are up to three tracks on credit card magnetic stripes, or magstripes. These are numbered tracks 1, 2, and 3. Track 3 is rarely used, and may not even exist on credit cards because the magnetic stripe may not be wide enough to accommodate it.According to existing standards, a magnetic card stores information in three separate tracks. All three tracks possess different bit densities and encoded character sets. The average bit density of the first track is 210 bits per inch (bpi). A 64-bit character data set stores information in track 1. The characters are made up of six data bits and an odd parity bit. The encoding format grants the least significant bit to come first and the parity bit, last. So, track one can hold around 79 characters. "Two-Frequency, Coherent Phase Recording" is used for encoding magnetic cards. It is also called F/2F sampling-encoding. By using combined data and clock bits, self-clocking is achieved. How data is stored? For all 3 tracks, the data storage format is as follows: Leading zero bits are encoded to specify the presence of an encoded magnetic card and provide synchronization pulses to the read head electronics and, ultimately, to the controller. The Start Sentinel character then indicates the initiation of actual data. The coded data follows the Start Sentinel character, which the End Sentinel character follows. The End Sentinel character terminates the card's data portion, which an LRC byte (used for error detection) follows. Zero bits fill the remaining card. Now that it is understood how data is stored on a magnetic card, it is a bit easier to build on that foundation to gain an understanding of how the reader actually works. The magnetic card reader uses a specific component to read data from a magnetic card, which is referred to as the read head. The magnetic card reader is a microcontroller-based device. The read heads contain signal amplifiers and line drivers. All modern magnetic read heads contain integrated F/2F bit recovery circuitry and interface with the host controller. The magnetic card reader is a microcontroller-based device and has been programmed for a specific application. That program simply reads the card in a forward direction in a simple data format or it can be complex enough to read the card in any direction with a corresponding encoding format.

Capgras syndrome

The delusional belief that an acquaintance has been replaced by an identical-looking imposter. It is more commonly seen in schizophrenia, dementia, and brain trauma. person believes someone he or she knows has been replaced by a double

the local group

The group of about 40 galaxies to which the Milky Way Galaxy belongs. The Local Group is just one collection of galaxies in the even bigger Virgo Supercluster. The largest, most massive galaxies in the Local Group are the Milky Way, Andromeda and the Triangulum Galaxy. Each of these galaxies has a collection of satellite galaxies surrounding them The Local Group is the galaxy group that includes the Milky Way. It has a total diameter of roughly 3 Mpc, and a total mass of the order of 2×10¹² solar masses.

fourth wall

The imaginary wall of the box theater setting, supposedly removed to allow the audience to see the action. "Breaking the fourth wall" is any instance in which this performance convention, having been adopted more generally in the drama, is violated. This can be done through either directly referencing the audience, the play as a play, or the characters' fictionality.

How guitar pickup magnet works?

The magnets in an electric guitar's pickups interact with the vibration of the metal strings suspended above them. As the string oscillates through the pickup's magnetic field, it induces a current. This current is then passed through your guitar's electronics (tone/volume controls, etc.) and on to your amplifier, where more electronics convert that current into sound. Those were simpler times. This thing called electricity had been invented and people were fiddling about with it. They had found that if you wrap a metal with coils of a copper wire and pass an electric current through the wire then the metal acts as a magnet (an electro magnet they called it). At the same time, a chap named Michael Faraday had a thought. If an electrical current can produce magnetism, can a magnet produce an electric current. You should have seen his face when he discovered that it is true. When a wire is moved through a magnetic field, an electric current is produced. This became known as the law of electromagnetic induction. I will just state it in a more formal manner so that I'm not captured by science enthusiasts and tourtured with a feather. "Electromagnetic induction or magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (i.e. voltage) across an electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field". Now let's look at an electric guitar. We have the magnet (the pickups). An electrical conductor (the strings). Pluck the string, it moves about in the magnetic field (hence the requirement of changing magnetic field is acheived) and voila we have an electric current. (Nerd note: the pickups can be a permanent magnet which are called passive pickups or an electro magnet which are called active pickups and hence they require a 9V battery to power them). Now as you might imagine. The pickups have a very weak magnetic strength. The current produced by the oscillating strings thereby has a very small magnitude and it can't be fed into a speaker directly, hence the need of amplifiers. An amplifier boosts the electrical signal (amplitude modualtion) making it big, strong and self confident to be fed into a speaker to create noise. It's crazy that the same principle that creates electricity to light up our homes is also responsible for the riffs coming out of Jimmy Page's guitar when Mr Robert Plant is advising young women to go to school.

mica

The mica group of sheet silicate minerals includes several closely related materials having nearly perfect basal cleavage. All are monoclinic, with a tendency towards pseudohexagonal crystals, and are similar in chemical composition

Hubble's law

The observation that the farther away a galaxy is, the faster it is moving away. a law stating that the redshifts in the spectra of distant galaxies (and hence their speeds of recession) are proportional to their distance.

How is rocket fuel made?

The petroleum used as rocket fuel is a type of highly refined kerosene, called RP-1 in the United States. Petroleum fuels are usually used in combination with liquid oxygen as the oxidizer. ... Liquid oxygen and RP-1 are used as the propellant in the first-stage boosters of the Atlas and Delta II launch vehicles. Propellant is the chemical mixture burned to produce thrust in rockets and consists of a fuel and an oxidizer. A fuel is a substance that burns when combined with oxygen producing gas for propulsion. An oxidizer is an agent that releases oxygen for combination with a fuel. The ratio of oxidizer to fuel is called the mixture ratio. Propellants are classified according to their state - liquid, solid, or hybrid. The gauge for rating the efficiency of rocket propellants is specific impulse, stated in seconds. Specific impulse indicates how many pounds (or kilograms) of thrust are obtained by the consumption of one pound (or kilogram) of propellant in one second. Specific impulse is characteristic of the type of propellant, however, its exact value will vary to some extent with the operating conditions and design of the rocket engine. In a liquid propellant rocket, the fuel and oxidizer are stored in separate tanks, and are fed through a system of pipes, valves, and turbopumps to a combustion chamber where they are combined and burned to produce thrust. Liquid propellant engines are more complex than their solid propellant counterparts, however, they offer several advantages. By controlling the flow of propellant to the combustion chamber, the engine can be throttled, stopped, or restarted. A good liquid propellant is one with a high specific impulse or, stated another way, one with a high speed of exhaust gas ejection. This implies a high combustion temperature and exhaust gases with small molecular weights. However, there is another important factor that must be taken into consideration: the density of the propellant. Using low-density propellants means that larger storage tanks will be required, thus increasing the mass of the launch vehicle. Storage temperature is also important. A propellant with a low storage temperature, i.e. a cryogenic, will require thermal insulation, thus further increasing the mass of the launcher. The toxicity of the propellant is likewise important. Safety hazards exist when handling, transporting, and storing highly toxic compounds. Also, some propellants are very corrosive; however, materials that are resistant to certain propellants have been identified for use in rocket construction.

salt corrodes brick

The result of movement of soluble salts in the capillaries of the brickwork is the appearance of crystalline salt formations on the facade of the building, which called "efflorescence". Efflorescence can be considered an indicator of salt corrosion in brick in addition they spoil the appearance of the facade. Efflorescence is a crystalline deposit on the face of a brick wall. It is common problem in many areas of India, as it is in many countries. The immediate problem raised by its occurrence is that of disfigurement of masonry, and severe defacement of a wall is not uncommon. There is, in addition, the possibility of actual damage to masonry from the growth of salt crystal near its surface. Efflorescence results in peeling off plasters, white salty patches on finished wall surface, dampness to walls, peeling off paints etc. In chemistry, efflorescence is the migration of a salt to the surface of a porous material, where it forms a coating. The essential process involves the dissolving of an internally held salt in water, or occasionally in another solvent

why do trees have sap

The sticky substance seeping out of trees called sap is a vital part of the tree's life. Sap carries important nutrients, water and hormones through the tree that are essential for a healthy plant. Pruning, damage, pests and disease are common reasons why trees ooze and drip sap Sap flows through a part of the outer tree trunk known as sapwood, delivering water, sugars, and nutrients throughout the tree. Sap production begins in warm summer months when the process of photosynthesis creates carbohydrates that get stored in the tree as starch. Sap from maple trees are used to make maple pancake syrup. Pine sap can also be used to heal our wounds. In addition to being antiseptic, pine sap is also anti-inflammatory and its stickiness helps it close wounds. Sap is also used in food, medicine and industrial products.

Tapetum lucidum

The tapetum lucidum is a layer of tissue in the eye of many vertebrates. Lying immediately behind the retina, it is a retroreflector. It reflects visible light back through the retina, increasing the light available to the photoreceptors. The tapetum lucidum contributes to the superior night vision of some animals.

thermal conductivity

The thermal conductivity of a material is a measure of its ability to conduct heat. It is commonly denoted by, or. Heat transfer occurs at a lower rate in materials of low thermal conductivity than in materials of high thermal conductivity.

wild call

Wild Calla is a native erect perennial that is semi-aquatic growing 5 to 10 inches high. The leaves emerge first and are all basal, rising from the rhizome. They are green, large, somewhat waxy and heart shaped with a pointed tip and with a 2 to 6 inch stalk. Leaf veins are curved, parallel and ascending

Jakobshavn Glacier

The world's fastest glacier. Located in Greenland. Spent many years moving between 5,700 and 6,700 meters per year. In the last decade, it has more than doubled its speed, zipping down the slope at 12,600 meters per year, or just short of eight miles per year. Jakobshavn Glacier drains 6.5% of the Greenland ice sheet[1] and produces around 10% of all Greenland icebergs. Some 35 billion tonnes of icebergs calve off and pass out of the fjord every year. Icebergs breaking from the glacier are often so large (up to 1 km in height) that they are too tall to float down the fjord and lie stuck on the bottom of its shallower areas, sometimes for years, until they are broken up by the force of the glacier and icebergs further up the fjord. Studied for over 250 years, the Jakobshavn Glacier has helped develop modern understanding of climate change and icecap glaciology.[4][5]

highest tesla magnet

The world-record 100 tesla pulsed magnet. This amazing magnet, located at the MagLab's Pulsed Field Facility inside the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, produces the highest non-destructive field in the world. The magnet produces a whopping 100 tesla

thermal runaway

Thermal runaway occurs in situations where an increase in temperature changes the conditions in a way that causes a further increase in temperature, often leading to a destructive result. It is a kind of uncontrolled positive feedback. Thermal Runaway occurs most often in a valve regulated acid (VRLA) battery when the rate of internal heat generation exceeds the rate at which the heat can be expelled. ... Once thermal runaway begins to occur, it cannot stop itself.

Do all black holes have the same density?

They do not. There is an inverse correlation between a black hole's mass and its volume, so the more massive a black hole gets, the lower its average density becomes.

keep at bay

To hold at bay or to keep at bay means to fend off, to prevent something from affecting you or to prevent something from approaching you, to maintain a distance.

retrodict

To utilize present information or ideas to infer or explain a past event or state of affairs. state a fact about the past based on inference or deduction, rather than evidence.

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML),

Too many blood cells made in bone marrow Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), also known as chronic myeloid leukemia, is a cancer of the white blood cells. It is a form of leukemia characterized by the increased and unregulated growth of myeloid cells in the bone marrow and the accumulation of these cells in the blood. CML is a clonal bone marrow stem cell disorder in which a proliferation of mature granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils) and their precursors is found. It is a type of myeloproliferative neoplasm associated with a characteristic chromosomal translocation called the Philadelphia chromosome.

watt hour meter

Watt-hour meter is in fact a measuring device which can evaluate and records the electrical power passing through a circuit in a certain time. By implementing the Watt-hour meter, we can know how much amount of electrical energy is used by a consumer or a residence or an electrically powered device or a business

what is tar made of

What is the molucular formula of coal tar? According to Wikipedia: Coal tar contains many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzopyrenes, benzanthracene, benzofluoranthenes, and chrysene, which are known carcinogens Tar is a dark brown or black viscous liquid of hydrocarbons and free carbon, obtained from a wide variety of organic materials through destructive distillation. Tar can be produced from coal, wood, petroleum, or peat.[1] Production and trade in pine-derived tar was a major contributor in the economies of Northern Europe[2] and Colonial America. Its main use was in preserving wooden sailing vessels against rot. The largest user was the Royal Navy of the United Kingdom. Demand for tar declined with the advent of iron and steel ships.

what causes white nose in bats

White-nose syndrome is the result of a fungus called Pseudogymnoascus destructans that invades and ingests the skin of hibernating bats, including their wings. It causes bats to wake up more frequently during the winter, using up their limited fat reserves very rapidly.

stromatolite

a calcareous mound built up of layers of lime-secreting cyanobacteria and trapped sediment, found in Precambrian rocks as the earliest known fossils, and still being formed in lagoons in Australasia. The pile at the left of the above photo (west) is overburden - the glacial till and other material that is scraped off and piled up to provide access to the ore. In the photo above right members of the workshop are collecting samples of ore containing rock. One sample (right) shows the metallic gray hematite ore in layers with jasper, a form of micro crystalline quartz. In many places Mary-Ellen Jasper is noticeable. Mary-Ellen Jasper is the fossil of stromatolites, a form of blue-green algae of the late precambrian era. These fossils are 1.8 to 2 billion years old and are believed to be among the earliest forms of life on earth. The stromatolites would produce oxygen in a marine environment that was rich in ferrous (iron in the +2 oxidation state) ions. The combination of the ferrous iron and the oxygen would cause precipitation of the hematite minerals along with the silica (quartz). Mary-Ellen Jasper has a hardness from 6.5 to 7 (the same as glass - quartz) with colors of red, pink, white, yellow and even green. It occurs commonly in the Biwabik Iron Formation forming bands of iron and chert in the Mesabi Iron Range. The stromatolites prokaryotes, cellular organisms that lack a nucleus, are in a classification of plant life called cyanobacteria, capable of photosynthesis. Before the Animikean time the earth's atmosphere did not contain free oxygen. The cyanobacteria created the earth's original atmospheric oxygen which directly led to an explosion of life worldwide. Cyanobacteria built the first "reefs" in what was once a sea by grouping together and forming hardened colonial structures called stromatolites. In the early days of Minnesota iron mining the identification of the fossil layers indicated a formation of rich iron ore close by. The quartz rich rock as much as 15 feet thick had to be first removed before the rich iron ore could be mined. The quartz also caused problems with the refinement process of the ore into steel. the quartz would melt and form slag in the blast furnace that then had to be chiseled out by hand.

Flashbulb memory

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event A flashbulb memory is a highly detailed, exceptionally vivid 'snapshot' of the moment and circumstances in which a piece of surprising and consequential (or emotionally arousing) news was heard.

endometriosis

a condition in which patches of endometrial tissue escape the uterus and become attached to other structures in the pelvic cavity A disorder in which tissue that normally lines the uterus grows outside the uterus.

schmuck

a foolish or contemptible person.

supercluster

a gigantic region of space in which many groups and clusters of galaxies are packed more closely together than elsewhere in the universe A supercluster is a large group of smaller galaxy clusters or galaxy groups; it is among the largest-known structures of the cosmos. The Milky Way is part of the Local Group galaxy group (which contains more than 54 galaxies), which in turn is part of the Virgo Cluster, which is part of the Laniakea Supercluster.

ball mill

a grinding mill in which the material to be ground is tumbled in a drum with heavy balls of iron, steel, or stone. A ball mill is a type of grinder used to grind, blend and sometimes for mixing of materials for use in mineral dressing processes, paints, pyrotechnics, ceramics and selective laser sintering. It works on the principle of impact and attrition: size reduction is done by impact as the balls drop from near the top of the shell. The ball mill is used for grinding materials such as coal, pigments, and feldspar for pottery. Grinding can be carried out either wet or dry but the former is performed at low speed. Blending of explosives is an example of an application for rubber balls.[2] For systems with multiple components, ball milling has been shown to be effective in increasing solid-state chemical reactivity.[3] Additionally, ball milling has been shown effective for production of amorphous materials. [4]

porphyry

a hard igneous rock containing crystals, usually of feldspar, in a fine-grained, typically reddish groundmass.

mastodon

a large extinct elephant-like mammal of the Miocene to Pleistocene epochs, having teeth of a relatively primitive form and number.

t cell

a lymphocyte that identifies pathogens and distinguishes one pathogen from another A T cell is a type of lymphocyte which develops in the thymus gland and plays a central role in the immune response. T cells can be distinguished from other lymphocytes by the presence of a T-cell receptor on the cell surface.

stalagmite

a mound or tapering column rising from the floor of a cave, formed of calcium salts deposited by dripping water and often uniting with a stalactite.

Nu Scorpii

a multiple star system in the constellation of Scorpius. It is most likely a septuple star (7 stars!) system, consisting of two close groups (designated Nu Scorpii AB and CD) that are separated by 41 arcseconds. Based on parallax measurements, it is approximately 470 light-years from the Sun. AR Cassiopeiae is also a septuple star system

hypomanic episode

a period of elated mood not as extreme as a manic episode

ideogram

a pictorial character or symbol that represents a specific meaning or idea

sphincter

a ring of muscle surrounding and serving to guard or close an opening or tube, such as the anus or the openings of the stomach.

Heuristic

a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms

tamarack

a slender North American larch larch: a coniferous tree with bunches of deciduous bright green needles, found in cool regions of the northern hemisphere. It is grown for its tough timber and its resin (which yields turpentine).

inkling

a slight suspicion; a vague idea a hint; a vague notion

Moulin

a vertical or nearly vertical shaft in a glacier, formed by surface water percolating through a crack in the ice. steep hole in a glacier formed by running water in the summer, resembles a waterslide but not as fun

Heap leaching

an industrial process to extract metals from ore which has been crushed into small chunks Heap leaching is an industrial mining process used to extract precious metals, copper, uranium, and other compounds from ore using a series of chemical reactions that absorb specific minerals and re-separate them after their division from other earth materials. Similar to in situ mining, heap leach mining differs in that it places ore on a liner, then adds the chemicals via drip systems to the ore, whereas in situ mining lacks these liners and pulls pregnant solution up to obtain the minerals. Heap leaching is widely used in modern large-scale mining operations as it produces the desired concentrates at a lower cost compared to conventional processing methods such as flotation, agitation, and vat leaching.[1] Additionally, dump leaching is an essential part of most copper mining operations and determines the quality grade of the produced material along with other factors

Deet

an oily, colorless chemical that is widely used in insect repellents N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide

Quill feather

any of the larger wing or tail feathers of a bird flight feather

gyroscope

apparatus used to maintain balance, ascertain direction, etc.

obstetric

branch of surgery that deals with the management of pregnancy and delivery

lymphoid cells

consist of immune system cells found in lymphoid tissue and supporting cells that form lymphoid tissue structures Lymphocytes are white blood cells ( leukocytes) that provide an immune response that attacks specific kinds of nonself cells and foreign substances (antigens). There are several major classes of lymphocytes: T cells (T lymphocytes) originate in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus gland.

Iditarod

dog sled race in Alaska

afterglow

glow remaining after something bright has gone

nocebo

harm resulting from the mere expectation of harm

magma

hot fluid or semifluid material below or within the earth's crust from which lava and other igneous rock is formed on cooling.

lava

hot molten or semifluid rock erupted from a volcano or fissure, or solid rock resulting from cooling of this.

woefully

in a manner expressing sorrow or misery.

Taconite

is a variety of iron formation, an iron-bearing (over 15% iron) sedimentary rock, in which the iron minerals are interlayered with quartz, chert, or carbonate. The iron content of taconite, commonly present as finely dispersed magnetite, is generally 25% to 30%.

everlasting

lasting forever; eternal

similitude

likeness; resemblance similarity in appearance or character or nature between persons or things

lumen

the SI unit of luminous flux, equal to the amount of light emitted per second in a unit solid angle of one steradian from a uniform source of one candela. One lumen is about the same brightness as a one birthday candle from a distance of one foot from you. To put it another way, a standard 60 watt light globe produces around 750-850 lumens of light. 1,000 lumens flashlight is able to produce a beam range of 150 to 200 meters.

pyrometallurgy

the branch of science and technology concerned with the use of high temperatures to extract and purify metals.

Pitcher plant

the bright colors and honey-scented nectar of this plant lure the insects that drown in its leaves Pitcher plants are several different carnivorous plants which have modified leaves known as pitfall traps—a prey-trapping mechanism featuring a deep cavity filled with digestive liquid. The traps of what are considered to be "true" pitcher plants are formed by specialized leaves

Virgo Supercluster

the cluster of galaxy clusters in which the Milky Way is located. The Virgo Supercluster or the Local Supercluster is a mass concentration of galaxies containing the Virgo Cluster and Local Group, which in turn contains the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies. At least 100 galaxy groups and clusters are located within its diameter of 33 megaparsecs

bankruptcy

the legal proceeding by which a bankrupt person's assets are distributed among those to whom he or she owes debts Bankruptcy is a legal procedure for liquidating a business or property owned by an individual, which can't fully pay it's debts out of its current assets.

hubble constant

the rate of expansion of the universe The Hubble Constant is the unit of measurement used to describe the expansion of the universe. The cosmos has been getting bigger since the Big Bang kick-started the growth about 13.82 billion years ago. The universe, in fact, is getting faster in its acceleration as it gets bigger.

archaeobotany

the study of plant remains from archaeological sites

geomorphology

the study of the characteristics, origin, and development of landforms

Necrosis

tissue death Necrosis is the death of body tissue. It occurs when too little blood flows to the tissue. This can be from injury, radiation, or chemicals. Necrosis cannot be reversed. When large areas of tissue die due to a lack of blood supply, the condition is called gangrene