Vocab v21
16th amendment
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.
analgesic
(of a drug) acting to relieve pain.
artisanal
(of a product, especially food or drink) made in a traditional or non-mechanized way.
Neutron star
A star that has collapsed under its own gravity A neutron star is the collapsed core of a giant star which before collapse had a total mass of between 10 and 29 solar masses. Neutron stars are the smallest and densest stars, excluding black holes, hypothetical white holes, quark stars and strange stars.
Perchloroethylene, the chemical most commonly used at dry cleaners, is also a chemical used in chlorinated brake cleaner. Brake cleaners are powerful solvents designed to remove dust, dirt, and grime from brake parts, but these potent cleaning agents can also be used in other auto shop and household applications. ...
/
That I'm shy; really I just don't like wasting my time talking to people I don't like. I also don't talk just to talk.
/
how many people have been to space
536 Of the 536, three people completed only a sub-orbital flight, 533 people reached Earth orbit, 24 traveled beyond low Earth orbit and 12 walked on the Moon. Space travelers have spent over 29,000 person-days (or a cumulative total of over 77 years) in space including over 100 person-days of spacewalks.
potato blight
A destructive fungal disease of potatoes resulting in dry brown rot of the tubers, resulted in Irish Potato Famine disease that can destroy a tomato or potato crop in as little as 10 days Potato blight or late blight disease is caused by the fungus-like organism Phytophthora infestans, which spreads rapidly in the foliage of potatoes and tomatoes causing collapse and decay. The disease spreads most readily during periods of warm and humid weather with rain. if you are planting potatoes, buy them from a garden shop. if you just try to plant the ones from the store they wont work since they aren't treated for potato blight
Hypha
A filament of fungal cells. A hypha is a long, branching filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacteria. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium.
Cystic fibrosis
A genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that affects mostly the lungs, but also the pancreas, liver, kidneys, and intestine.[1][5] Long-term issues include difficulty breathing and coughing up mucus as a result of frequent lung infections.[1] Other signs and symptoms may include sinus infections, poor growth, fatty stool, clubbing of the fingers and toes, and infertility in most males.[1] Different people may have different degrees of symptoms.[1]
Kilonova
A kilonova (also called a macronova or r-process supernova) is a transient astronomical event that occurs in a compact binary system when two neutron stars or a neutron star and a black hole merge into each other.
kilonova
A kilonova (also called a macronova or r-process supernova) is a transient astronomical event that occurs in a compact binary system when two neutron stars or a neutron star and a black hole merge into each other. Kilonovae are thought to emit short gamma-ray bursts and strong electromagnetic radiation due to the radioactive decay of heavy r-process nuclei that are produced and ejected fairly isotropically during the merger process.[1]
mold
A mold or mould is a fungus that grows in the form of multicellular filaments called hyphae. In contrast, fungi that can adopt a single-celled growth habit are called yeasts.
Weather balloon
A weather or sounding balloon is a balloon that carries instruments aloft to send back information on atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity and wind speed by means of a small, expendable measuring device called a radiosonde. radiosonde: an instrument carried by balloon or other means to various levels of the atmosphere and transmitting measurements by radio.
epoxy
An epoxy is typically a two part resin system consisting of a Part A Bisphenol A resin that is mixed with an acid based Pat B curative. An epoxy can be formulated for tens of thousands of applications for use as an adhesive to a protective coating. An epoxy can be formulated to be fast curing or very slow curing, it can be made to be very rigid or very flexible. Epoxies are typically non-toxic when cured, can be formulated to be 100% solids/V.O.C. free, usually do not contain isocyanates or styrenes which make them very user friendly. My company has over 1,800 unique formulas so epoxy can be formulated for so many different applications.
why bleed car brakes
An essential part of replacing brake fluid is bleeding the system. That simply means ridding the brake system of trapped air, but some of the old fluid is expelled as well. ... Head down to the auto parts store or dealer's parts department to pick up the correct fluid before you start working on the brakes.
How does a walkie-talkie work?
As they talk into it, their words are converted into radio waves and beamed out on the prearranged channel (typically at a frequency around 460 MHz). Since radio waves are part of the electromagnetic spectrum, they travel at the speed of light (300,000 km/second or 186,000 miles/second), so the waves are picked up almost instantaneously by the other handsets. Unlike a normal radio, which will only pick up broadcast voices or music from a radio station, a Walkie-talkie is a two-way radio: you can both talk and listen (send and receive). The main drawback is that the same frequency channel is used for both things, so only one person can talk at a time.
bipolar ionization
Bipolar Ionization is a process in which the decomposition of gas molecules into atoms is affected by the aid of high energy sources. The natural source for this high energy is UV solar radiation and soil radioactivity.
bombardier beetle defense
Bombardier beetles have a special way of defending themselves. When they are threatened, they blast their attacker with a jet of boiling acid from their rear end. ... The beetle creates this jet of hot liquid by mixing two chemicals, which are usually kept separate, inside its body.
bore on a rifle
Bore, in weaponry, the interior of the barrel of a gun or firearm. In guns that have rifled barrels, e.g., rifles, pistols, machine guns, and artillery or naval guns, the diameter of the bore is termed the calibre.
Kendo
Japanese fencing with bamboo swords
Knurling
Knurling is a manufacturing process, typically conducted on a lathe, whereby a pattern of straight, angled or crossed lines is rolled into the material. a small projecting knob or ridge, especially in a series around the edge of something.
compact fluorescent lights how they work
CFLs produce light differently than incandescent bulbs. ... In a CFL, an electric current is driven through a tube containing argon and a small amount of mercury vapor. This generates invisible ultraviolet light that excites a fluorescent coating (called phosphor) on the inside of the tube, which then emits visible light.
calcite
Calcite is a rock-forming mineral with a chemical formula of CaCO3. It is extremely common and found throughout the world in sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks. Some geologists consider it to be a "ubiquitous mineral" - one that is found everywhere. Calcite is the principal constituent of limestone and marble. bruh. why so many synonyms for the most arbitrary concepts
22nd amendment
Limits the president to two terms.
how carbon copy works
Carbon paper consisted of a sheet of paper that was coated on one side with a layer of carbon black (soot) bound with wax. When placed between an original and a second piece of paper to be copied onto, carbon paper would transfer marks made by the pressure applied by a typewriter or pen. Carbonless copy paper (CCP): Instead of inserting a special sheet in between the original and the intended copy, carbonless copy paper has micro-encapsulated dye or ink on the back side of the top sheet, and a clay coating on the front side of the bottom sheet. When pressure is applied (from writing or impact printing), the dye capsules rupture and react with the clay to form a permanent mark duplicating the markings made to the top sheet. Intermediary sheets, with clay on the front and dye capsules on the back, can be used to create multiple copies; this may be referred to as multipart stationery. The first dye used commercially in this application was crystal violet lactone, which is widely used today. Other dyes and supporting chemicals used are PTSMH (p-toluenesulfinate of Michler's hydrol), TMA (trimellitic anhydride), phenol-formaldehyde resins, azo dyes, DIPN (diisopropyl naphthalenes), formaldehyde isocyanates, hydrocarbon-based solvents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polyoxypropylene diamine, epoxy resins, aliphatic isocyanates, Bisphenol A, diethylene triamine, and others. The dyes in carbonless copy papers may cause contact dermatitis in sensitive persons.
Double Jeopardy
Double jeopardy is a procedural defence that prevents an accused person from being tried again on the same charges following a valid acquittal or conviction
proton decay by electron capture
During this formation, the gravitational pressure pushes onto the nuclei of elements so much that the electrons outside the nucleus gets pushed inside causing it to interact with the proton. Now here's the cool part, to actually determine this interaction, we need to know that a proton is made up of two up quarks and one down quark whereas a neutron is made up of one up quark and two down quarks. And so, there's actually a way to convert a proton to a neutron i.e convert that extra up quark to a down quark. This can happen by supplying 1.29 MeV of energy to the proton causing it to turn into a neutron. Back to neutron stars, it's quite evident that either due to the physical conditions inside the neutron star in that stage or the velocity of the electron itself when it hits the proton, there's more than 1.29 MeV of energy present which could cause the proton to turn into a neutron. This is called "proton decay by electron capture" If this process happens long enough that all the nuclei of elements are turned into neutrons, there would be only neutrons left there.
optic nerve
Each human optic nerve contains between 770,000 and 1.7 million nerve fibers, which are axons of the retinal ganglion cells of one retina. In the fovea, which has high acuity, these ganglion cells connect to as few as 5 photoreceptor cells; in other areas of retina, they connect to many thousand photoreceptors. The optic nerve, also known as cranial nerve II, or simply as CN II, is a paired cranial nerve that transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. In humans, the optic nerve is derived from optic stalks during the seventh week of development and is composed of retinal ganglion cell axons and glial cells; it extends from the optic disc to the optic chiasma and continues as the optic tract to the lateral geniculate nucleus, pretectal nuclei, and superior colliculus.[1][2]
Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB)
Electromagnetic radiation left over from early development of the universe that fills the universe; detected with a radio telescope and is key proof of the Big Bang theory of the origin of the universe. About 380,000 years after the Big Bang the universe was still pretty hot but had cooled sufficiently to be transparent to light (or electromagnetic radiation, EMR). The subsequent expansion of the universe has effectively stretched the wavelength of this light so that it is now mostly microwaves (also EMR) that appear to come from all directions in the cosmos. Hence the name Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB).When emitted the CMB had a characteristic temperature of about 3,000K (hot enough to melt all metals but Tungsten) but it has now 'stretched' and cooled to only 2.7K (cold enough to freeze everything but Helium). Nevertheless most of the universe's radiation energy is in the CMB.
Electron degeneracy pressure
Electron degeneracy pressure occurs when electrons are compressed into a very small volume. Since their positions are well-known, they gain a large momentum in accordance with Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. This momentum creates a pressure which is temperature-independent and can result in helium flash in stars. Electron degeneracy pressure is a particular manifestation of the more general phenomenon of quantum degeneracy pressure. The Pauli exclusion principle disallows two identical half-integer spin particles from simultaneously occupying the same quantum state. When atoms are subjected to extremely high temperature and pressure, the atoms are stripped of their electrons. In other words, they become ionized. The pressure of the gas inside of a star is due to the electrons, or the electron pressure
4th Amendment
Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures
1st Amendment
Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition
grout
Grout is a dense fluid which is used to fill gaps or used as reinforcement in existing structures. Grout is generally a mixture of water, cement, and sand and is employed in pressure grouting, embedding
halite
Halite, commonly known as rock salt, is a type of salt, the mineral form of sodium chloride. Halite forms isometric crystals Halite is the mineral name for the substance that everyone knows as "salt." Its chemical name is sodium chloride, and a rock composed primarily of halite is known as "rock salt."
Is Himalayan pink salt really better for you than processed salt?
Health-wise and nutritionally, no. They are both about 96-99% sodium chloride with various impurities (in the case of Himalayan) or additives (in the case of table salt. Himalayan Salt has two main extras, halite (not necessarily desirable, it is said to taste bitter) and iron oxide (iron rust, gives it the pink color, but the quantity is not nutritionally significant). Beyond that it has many dozens of other minerals, both helpful and harmful, but in quantities so negligible that they probably have no physiological effect at all.
House dust mite
House dust mites are mites found in association with dust in dwellings. The main species are: Dermatophagoides farinae Dermatophagoides microceras Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus Euroglyphus maynei Symptoms of dust mite allergy include sneezing, runny nose, itchy nose, and nasal congestion. If you have asthma, dust mites can cause you to wheeze more and need more asthma medicine. You may have more asthma symptoms at night, when you are lying in a bed infested with dust mites.
Salt
In chemistry, a salt is a solid chemical compound consisting of an ionic assembly of cations and anions. Salts are composed of related numbers of cations and anions so that the product is electrically neutral any chemical compound formed from the reaction of an acid with a base, with all or part of the hydrogen of the acid replaced by a metal or other cation.
What is mean film temperature?
In heat transfer and fluid dynamics, the film temperature ( ) is an approximation to the temperature of a fluid inside a convection boundary layer. It is calculated as the arithmetic mean of the temperature at the surface of the solid boundary wall ( ) and the free-stream temperature ( ):
why does wood rot
In order for fungi to set up shop, the wood must be continuously damp; fungi will not grow on dry wood. Rot requires two things: moisture and oxygen About 35 to 50 per cent moisture is required for wood rotting fungi to flourish. Above that, as in the case with a piece of wood that is totally submerged, the wood is simply too wet for the fungi to live. Rot fungi also require oxygenfor the oxidation of sugars, which they use for growth and the supply of energy. The breakdown of carbohydrates in the respiration process produces water and carbon dioxide. If there is no interchange of air, the fungus will die from suffocation by carbon dioxide. For example, when cell spaces are completely filled with water, as they are when wood is submerged in water, the air supply is cut off and growth is stopped.
what does it mean for a wave function to collapse
In quantum mechanics, wave function collapse occurs when a wave function—initially in a superposition of several eigenstates—reduces to a single eigenstate due to interaction with the external world. This interaction is called an "observation".
What is the meaning of buoyancy?
It's french for floating/floatable/floatesque etc AND, like all french things, it's beautifully messed-up, in a slightly self-contradictory and picturesque way: In physics, it's the force that pushes stuff out of the water*; this force has a lot to do with the volume of the submerged object, but even more to do with the density of the submerged object.. and possibly most to do with the relative density of the submerged object. This is similar to why hot-air balloons float, in fact, that is also a wonderful effect of buoyancy, only that it's applied to the atmosphere instead of the hydrosphere.
Researchers hack Siri, Alexa, and Google Home by shining lasers at them
MEMS mics respond to light as if it were sound. No one knows precisely why. Shining a low-powered laser into these voice-activated systems allows attackers to inject commands of their choice from as far away as 360 feet (110m). Because voice-controlled systems often don't require users to authenticate themselves, the attack can frequently be carried out without the need of a password or PIN. The attack exploits a vulnerability in microphones that use micro-electro-mechanical systems, or MEMS. The microscopic MEMS components of these microphones unintentionally respond to light as if it were sound. While the researchers tested only Siri, Alexa, Google Assistant, Facebook Portal, and a small number of tablets and phones, the researchers believe all devices that use MEMS microphones are susceptible to Light Commands attacks. The laser-based attacks have several limitations. For one, the attacker must have direct line of sight to the targeted device. And for another, the light in many cases must be precisely aimed at a very specific part of the microphone. Except in cases where an attacker uses an infrared laser, the lights are also easy to see by someone who is close by and has line of sight of the device. What's more, devices typically respond with voice and visual cues when executing a command, a feature that would alert users within earshot of the device.
Mary Magdalene
Mary Magdalene, sometimes called simply the Magdalene or the Madeleine, was a Jewish woman who, according to the four canonical gospels, traveled with Jesus as one of his followers and was a witness to his crucifixion, burial, and resurrection
Micropump
Micropumps are devices that can control and manipulate small fluid volumes.[3] Although any kind of small pump is often referred to as micropump, a more accurate definition restricts this term to pumps with functional dimensions in the micrometer range. Such pumps are of special interest in microfluidic research, and have become available for industrial product integration in recent years. Their miniaturized overall size, potential cost and improved dosing accuracy compared to existing miniature pumps fuel the growing interest for this innovative kind of pump.
mycotoxins
Mycotoxins are toxic compounds that are naturally produced by certain types of moulds (fungi). Moulds that can produce mycotoxins grow on numerous foodstuffs such as cereals, dried fruits, nuts and spices.
niacin
Niacin, also known as vitamin B3, is an important nutrient. In fact, every part of your body needs it to function properly. As a supplement, niacin may help lower cholesterol, ease arthritis and boost brain function, among other benefits. However, it can also cause serious side effects if you take large doses.
3rd Amendment
No quartering of soldiers
Venera 7
On December 15, 1970 an unmanned Soviet spacecraft, Venera 7, became the first spacecraft to land on another planet. It measured the temperature of the atmosphere on Venus. In 1972, Venera 8 gathered atmospheric and surface data for 50 minutes after landing. On Oct. 22, 1975, Venera 9 landed on the surface of Venus.
pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung affecting primarily the small air sacs known as alveoli.[4][13] Typically symptoms include some combination of productive or dry cough, chest pain, fever, and trouble breathing.[2] Severity is variable.[2] Pneumonia is usually caused by infection with viruses or bacteria and less commonly by other microorganisms, certain medications and conditions such as autoimmune diseases.
pot metal
Pot metal, also known as monkey metal, white metal or die-cast zinc, is a colloquial term that refers to alloys that consist of inexpensive, low-melting point metals used to make fast, inexpensive castings.
2nd Amendment
Right to bear arms
Rust
Rust is an iron oxide, a usually red oxide formed by the redox reaction of iron and oxygen in the presence of water or air moisture. Given sufficient time, oxygen, and water, any iron mass will eventually convert entirely to rust and disintegrate. Surface rust is flaky and friable, and it provides no protection to the underlying iron, unlike the formation of patina on copper surfaces.
How does salt attract water?
Salt absorbs water moisture because it is an ionic compound with strong attractive forces for the highly polar water molecules. This property means that salt is hygroscopic, meaning that it absorbs both liquid water and water vapor in the air. It can. But unlike many other hygroscopic compounds that will absorb moisture across pretty much any range of humidity normally encountered on Earth, sodium chloride will only absorb water if the humidity is fairly high. One document I have lists the maximum equilibrium humidity as 65%; another suggests that salt is effectively deliquescent (albeit slowly) at 74% humidity and 20C, eventually dissolving in the water that is pulled from the air. At lower humidities the water will eventually evaporate again. Yes, because in simple terms it is hygroscopic. My mother used to keep salt lump free with a few grains of rice in the salt shaker. When the salt in the salt shaker gets even the tiniest amount of moisture, the salt tends to clump up, and that makes it annoying to shake out. Once the rice is in there, it will soak up any excess moisture and keep the salt from clumping.
Phenol
Strong, high pH disinfectant Phenol is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C₆H₅OH. It is a white crystalline solid that is volatile. The molecule consists of a phenyl group bonded to a hydroxy group. It is mildly acidic and requires careful handling due to its propensity for causing chemical burns. In organic chemistry, phenols, sometimes called phenolics, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of a hydroxyl group (—OH) bonded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group. The simplest of the class is phenol, C. 6H. OH.
Kardashev scale
The Kardashev scale is a method of measuring a civilization's level of technological advancement based on the amount of energy they are able to utilize.
London dispersion force
The London dispersion force is the weakest intermolecular force. The London dispersion force is a temporary attractive force that results when the electrons in two adjacent atoms occupy positions that make the atoms form temporary dipoles. This force is sometimes called an induced dipole-induced dipole attraction. London dispersion forces are a type of van der Vaals force. van der Vaals forces occur between molecules (intermolecular forces) and bind them together through charge. London dispersion forces occur where there is no permanent charge or dipole. Therefore, there are no permanent attractions between positive and negative charges. Instead, what occurs are fluctuation of the location of the electrons around the nucleus that give rise to a temporary dipole. When this occurs, it can also induce a temporary dipole in adjacent atoms or molecules, leading to an intermolecular attraction. Because this depends on the amount of asymmetry, it becomes stronger in larger atoms and molecules, so this force can start to dominate moving down the periodic table.
Osborne effect
The Osborne effect is a social phenomenon of customers canceling or deferring orders for the current soon-to-be-obsolete product as an unexpected drawback of a company's announcing a future product prematurely
Piezoelectric pump
The Piezoelectric Pump is a thin, compact, and lightweight diaphragm micro-pump which has been specifically designed for space-conscious built-in applications. The Piezoelectric Pump is a thin, compact, and lightweight diaphragm micro-pump which has been specifically designed for space-conscious built-in applications.
5th Amendment
The Right to Remain Silent/Double Jeopardy, right to due process
Virgo interferometer
The Virgo interferometer is a large interferometer designed to detect gravitational waves predicted by the general theory of relativity. Virgo is a Michelson interferometer that is isolated from external disturbances: its mirrors and instrumentation are suspended and its laser beam operates in a vacuum.
27th amendment
congressional pay raises are not begun until the next election
21st amendment
The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed. Repeal of Prohibition 18th Amendment: Prohibition
geothermal on ocean coast
The geothermal resources in the ocean floor are vast enough to supply all future energy requirements. ... (A "black smoker" is a submarine geothermal vent that spews hot water, generally at a temperature of approximately 400°C, into the ocean.
how hot air balloons work
The hot air balloons float in the sky for the same reason that an object floats on the water. An object floats on the water because it is less dense than the same volume of water and the upward force called Buoyancy will make it float. This is described by the Archimedes' principle. Since the balloon is heavier than air, it must be filled with something less heavier than air to make it float. Since the air when heated is less dense and lighter than the cold air, the balloon is filled with hot air. If the combined weight of balloon and hot air is less than the same volume of cold air surrounding it Buoyancy will push the balloon up. The Buoyancy depends on the difference between the temperature of the air inside and the air outside. The balloon will rise to a certain limit and stops rising when the Buoyant force becomes too weak to lift the balloon. So for the balloon to lift weight of the people in the basket it has to be large enough to fill it with larger volume of hot air to create more lift. That is the reason why hot air balloons are generally very large. So, on a hotter day, the balloon cannot provide the same lift as it does on a cool day due to the temperature of the air outside. Burner: It is the part which propels heat up inside the balloon. The hot air comes from burning Propane. Generally balloons have two or more burners to have more lift and for safety in the event of failure of a single burner.
hilbert space
The mathematical concept of a Hilbert space, named after David Hilbert, generalizes the notion of Euclidean space. It extends the methods of vector algebra and calculus from the two-dimensional Euclidean plane and three-dimensional space to spaces with any finite or infinite number of dimensions. A Hilbert space is an abstract vector space possessing the structure of an inner product that allows length and angle to be measured. Furthermore, Hilbert spaces are complete: there are enough limits in the space to allow the techniques of calculus to be used. idk
What is pressure treated wood used for?
The most common chemicals used to treat wood are Alkaline Copper Quaternary (ACQ), Copper Azole (CA), and Micronized Copper Azole (MCA). There are two main types of PTL: Above Ground and Ground Contact. Ground Contact type has around two times the wood preservative compared to Above Ground PTL. Mostly soft woods like Pinus Radiata are dried then placed in a large steel tubular pressure vessel which is first evacuated (ie. the air is sucked out) then a mixture of water and copper/chrome/arsenic mix is introduced. The vacuum collapses the cells in the timber and when the chemical mix is introduced it fills these cells. The tube is then pressurised to force even more chemical into the timber . Depending on the end use of the timber ,the pressure and the time is varied to force the correct amount of preservative chemicals into the timber.
Laminar flow
The movement of water particles in straight-line paths that are parallel to the channel. The water particles move downstream without mixing. In fluid dynamics, laminar flow is characterized by fluid particles following smooth paths in layers, with each layer moving smoothly past the adjacent layers with little or no mixing. At low velocities, the fluid tends to flow without lateral mixing, and adjacent layers slide past one another like playing cards
r-process
The rapid neutron-capture process, or so-called r-process, is a set of nuclear reactions that in nuclear astrophysics is responsible for the creation of approximately half of the atomic nuclei heavier than iron; the "heavy elements", with the other half produced by the p-process and s-process.
self-incrimination
The situation occurring when an individual accused of a crime is compelled to be a witness against himself or herself in court. The Fifth Amendment forbids self-incrimination.
s-process
The slow neutron-capture process, or s-process, is a series of reactions in nuclear astrophysics that occur in stars, particularly AGB stars. The s-process is responsible for the creation (nucleosynthesis) of approximately half the atomic nuclei heavier than iron.
p-process
The term p-process is used in two ways in the scientific literature concerning the astrophysical origin of the elements. Originally it referred to a proton capture process which is the source of certain, naturally occurring, proton-rich isotopes of the elements from selenium to mercury.
t cell function
They are vital in hosting an immune response against pathogens. T cells play a major role in defence against intracellular pathogens such as viruses, protozoa and intracellular bacteria, and in immunity to extracellular pathogens by providing help for the antibody response.
thrust
Thrust is a force or a push. When a system pushes or accelerates mass in one direction, there is a thrust (force) just as large in the opposite direction. In math and physics, this is described by Isaac Newton's second and third laws. Thrust is used to describe how strongly an engine pushes.
Why do neutron stars only have neutrons?
To actually answer this, you first have to look at how Neutron stars are formed. When a star in the mass range of 8-25 solar masses reaches the end of it's lifetime (i.e it has synthesized iron in it's core), it starts to undergo gravitational collapse: the outer material implodes inwards due to the immense force of gravity but the electron degeneracy pressure of the nuclei of elements try to balance it. If the electron degeneracy pressure wins over gravitational collapse, a white dwarf is formed. If the electron degeneracy pressure fails to counter the gravitational collapse, it keeps imploding until a point of infinite density commonly known as the singularity of a black hole is formed. But if the electron degeneracy pressure manages to just balance the gravitational collapse, a neutron star is formed. During this formation, the gravitational pressure pushes onto the nuclei of elements so much that the electrons outside the nucleus gets pushed inside causing it to interact with the proton. Now here's the cool part, to actually determine this interaction, we need to know that a proton is made up of two up quarks and one down quark whereas a neutron is made up of one up quark and two down quarks. And so, there's actually a way to convert a proton to a neutron i.e convert that extra up quark to a down quark. This can happen by supplying 1.29 MeV of energy to the proton causing it to turn into a neutron. Back to neutron stars, it's quite evident that either due to the physical conditions inside the neutron star in that stage or the velocity of the electron itself when it hits the proton, there's more than 1.29 MeV of energy present which could cause the proton to turn into a neutron. This is called "proton decay by electron capture" If this process happens long enough that all the nuclei of elements are turned into neutrons, there would be only neutrons left there.
Immortal jellyfish
Turritopsis dohrnii, the immortal jellyfish, is a species of small, biologically immortal jellyfish found in the Mediterranean Sea and in the waters of Japan
due process
fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement.
how does Vicks rub generate heat?
When the ointment is rubbed onto a person's chest, body heat vaporizes the menthol, releasing soothing, medicated vapors for hours. The ingredients, as listed on older product labels, are: camphor, menthol, spirits of turpentine, oil of eucalyptus, cedarwood, nutmeg, and thymol, all "in a specially balanced Vick formula".
Cedar and redwood are rot resistant
With either product, soap and water is going to clean most dirt and stains. ... Redwood and cedar naturally contain tannin (a chemical that gives the products their color), which keeps the wood insect resistant. Since California redwood has a higher level of tannin, it could be more rot resistant than cedar.A
photons colliding
Yes, one bit of light can bounce off another bit of light, but not directly, and the effect is very rare. Light is made out of small quantum objects called photons. When you turn on a lamp, the light bulb begins creating and emitting trillions upon trillions of photons. Photons are in a class of quantum particles known as bosons. Bosons are special because many bosons can occupy the exact same quantum state at the same time. Light being made of bosons is what makes a laser beam possible. A laser beam is a collection of many photons all in the same quantum state. In contrast, particles that are not bosons cannot occupy the same state at the same time. This is one of the effects that keeps the atoms in an object from collapsing to a single point. The principle that dictates that non-bosons cannot be in the same state is called the Pauli Exclusion Principle. Non-bosons are also called fermions. The fact that bosons such as light can occupy the same state means that they don't get in each other's way. Also, light dominantly interacts with objects that have electric charge. Since light itself does not have electric charge, one photon cannot directly interact with another photon. Instead, they just pass right through each other without being affected. Because they are bosons and because they carry no electric charge, one photon cannot directly bounce off another photon. If you point one jet of water towards another jet of water, then at the point where they cross you will get a mess of water spraying all over due to the collisions. In contrast, if you shine one light beam such that it crosses another light beam, they will just pass through each other unaffected. However, two photons heading towards each other can indeed collide indirectly. The process goes like this. A photon can spontaneously degenerate into a particle with mass and its antiparticle in a process known as pair production. In this process, the energy of the photon is completely transformed into the mass of the two particles. For example, a photon can turn into an electron and an anti-electron. If two photons head towards each other and they both turn into electron/anti-electron pairs at about the same time, then these particles can interact. The anti-electron from one photon will collide with an electron from the other photon, and turn back to light. The same thing happens to the other anti-electron and electron. The overall effect is that you get two photons going into the interaction and you get two photons coming out of the interaction, so it looks like the photons simply bounced off each other. In a sense, the one bit of light did indeed bounce off the other bit of light, but only indirectly by transforming into other particles. This interaction is shown in the diagram. The red squiggles represent photons, the e+ blue lines are anti-electrons (positrons), and the e- blue lines are electrons. A photon comes from the left of the diagram and decays into an electron and an anti-electron. At the same time, another photon comes from the right and turns into an electron and an anti-electron. Each anti-electron collides with an electron, they mutually annihilate and turn back into a new photon. Photon-photon scattering is therefore possible through an indirect mechanism, but it is rare. There are two reasons that it is rare. First, light can only turn into other particles if it has enough energy to create the mass needed for the new particles, according to E = mc2. Because c is such a huge number, it takes a large amount of energy to make a little bit of mass. In order to turn into an electron and an anti-electron, the photon must have at least as much energy as the equivalent energy of their combined masses. Only gamma rays (one step higher than X-rays) have enough energy to do this. Secondly, the photons have to transform at just the right moment in order for the new particles from both photons to collide. For both of these reasons, light-light scattering is very rare. In fact, light-light scattering has never been conclusively observed. All the steps in light-light scattering have been observed (pair production and pair annihilation), so that we know that it is possible. The whole effect is just so rare that it has never been observed. However, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) has both the ability to create high-energy light, and the ability to create a lot of it, making the rarity of light-light scattering more manageable. It is only a matter of time before the LHC observes light bouncing off light.
cosmoline
a common class of brown wax-like petroleum-based rust inhibitors, typically conforming to United States Military Standard
taxonomic tree
a diagram that shows how scientists think different groups of organisms are related A phylogenetic tree or evolutionary tree is a branching diagram or "tree" showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species or other entities—their phylogeny —based upon similarities and differences in their physical or genetic characteristics.
Antacid
a weak base that neutralizes acid
babbitt
an alloy of tin with some copper and antimony; a lining for bearings that reduces friction
involuntary Servitude
being forced to work against one's will; forced labor; slavery
Capsaicin
chemical that stimulates receptors that respond to painful heat Capsaicin (8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is an active component of chili peppers, which are plants belonging to the genus Capsicum. It is an irritant for mammals, including humans, and produces a sensation of burning in any tissue with which it comes into contact. Capsaicin and several related compounds are called capsaicinoids and are produced as secondary metabolites by chili peppers, probably as deterrents against certain mammals and fungi.[4] Pure capsaicin is a hydrophobic, colorless, highly pungent,[2] crystalline to waxy solid compound.
infadeck
company working on an omnidirectional treadmill for VR
Euler's identity
e^ipi + 1 = 0 In mathematics, Euler's identity is the equality where e is Euler's number, the base of natural logarithms, i is the imaginary unit, which by definition satisfies i² = −1, and π is pi, the ratio of the circumference of a circle to its diameter. Euler's identity is named after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler.
foregoing
going before; preceding; previous just mentioned or stated; preceding.
ephemeral arts
less traditional or permanent art, using space or time in a non-traditional way; performance art, installation art, etc.
on the chopping block
likely to be abolished or drastically reduced.
non-linear
not linear, sequential, or straightforward; random.
polycyclic
relating to or resulting from many cycles. (of an organic compound) having several rings of atoms in the molecule.
radon sources
soil and water Radon is produced naturally from the decay of the isotope radium-226, which is found in rocks. It was first discovered as a radioactive gas produced from radium as it decayed. There is a detectable amount in the Earth's atmosphere.
blast from the past
something forcefully nostalgic.
hydra
the nine-headed serpent slain by Hercules; a persistent or many-sided problem that presents new obstacles as soon as old ones are solved Hydra is a genus of small, fresh-water organisms of the phylum Cnidaria and class Hydrozoa. They are native to the temperate and tropical regions. Biologists are especially interested in Hydra because of their regenerative ability - they do not appear to die of old age, or indeed to age at all Kinda neat we found a real organism that resembles something of ancient myth
Spectroscopy
the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation Spectroscopic studies were central to the development of quantum mechanics and included Max Planck's explanation of blackbody radiation, Albert Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect and Niels Bohr's explanation of atomic structure and spectra. Spectroscopy is used in physical and analytical chemistry because atoms and molecules have unique spectra. As a result, these spectra can be used to detect, identify and quantify information about the atoms and molecules. Spectroscopy is also used in astronomy and remote sensing on Earth. Most research telescopes have spectrographs. The measured spectra are used to determine the chemical composition and physical properties of astronomical objects (such as their temperature and velocity).