Week 3 - Study For Psychology of Aging.

This principle states that people both influence and are influenced by the events in their lives *You influence decisions your friends make which, in turn, influences you and can lead to changes in your own behavior and attitudes. - not only are you shaped by your experiences but that you in turn shape many of the experiences that affect you.

reciprocity principle *You influence decisions your friends make which, in turn, influences you and can lead to changes in your own behavior and attitudes.*

What are the 2 types of psychometric criteria? Also, the 2 measurement criteria for customer metrics

reliability and validity

Multiple regression(one of the 5 types of Correlational analyis)

A set of predictor variables are defined and used to predict the dependent variable

Models of enviromental interactions --- Also on lecture 2 page 8

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takes the view that not only do genetics and environment interact in complex ways to produce their effects on the individual but that individuals actively shape their own development. This model is most similar to niche-picking because it proposes that you can be shaped by and, in turn shape, your own environments. Theories that regard development as the product of joint influences fit within the interactionist model - best for biopsychosocial

interactionistic model of environmental interations

What is a variable?

is a characteristic that "varies" from individual to individual

What is a hypothesis??

is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. A specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in your study an educated guess

How many levels of development are their? How is development shaped?

is affected by processes at multiple levels. Development is shaped by the interaction between the individual & his/her environment.

What is the independent varaible?

is the factor that researchers manipulates

What is the dependent variable?

is the outcome that researchers observe

PICK UP benefits of correlation design and disadvantage validity questions p.s always safe to read chapter before quiz

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Pg 30-33 -- week 3 --- find out why

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identify independent and dependent variable --- p/.s practive activities on operationilzation (

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Why aren't studies on aging never true experiments?

Because age can't ever be manipulated -Aging studies are quasi experimental design

study of changes across ages in one cohort at a time

longitudinal

what the best study for ages and changes over time

longitudinal research design

Eriksons Psychosocial theory --- pdf 2

--- at certain points in life, biological, psychological, and social changes come together to influence the individ- ual's personality. s a time during which the individual may move closer to either a positive or negative resolution of a particular psychosocial issue.

Find Practice Questions on bias case studies and research designs ------------ Such as page 20-21

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Cross-sectional Problems:

- Resultsreflect age differences not changes - All participants are studied at one time in history - Selective survival of more able participants - Need to decide on age ranges and how to divide sample - Findingcomparable measures for older and younger adults

Longitudinal Problems:

- Separatingpersonal aging from historical effects - Expensive and logistically difficult - Results (final) take many years - Selective attrition/terminal drop - Practice effects - Tests become outdated

What is the selective optimization with compensation model? -Selective (of priorities = reduction in performance) -optimization (of skills and talents = continue practice, use technology) -compensation (for decrements in ability = concealment; offsetting or counterbalancing a deficiency.

-Choose areas of focus -Maximize performance in these areas -make up for losses in 1 area with gain in others.

What are some advantages of Experimental Research

-Control over variables -Easy Determination of Cause and Effect Relationship. -Better Results can be Achieved -Repeated experiments

What is the problem of Selective attrition in longitudinal studies? (serious bias)

-Distorted by those who die --This can make the average to appear increased b/t 3-4 times, even though survivors never changed

What are the 2 types of genetic studies? (Watch twins video- lecture 2)

-Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) -Genome-Wide Linkage Study

Answer these ---

-How gene FOXO affects the life span? -Can a gene that double the life span in worms, help extend human lives too? -Why certain people live longer than others? ---

types of research methods: Case Reports (hint particular individuals) Focus Groups (Hint meeting) Daily Diary (hint activities and daily data) Observational method (hint particular settings) Meta analysis (hint statistcal measure)

-In-depth analysis of particular individuals -Meeting of respondents asked to provide feedback about a certain topic of interest. -Participants enter data on a daily basis such as personal ratings or activities. -Researchers draw conclusions about behavior through careful and systematic examination in particular settings. -Statistical procedure to combine findings from independently

What are some Ethical guidelines in Adult Development and Aging? The issues are opposite, for example, issue of not being confidental, irrelevance, lack of knowledge of study, and not withdrawing would all be issues -but these guidelines are the solutions

-Informed consent - •Awareness of study procedures, risks, and benefits -debriefing - Information at study's completion about its true purpose -suggest resources - Provide information relevant to participant's experiences -right to withdraw - Participant can withdraw without penalty -confidentiality of data - Participant will not be identifiable in published reports and data will be securely stored.

When is cross sectional research design frequently used?

-Most frequently used in research on aging

What are the 5 types of correlational analysis?

-Multiple regression -Logistic regression -Path analysis -structural equation modeling -Hierachial linear modeling

this is a LONGEVITY GENE that operates to influence the rate of cell death and is associated with longevity. It seems to regulate lifespan and health span.

-NEW - FOXO3A

Activity Disengagement Continuity

-Older adults are better adjusted when they remain involved in their social roles. Roles give them identity and connections. Assumes that older adults have the same needs as middle-age persons. -The normal course of life is for older adults to loosen their social ties. Aging is characterized by withdraw from customary roles and engage in more introspective, self-focused activities. Aging & society mutually withdraw from each other. It is necessary for successful aging and beneficial for older adults. -The individual's personality determines whether activity or disengagement is beneficial to the individual

Types of research methods (studies): Laboratory Studies (hint systematic) Qualitive Studies (hint complex relationships) Epidemioligcal studies (hint Study frequency)

-Participants tested in systematic fashion using standardized procedures, often involving some type of task. -Explores complex relationships in situations that don't lend themselves to restrictions and assumptions of quantitative methods -Study frequency of particular disease in the population.

What is some key knowledge of "descriptive research design"?

-Provide information about age differences, but does not rule out social and historical factors. -Studies on aging are quasi-experimental and do not allow cause and effect conclusions

Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) Genome-Wide Linkage Study (Watch twins video- lecture 2)

-Researchers scan the entire genome of a large number of people in order to find genetic variations related to diseases -Researchers study families of people with specific disorders. The goal is to identify gens involved in aging-related diseases

Where do they think ageism comes from? Terror management theory? Modernization hypothesis -Multiple jeopardy hypothesis (multiple minority maybe?)(for older)--intersectionality(for all)

-Seeing older adults remind us of our mortality. Some people unconsciously wish to distance themselves as much as possible from older adults. -people regard with panic and dread the thought that their lives will someday come to an end -industrialization led older adults to become obsolete. Suggest that older adults can no longer produce, so they become irrelevant to society- lost their utility -Some groups experience more discrimination. --multiple ''isms'' such as ageism, sexism, and racism do not just add up but interact with one another to influence the discriminatory ways in which people reflecting more than one group are treated

What are some disadvantages of experimental research?

-Some can't be manipulated -Creates artificial situations -It can be time consuming and expensive. -Subject to human error

Quatitive

-Statistics -Numbers to measure -Inductive

What are the limitations of cross sectional research design?

-Survival effects -unrepresentative population -age range definitions -test material -task equivalence

Types of research methods for Archival research (existing resources) and surveys (multiple choice)

-Use existing resources containing data relevant to a question about aging -Gain information about a sample that can be generalized to a larger population typically through short-answer or multiple-choice questions

What is the ecological perspective? HOW MANY LEVELS of the environment or ''systems,'' all of which interact in their influence on the individual. .

-identifies multiple levels of the environment as they affect the individuals over time -There are 5 levels (inner to outer) --the individual - --microsystem - the setting in which people have their daily interactions and which therefore have the most direct impact on their lives --mesosystem is the realm of the environment in which interactions take place among two or more microsystem example, carrying over to work). --exosystem includes the environments that people do not closely experience on a regular basis but that impact them nevertheless. These environments include such insti- tutions as the workplace and community centers as well as extended family, whom you may not see very often --Macrosystem includes the larger social institutions ranging from a country's economy to its laws and social norms

What are the definiitions for the 3 life course perspective theories? Activity theory: Disengagement theory: Continuity theory:

-the view that older adults are most satisfied if they are able to remain involved in their social roles (no identity with roles) -normal and natural evolution of life causes older adults to loosen purposefully their social ties. (on a shelf-distance-ALONE) -that whether disengage- ment or activity is beneficial to the older adult depends on the individual's personality -finding the "just right"

What are the 3 Factors influence Individual's Performance?

AGE Cohort Time of measurement

In terms of the life course perspective, what are the 3 theories? (hint: involved, normal, determine)

Activity, disengagement, continutity

is a form of stereotyping based on age that can have many negative consequences is stereotyping and discrimination made on the basis of age which impacts both the young and old Is a set of beliefs, attitudes, and acts that denigrate individuals or groups based on their chronological age. Individuals are assumed to posses a set of stereotyped traits. (Example: no alcohol for elder)

Ageism (stereotyped)

whats the difference between cross-sectional and logitudinal designs?

Assesing different people at multiple points iq, status, mental, physcial -compare of 1 time (MUST BE EQUIVALENT ACROSS GROUPS) - the more asserted, the better the sample Longituinal - you asses them longterm (over years)- following people overtime to see how they are as they age

Experimental design only allows what kind of conclusions? as well as the to success of what?

Casual and effect conclusions key to success of random assignment

In terms of influencing individuals performance, what is AGE, COHORT AND TIME OF MEASUREMENT

Change within the individual Influences relevant to history at time of birth -born at different times current influences on individuals that are being tested

Life span change is a function of nature and nurture. Incorporates the effect of sex, race, ethnicity, social class, religion, & culture.

Contextual influences (study of the lifespan)

study of cohort differences at one time of measurement

Cross sectional

Need to look at multiple factors and influences on the growing individual over time. to promote a more inte- grative, life-span view of individual growth and change

Developmental science (study of the lifespan)

The model of the "epigenetic principle" involves what? What does it have to do with Eriksons psychosocial theory?

Each stage unfolds from the previous stage in predestined order, but Individuals may confront psychosocial issues in an "off-time" - reaching or not reaching the goal at that stage.

the interaction of genes with their environment, which bring the phenotype into being" (Waddington, Endeavor 1:18, 1942). Is about turning genes on or off. Epigeneticists are far more interested in discovering ways to treat epigenetic diseases epi (GK) upon Genesis (GK) born (Watch twins video- lecture 2)

Epigenetics --- epi (GK) upon Genesis (GK) born

Path analysis(one of the 5 types of Correlational analyis)

Examine all possible correlations among a set of variables to see if they can be explained by a single model of directional paths

What are the 2 groups of experimental design?

Experimental and controlled group

True or False, Only "nurture influences on life-span change"

FALSE, Nature and nurture influence of life-span change

True or False, Age is a TRUE independent variable?

FALSE, age is not a TRUE independent variable

Hierachial linear modeling(one of the 5 types of Correlational analyis)

Growth curves for each individual are examined over the time course of the study

proxy correlation is pretty much the same thing (compatitble)

Having a proxy helps a lot of research

Qualitative

IT IS Descriptive Numbers aren't the primary focus Interpretive, enthnographic

a scientist wants to investogate whether age is associated with intelligence (how am i going to measure it?) a researcher wants to investigate whether bmi is associated with longevity

IV - Age Operationlization of IV - how would you measure the iv? DV - intelligence Opeationazation of dv - using iq Hypothesis - educated guess iv - bmi dv- longevity ODV -the higher the bmi , the better the longevity ------ practice independent and dependent ---

What are the 3 types of variables for research?

Independent variable, variable and dependent variable

What is the relationship between research and theory?

Induction >> theory >> deduction >> research (qualitive + Quantitive)

Emphasizes continuity of development from childhood to old age

Life Span Perspective (study of the lifespan)

This is a model of individual enviromental interactions, that uses "niche picking"

Nature-nurture puzzle (interaction)

This is Is the process of strictly defining variables into measurable factors. You need to decide how the variable is to be measured in your research. This process allows variables to be measured, empirically and quantitatively. Behavior may have multiple meanings, we must define such terms or concepts in ways that are precise, measurable, and concrete

Operationalization

In terms of variable for aging experimental studies, what is the difference between the independent and dependent variable?

The independent is what the experimenter MANIPULATES and the dependent is what the experimenter OBSERVES Controlled Variables: Independent: Manipulated Dependent: Responding

the course of development may be altered (is ''plastic''), depending on the nature of the individ- ual's specific interactions in the environment. The type of interactions most likely to foster plasticity involve active interventions such as mental and physical exercise. Other ways to promote plasticity include taking steps to prevent causing harm to their bodies by avoiding, as much as possible, engaging in risky behaviors.

Plasticity in development - has to do with enviromental model

what is a good example of operationalization?

Regular exercise improves Memory. Operational definitions: Memory and exercise

Is the degree to which an assessment tool produces stable and consistent results.

Reliability (psychometric criteria) -precision/consistency of the metric

Tendency of some people to be more likely to drop out of studies than others. This can threaten the validity of a study

Selective Attrition

True or false, correlation design doesn't imply causation?

TRUE, IT DOES NOT IMPLY CAAAUUUSSATIOOON

Chromosomes lose telomeres over time. Shortened telomeres have been linked to increased risk of cancers, heart disease, dementia, & mortality. With each cell division, telomeres are shortened, until worn away. This is a sign of aging then the chromome are damaged and die. this happens with age

Telomere shortening

logistic regression(one of the 5 types of Correlational analyis)

Test likelihood of individual receiving a score on a discrete yes-no variable

Structural equation modeling(one of the 5 types of Correlational analyis)

Test paths involving latent variablesas well as measured variables

cross sectional research design does what to groups? (Specifically 3 groups)

They can be compared at one time

Why aren't more older adults negatively affected by ageism? (Hint:innoculation hypothesis)

This hypothesis states that older adults, especially women and minorities, become immune to ageism

These are structures on the tips of all chromosomes which gradually get shorter with age. They are linked to premature aging and diseases by measuring it's length, it can tell how fast someone is aging and can calculate their biological age It can also predict life expectancy

This is a telomere

What is an organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development

This is a theory

A group that is exposed to the same experimental environment but is not given the treatment/intervention (Experimental design)

This is control group

The group that is exposed to the Independent Variable. (Experimental design)

This is experimental group

the process of striclty defininng variavles into measuravle factors. its important to define what you mean by your iv and dv

This is operationalization

This is a socioculture model of development, that has a macrosystem, exosystem, and mesosystem? what is the system that changes systems overtime? (the further you go out the circle, the less interaction- they u are affected by the outer rings but can also have influence on each of them, to varying degrees)

This is the bronfenbrenners ecological systems perspective The chronosystem

each cell replication/division reduces the length of telomeres until the chromosome's tips are no longer protected.

This is the telomere theory

What is the most "Rigorous" and the strongest of all research design?

This would be experimental design

refers to how well a test measures what it is purported to measure.

Validity (psychometric criteria) -the meaning of the metric

Manipulated variable is also called what?

a predictor

What is the main focus in Geriatrics?

aging is it and the medical specialty -medical specialty in aging that draws from many social sciences

In terms of Descriptive Research Designs, why is age an imperfect variable?

because researchers can't manipulate age and environmental influences. Are unable to offer any solution to the inevitable confound between age and context

Why is the disadvantage of experimental research subject to error?

because results may not be generalized to real-life situations.

SOC helps how? Name an example:

coping with aging through a strategy that focuses on the skills most needed, practicing those skills and developing ways to compensate for other skills (When aerobic exercise becomes too strenuous, people might substitute gentle yoga)

-Non experimental design ---

correlational, (the more social support, the happier you are - positive) ---

taken from the word ''machine'') proposes that people's behavior changes gradually over time, shaped by the out- side forces that cause them to adapt to their environments. propose that growth throughout life occurs by exposure to experiences that present new learning opportunities. Because this exposure is gradual, the model assumes that there are no clear-cut or identifiable stages. Instead, development is a smooth, continuous set of gradations as the individual acquires new experiences. learning theory is here (proceeds according to enviroment)

mechanistic model of environmental interations

(taken from the term ''organism''), which proposes that heredity drives the course of development throughout life. Changes over time occur because the individual is programmed to exhibit certain behaviors at certain ages with distinct differences between stages of life.

organismic model of environmental interations

What are the 3 enviromental interactions?

organismic, mechanistic, interactionistic

The advantage of research design for repeated experiments states what about the results?

results can be checked again giving researchers greater confidence regarding the results.

combination of cross sectional and logitunidal designs

sequential research designs

As a sociocultural model of development, what helps shape norms, roles and attitudes about age to help to shape the persons life. - course or progression of a person's life events. This course is theorized to be heavily shaped by society's views of what is appropriate and expected to occur in connection with particular ages. (DO NOT GET CONFUSED WITH LIFE SPAN PERSPECTIVE). The social clock does what to help it?

the life course perspective it SETS the age norms and expectations - the expectations of the life events that will happen at that age. (am I on time or off time?)

What is the challenge for cross sectional research design?

to ensure that the effects of age are studied rather than differences between cohorts. Employ a variety of controls to ensure that differences

What is a major point in research?

to generalize to other people and samples - whatevever we include in our sample, represents our population

What is niche picking? What does it have to do with developing a childs talents?

uggests genetic and environmental factors work together to influence the direction of a child's life They pick out their niche/area to which they develop them.