Water Soluble Vitamins Content
Folate digestion and absorption course:
1. Food folate broken down to the monoglutamate, synthetic folate already in the monoglutamate. 2. In the small intestine, the methyl group is attached and folate is absorbed by a specialized transport system. 3. In blood, folate circulates in monoglutamate - methyl group form to be delivered to cells. 4. Excess folate is taken up by the liver secreted with bile back into the small intestine via the common bile duct, and can be reabsorbed, if needed.
Pharmacological doses of niacin B3 in the form of nicotinic acid have been prescribed to help lower?
Blood cholesterol.
Water Soluble
Bs and C, are not stored.
In 1998, the Food and Drug Administration mandated the fortification of processed grains such as flour with?
Folate
Opposed to carbohydrates/proteins found in long chains, vitamins molecules are?
Individual units
In the stomach, hydrochloric acid plus the digestive enzyme pepsin releases B12 from the protein. B12 then combines with a unique?
Intrinsic factor (IF) secreted by the stomach, before being absorbed into the blood stream in the lower part of the small intestine.
Vitamin C helps [BLANK] (keeping it in the correct oxidative state) serve as a cofactor in the hydroxylation of proline to hydroxyproline.
Iron
Vitamin B6 is an example of a water-soluble vitamin that can be stored in the body, where?
Muscle.
Adequate folate protected against the risk of several congenital malformations including?
Neural tube defects of the spine (spina bifida), skull, and brain (anencephaly).
Chronic and excessive intake of Vitamin B6 can cause?
Neuropathy (nerve damage to the arms and legs).
Folate is necessary for the production and maintenance of?
New cells and to make DNA and RNA.
The process of NAD picks up a H+ in glycolysis and several places in the TCA cycle and carries it to the electron transport chain where each NADH produces 3 ATP is?
Niacin B3
In 1938 the U.S. mandated fortification of processed grains such as flour and rice with niacin, thiamin, and riboflavin because of?
Pellagra
They process of both coenzymes donating two H+ ions. FAD picks up two H+ ions and their electrons in the TCA cycle and delivers them to the electron transport chain where 2 ATP are produced.
Riboflavin B2
Milk, whole grain, and enriched grain products also are major sources of?
Riboflavin B2 in the American diet.
Riboflavin (B2)
Riboflavin has two coenzyme forms (FMN and FAD).
Niacin B3 can be obtained directly from foods and can be?
Synthesized in human cells from the amino acid tryptophan.
What vitamin is involved in nerve and muscle processes?
Thiamin B1
True/False: A UL of 100 mg/d has been established for vitamin B6; the adult RDA is 1.3 mg/day.
True
True/False: A vitamin B12 deficiency leads a deficiency of Folate.
True
True/False: All water-soluble vitamins, except vitamin C, function as coenzymes.
True
True/False: Folate UL is 1000mcg and the RDA is 400mcg
True
True/False: Food preparation (heating, air/light exposure) can degrade some vitamins.
True
True/False: Mineral are cofactors, charged ions, and structural.
True
True/False: Pork is an excellent natural source of thiamin.
True
True/False: Riboflavin B2 has no established UL.
True
True/False: Riboflavin B2 is stable when heated but is destroyed by exposure to ultraviolet light and irradiation.
True
True/False: Some reports estimate that 10 to 30% of older adults demonstrate lower absorption of vitamin B12 compared to younger people and thus may be at risk for deficiency.
True
True/False: The UL for vitamin C is 2,000 mg/day.
True
True/False: The chemical structure of folic acid (monoglutamate) is simpler than that of food folate (polyglutamate) and is absorbed more easily by the body.
True
True/False: Thiamin has no established UL.
True
True/False: Thiamin, TPP is enzyme which converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA and removal of C from 5C compound in TCA cycle.
True
True/False: UL for niacin B3 has been established at 35 mg.
True
True/False: Vitamin B12 deficiency causes irreversible nerve damage that is not improved with adequate folate.
True
True/False: Vitamin B6 produces clinical deficiency symptoms of dermatitis (skin inflammation), glossitis (smooth, sore tongue), depression, confusion, and convulsions.
True
True/False: Vitamin C is the only vitamin that has a separate RDA for cigarette smokers (+35 mg/day).
True
True/False: Vitamins are organic and minerals are non-organic?
True
True/False: B12, like folate, is efficiently recycled via enterohepatic circulation. B12 is stored in the liver, so much so, that it usually takes years for an adult to deplete resources for vitamin B12.
Ture
True/False: Vitamins are coenzymes and regulators.
Ture
What participates in cell division (because of its role in one-carbon metabolism and the activation of folate coenzyme), but has a second unique role as a coenzyme for an enzyme in the production of nerve tissue myelin?
Vitamin B12
Pernicious Anemia
Vitamin B12 deficiency results in megaloblastic anemia due to folate depletion, but also neurological problems because of poor myelin formation.
What has microcytic anemia similar to that of iron deficiency?
Vitamin B6
What vitamin has had a role in reducing incidence of several chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer?
Vitamin C
Bleeding gums, lack of energy, weakness, increased susceptibility to infection, and vague, dull aching pain in muscles and joints, especially in the legs and feet are symptoms of a?
Vitamin C deficiency
What are both essential and have NO kcals?
Water and fat soluble vitamins
Vitamin B12
a large molecule containing cobalt (Co) hence, the alternate name of cobalamin. Bound to a protein in food.
Collagen
a strong protein that is the matrix on which teeth and bone form, necessary for skin, muscle, blood vessels, and wound repair.
Cofactors
bound with protein and become part of enzyme
Vitamins
category of nutrient required in very small amounts but essential to life.
Beriberi
caused from a deficiency of thiamin B1 , symptoms - weakness, nerve damage, muscle wasting, changes in cardiovascular system, and edema.
Scorbutic
causing scurvy
Coenzymes
either a vitamin (biotin, pantothenic acid, vitamin B12, etc.) or a provitamin plus an added molecular structure to join enzymes to be active.
Vitamin B6
has three major chemical forms: pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine.
Niacin (B3)
has two coenzyme forms: NAD and NADP, which are both directly involved in energy metabolism and oxidation-reduction reactions.
Provitamin/vitamin precursor
is a vitamin that is absorbed in an inactive form and must be converted to active form in body.
Vitamin C
is also known as ascorbic acid or the anti-scorbutic vitamin
Scurvy
is one of the oldest diseases known to man. Conclusion that limes and lemons quickly cured scurvy supported observations made by others that fruits, berries, rosehips, and other plant material often cured scurvy.
Folic acid
is the synthetic form used in supplements and fortified foods.
Organic Molecules
molecules include carbon.
Pellagra
occurs when individuals consume inadequate amounts of niacin B3 and have a diet very low in tryptophan.
Pellagra is a gruesome disease that is characterized by?
the 4 D's: diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia and sometimes death.
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
thiamin deficiency observed in alcoholics, Symptoms - disorientation, shot-term memory loss, jerky eye movements, etc.
True/False: Folate has no UL set.
False, 1000mg
Blood Health
B9,12
The adult RDA for vitamin C is between?
75-90 mg/day.
Fat soluble
ADEK, can be stored in body, do not have to be eaten daily.
What is B6 used for?
Amino acids and proteins
Supplementation with vitamin B6 has been advocated for treatment of?
Carpal tunnel syndrome and premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
Folate is measured in?
Dietary folate equivalents (DFE).
What are water soluble B1,2,3,5,7 for?
Energy metabolism
True/False: All enzymes need coenzymes to assist in catalytic activity.
False
True/False: Vitamin C is ok to be exposure in neutral and alkaline environments to oxygen, light, heat, and metallic surfaces.
False
True/False: Vitamins are atoms and minerals are molecules?
False
