VTI Large Animal 1 Final
Paso Fino
- Bred in Latin American countries - Sloped croup - Smooth natural gait
Icelandic
- Double coat, thick mane & tail - Dipped body - Bred to carry adults long distances - Known for flying pace - 13 to 14 hands tall
Clydesdale
- Draft Horse - Known for being the Budweiser horses - Have lots of feathers - Bay in color
Friesian
- Draft horse - Always black - Natural waves - Looks like they're floating - Long head with flowing mane & tail - Have leg feathers
Percheron
- Draft horse - Gray or black - Short, thick neck - Up to 21 hands - Have little feathers
Shire
- Draft horse - Larger than Clydesdale - Black with white flashings
Belgian
- Draft horse - Strongest draft horse - Have double muscling over croup - Described as gentle giants
Thoroughbred
- Fastes horse in the world - 15.2-17 hands high - Elegant arched necks - Hot blooded & feisty
Shetland
- Feathered ankles - Can Handel 2x their weight - Double coat, very dense mane & tail - Range from 9.3 to 10.2 hands tall
Mule
- Female Horse + Male Donkey = Mule - Infertile - Long ears & horse-like body
Haflinger
- Gold color w/ flaxin mane & tail - Can live to 40 yrs - Short Cannon Bone - Under 14.2 hands tall
Missouri Fox Trotter
- Have pointed ears & muzzel - Flat Footed Walk - Good for trail riding
Miniature Horse
- NOT A PONY!! - Must be no larger than 34-36 inches - Have correct Conformation -2 types •A) Arabian •B) Quarter horse
Donkey
- No withers - Usually gray with a dorsal stripe - Have long ears
Andalusian
- Original Dressage (dancing) horse - Most often gray - Have natural balance & agility
Quarter Horse
- Runs 1/4 mile fastest - Muscular hind quarters - Prone to Navicular Disease - Come in solid colors
Arabian
- Some describe them as dainty - Hot blooded - Bred for endurance - Dish faced - Carry their tails high
Paint
- Used by Native Americans - Come in multiple coat patterns •A) Overo - patchy & undefined betwee colors •B) Tobiano - multi-color mane & tail - Very Athletic - Can come in solid colors
Appaloosa
- Used by Nez Perce Indians - Come in multiple coat patterns & can be solid colors - The most common patterns are A) Blanket & B) Leopard - Usually have a thin mane & tail - Normal to see Sclera (whites of eye)
how many laminae are there?
2
when do the adult teeth start replacing the deciduous teeth
2-2.5 years
how much can the equine stomach hold
2-3 gallon capacity
how long is the equine small intestine
70-72 feet
how old is the equine before it has a full mouth of teeth
8-9 months
Strongyles vulgaris resembles ____
Ancylostoma
small strongyle
Cyanthostomes
what bacterium causes thrush
Fusobacterium necrophorum
Tx
Ivermectin, Fenbendazole(Panicure), Moxydectin
what type of teeth do horses have
Males: incisors, canines, molars, premolars, wolf teeth Females: incisors, molars, premolars, wolf teeth
large strongyle
Strongyles vulgaris
most common large strongyle?
Strongyles vulgaris
Welsh Pony
There are 4 different body types •A) Small & Compact •B) more refined/larger •C) similar to A. but more feathers •D) Welsh Cobb - thick body, 13.2 hands tall
how many bones do horses have
a little over 200 bones
what are the first clinical signs of thrush
black exudate, really smelly feet
tendonitis is commonly known as what in the equine world
bowed tendons
mature female used for reproduction
broodmare
what is the cecocolic orifice
cecum connects to colon
young male
colt
what is the guttoral pouch used for
cooling down blood going to the brain
larval migration can result in blockage of ____ , which could lead to death.
cranial mesenteric artery
during a dental exam, you evaluate the incisors first. what would uneven incisors or incisors that are not straight across indicate
dental disease
what is quidding
dropping or losing food from mouth
where are the laminae located
epidermal - inside of hoof wall sensitive - covering the coffin bone
what are the 2 laminae called
epidermal laminae (horny) sensitive laminae (corium)
what is choke
esophageal obstruction
Dx
fecal float, Baermann technique
young female
filly
what is the term for filing the equine teeth
floating
newborn (either sex)
foal
parturition
foaling
what type of feed material is digested in the cecum
forage that was not digested in the foregut
what part of the equine gut is used for digestion of simple carbs
foregut
the fore and hind limbs of the horse support how much of the horse's weight
forelimbs - 70% hind limbs - 30%
what is chronic laminitis called
founder
what part of the external anatomy of the hoof is considered the 'heart of the horse's foot'
frog
castrated male
gelding
how is hands measured
ground to withers
measuring system (4 in)
hands
what part of the equine gut is used to digest complex carbs
hindgut
mix between stallion and jenny
hinny
what are the functions of the tools used on the external hoof
hoof tester - localize area of pain hoof knife - cut redundant sole shoe pull-off - pulls shoe off nippers - cuts hoof wall rasp - file down hoof hoof pick - cleans foot
what tools are used on the external hoof
hoof testers, hoof knife, shoe pull-offs, nippers, rasps, and hoof picks
what are hooks and points and where do they occur
hooks - form on distal surface of mandibular M3 and mesial surface of maxillary P2 points - form on buccal and lingual surface of any tooth
what is most common site for tapeworm impactions in the equine digestive system
ileocecal sphincter
what is laminitis
inflammation of the sensitive laminae
what happens to the coffin bone after prolonged laminitis
it can protrude through the sole of the hoof
what is unique about the cardiac sphincter of the horse
it is very strong and won't let food back out so horses cannot vomit
male donkey
jack
female donkey
jenny
male mule
john
what part of the equine digestive system does absorption of water and electrolytes occur
large colon
large strongyle develop in the ____ for ____ months
lumen of the arteries 6 months
young mare who has never had a foal
maiden mare
female
mare
what is the correct way (directionally) to wrap the equine leg
middle, down, up
female mule
molly
mix between a jack and mare
mule
left side
near side
if you need to pull on the wrap, while wrapping the leg, should you pull over the tendon? why
no, because you could injure the tendon
right side
off side (far side)
how many times a day should hooves be cleaned
once a day or before and after riding
where is the most common site for feed impactions in the equine digestive system
pelvic flexure
what are some causes of tendonitis
poor conformation, poor trimming or shoeing, improper conditioning, poor footing, direct trauma, bandage bows
where are caps located
premolar 2 at 2.5 years and premolar 4 at 4 years
what are some signs of dental disease
quidding, inefficient chewing, excessive salivation, weight loss/rough hair, foul odor, head shaking, sensitivity
which bones of the forelimb are fused in horses
radius and ulna
what should a dentist do if they find caps in a horses mouth
remove with forceps
what are caps
retained deciduous teeth
which part of the laminae provides nutrition to the coffin bone
sensitive laminae
where in the equine digestive system are the fecal balls formed
small colon
intact male
stallion/stud
what tendon is most commonly injured
superficial digital flexor tendon
what tendon is tendonitis usually in
superficial digital flexor tendon
name the 2 most important tendons in the equine leg
superficial digital flexor tendon and the deep digital flexor tendon
the equine digestive system is divided into 2 sections. what are these sections and what organs are located in these sections
the foregut - esophagus, stomach, small intestine the hindgut - cecum, large colon, small colon
what is unique about equine lips
they are used to grasp things
what is the Galvayne's groove and where is it located
used to guesstimate age and is located on the lateral surface of upper 3rd incisor
how does feed material move through the equine digestive system
via peristaltic and antiperistaltic contractions
what part of the external anatomy of the hoof is the firmest part
wall
which teeth are commonly removed in horses
wolf teeth