W History H Chapter 4 Vocab and Notes

Europeans first brought enslaved people from _______ merchants in return for gold and other goods

African

What did Europeans hope to accomplish on their voyages?

They hoped to expand trade for spices, which yielded large profits; to find precious medals and to convert people to Christianity

Why do you think some Spanish settlers abused the Native Americans who worked for them?

They thought they were lower than them. The more people you have means more labor which means more income

Why did the Dutch form the West India Company?

To search for new sources of wealth and trade opportunities. They wanted to challenge Portugal and Spain for colonial dominance

The exchange of ______ and animals between Europe and the ________ significantly changed economic activity in both regions

Plants Americas

As many as __ million enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas between the early 1500s and late 1800s

10

Plantations that were established in the Americas in the ____s to grow _________ needed many laborers

1500 Sugarcane

The English established trade with India in the early ____s

1600

The Dutch West India Company participated in trading enslaved Africans to the ________

Americas

Dutch Golden Age of ___ and _____

Art Trade

Who were important explorers for Portugal, and what did they accomplish?

Bartholomeu Dias reached the Cape of Good Hope, the tip of Africa Vasco de Gama sailed around the tip of Africa to reach India, and came back with spices Afonzo established the port in India

How did European exploration affect European nations politically and socially?

Conquest, competition, and trade led to significant economic and political growth. Portugal took control of the spice trade, and the Spanish conquered the Aztec and Inca. Created enemies growth economically an politically

What is a leader in the Spanish conquest of America?

Conquistador

Who is Marco Polo, and why is he important?

In the late 13th century, MP traveled from Venice with his father and uncle to the Chinese court of the great Mongol ruler, Kublai Khan. MP wrote the book, "The Travels" that described his experiences and people were fascinated

What is a small, fast, maneuverable ship that has a large cargo hold and usually 3 masts with lateen sails?

Caravel

Who were important explorers for Spain, and what did they accomplish?

Christopher Columbus, reached all major Caribbean Islands and Central America. Magellan is remembered for being the first to sail completely around the globe

Native American civilizations were devastated by European ____________

Colonization

What is a settlement of people living in a new territory, linked with the parent country by trade and direct government control?

Colony

What was the exchange of plants and animals and trade?

Columbian Exchange

Who are below the Peninsulares and are of European descent born in Latin America and living there temporarily?

Creoles

Who were second class people who were descendants of Europeans born in Latin America, and they resented the Peninsulares, who retained power and regarded these people of 2nd class citizens?

Creoles

What are the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group?

Culture

European ________ decimate native populations

Diseases

What is to select for some purpose, to conscript?

Draft

The _____ dominated the spice trade in the 17th century

Dutch

What is the system of labor the Spanish used in the Americas; Spanish landowners had the right, as granted by Queen Isabella, to use Native American laborers?

Encomienda

In 1518 a Spanish ship carried the first _________ Africans directly from Africa to the Americas

Enslaved

New World's crops effect on ________ food supplies

European

European colonial _________ helped produce a great increase in European trade, and this growth was a key step in the development of a world _______

Expansion Economy

The Dutch were superior on the sea, having invented an advanced and versatile cargo ship called _____

Fluyt

In the 17th century, the ______ and the ______ established trading posts and forts in India

French English

Mercantilism theories focused on the supply of ____ (God, glory, and gold)

Gold

When the balance of trade between what a nation imports and what it exports is favorable, the goods exported are of _______ value than those imported

Greater

The development of a money-based economy and banking in _______ contributed to a commercial revolution there

Holland

Native Americans lacked ________ to smallpox, measles, and typhus. Europeans brought these diseases to the Americas. The disease killed ________ of Native Americans

Immunity Millions

Who was Francisco Pizarro, and what did he do?

In 1531, FP landed on the Pacific coast of South America with 180 men. He brought steel weapons, gunpowder, and horses. ***He was a Spanish explorer who established a new capital at Lima after the conquest of the Inca in Peru***

Where in North America did the French and the English settle?

In an area that is now part of Canada and in Louisiana. The English established colonies along the eastern seaboard of North America (Virginia and Massachusetts)

The demand for enslaved Africans _________ with the European settlement of the Americas in the 1940s and the planting of _________ there

Increased Sugarcane

Dutch and English arrivals in _____

India

What was one effect of the introduction of the horse to the Americas in the Columbian Exchange?

It changed the lives of Native Americans of the Great Plains because it allowed them to travel faster and to hunt buffalo more effectively

Why did European governments pay subsidies to new industries?

It would benefit their economy

What is the people with all their abilities and efforts; work performed by people that provides the goods or services in an economy?

Labor

THE TRIANGULAR TRADE: European merchant ships carried European ____________ goods, such as guns and cloth, to Africa where they were traded for slaves. The slaves were then sent to the Americas and ____. European merchants then brought tobacco, molasses, sugar, and raw cotton in the Americas and shipped back to ______

Manufactured; sold; Europe

Colonies were important as sources of raw materials and as _______ for exports of manufactured goods

Markets

Spanish colonizers allowed Europeans to _____ Native Americans

Marry

According to the theory of ____________, which dominated economic thought in the seventeenth century, the prosperity of a nation depends on a large supply of gold and silver

Mercantilism

What are the set of principles that dominated economic thought in the 17th century; it held that the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold and silver?

Mercantilism

Native American + European =

Mestizo

Who is a person of mixed European and native American Indian descent?

Mestizo

What is the labor system that the Spanish administrators in Peru used to draft native people to work in the Spanish landowners' silver mines?

Mita

Who is a person of mixed African and European descent?

Mulatto

African + European =

Mullatoes

What groups were under the creoles?

Multiracial groups

What is a large agricultural estate?

Plantation

Europeans used ______ resources from Native American land for their own gain

Natural

How were explorers able to travel such great distances?

New, faster ships called caravels, made by the Portuguese, advances in cartography, use of the astrolobe, the magnetic compass, and knowledge of wind patterns

What is beyond/across the sea called?

Overseas

Who are at the top of the social class? These people were born on the Iberian Peninsula and were typically a Spanish or Portuguese official who resided temporarily in Latin America for political and economic gain and then returned to Europe.

Peninsulares

Who were people born on the Iberian peninsula; a Spanish or Portuguese official who resided temporarily in Latin America for political and economic gain and then returned to Europe; they held gov. positions?

Peninsulares

New food crops supported the growth of __________ and changed people's tastes

Population

Until the _______ condemned it in the 1770s, slavery remained largely acceptable in Europe

Quakers

Colonies were the sources of ___ ________

Raw material

What is the government in power?

Regime

There were more subsets of this that were each their own ______ _____

Social class

Native Americans were forced to work for _________ and __________

Spaniards Europeans

What factors helped the Cortes beat the Aztec?

Spanish weapons, the use of native peoples as allies, and EUROPEAN DISEASES

What are payments made to support enterprises a government thinks are beneficial?

Subsidies

How did the Dutch and English come to surpass Spain and Portugal in trade?

The Dutch reached India in 1595 and established the East India Company and has a trading monopoly

How did European expansion create the first global economic system?

The movement of goods, people, and ideas that led to a world economy, like the millions of enslaved Africans brought to the Americas; the import and export of plants and animals of the Columbian Exchange; the spread of European diseases to native peoples; Mercantilism encouraged colonial expansion

What is the forced voyage of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Oceans to the Americas?

The Middle Passage

Who were the society of friends? Why were they important?

The Quakers They began spreading antislavery feelings in the 1770s. Even then, it was not until the French revolution that it was abolished in the 1790s. The British ended slave trade in 1807 and abolished slavery throughout the empire in 1833. Despite these reforms, slavery continued in the newly formed United States until the Civil War of the 1860s.