Vocabulary - List 6 Deductive and Inductive Arguments
Fallacy of complex question
Definition: A fallacy that combines two unrelated—or tenuously related—questions into a query requiring a single answer.
Fallacy of unrepresentative sample
Definition: An unrepresentative example is a statistical group that does not adequately represent the larger group that it is considered a part of.
Fallacy of circular reasoning
Definition: Circular reasoning is one of the few inductive fallacies that can be expressed as a syllogism. However, for the conclusion to be true, a premise is DEPENDENT on the conclusion already being true. Confusing. Usually, the conclusion is dependent on the premises, and the premises are NOT dependent on the conclusion. Example:
Induction by enumeration
Definition: Commonly known as generalization, induction by enumeration is one's own induction from his own observations, and can become a fallacy if he has only had a few experiences.
Fallacy of post hoc ergo propter hoc
Definition: In this fallacy, one claims that because an event happened before another event, the first event caused the second event. Fallacy is committed whenever someone asserts or implies that an event that occurred before another event must have caused that event.
Inductive leap
Definition: Inductive leap is when you use specific observations as a basis for a general conclusion. But inductive leaps can also be used through prior knowledge of the topic and through experimentation.
Fallacy of alleged certainty
Definition: Most basic of all fallacies that assumes that the point they are trying to prove and is any argument in which something is asserted to be certain without ever being proved.
Fallacy of hasty generalization
Definition: The fallacy committed when one makes an inductive leap that is not based on sufficient information
Fallacy of false analogy
Definition: This argument enumerates the similarities between one event and another event and argues that these similarities will produce a similar result. False analogies use hasty generalizations as the grounds for comparison.
Inductive reasoning
Definition: Unlike deductive reasoning, Inductive reasoning is not to produce mathematical certainty. Induction occurs when we gather bits of specific information together and use our knowledge and experience in order to make an observation what must be true. Inductive reasoning does not use syllogisms, but series of observations, in order to reach a conclusion.
Statistical inference
Definition: We make a statistical inference whenever we assume that something is true of a population as a whole because it is true of a certain portion of the population
Fallacies of causality
Definition: When a person claims one thing caused another but actually there's an error in the reasoning.
Fallacy of begging the question
Definition: a fallacy in which the arguer, often very subtly, asserts, as truth, the answer to a question that is really at issue in the debate and then uses the resulting, faulty premise as the basis for further debate or augmentation.
Fallacy of exclusion
Definition:"Exclusion" occurs when you exclude an important piece of evidence from the inductive chain used as the basis for the conclusion. Example: If I generalize that my milk is bad based on a minor stomach ache, I should probably take into account the seven hamburgers that I ate after drinking the milk.
Fallacies that assume the conclusion
Definition:My type of word is fallacies that assume the conclusion It contains fallacy of alleged certainty, fallacy of begging the question, fallacy of complex question and fallacy of circular reasoning.
Third-cause fallacy (variation on post hoc)
Definition:The third-cause fallacy is a variation on the post hoc fallacy in which it is asserted that X causes Y when it can be demonstrated that both X and Y are caused by Z. When third causes are ignored, it is often possible to marshal very impressive statistical evidence in support of a non-existent causality.