Week 6 PSYC 107

In the initial period of learning, _________ describes when an organism learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

Acquisition

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it.

Which of the following is an example of instinct: unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior?

Baby seeking food by rooting and suckling

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Which of the following is an example of stimulus generalization?

Being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory?

Determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather, This exemplifies _________.

Learning

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

Learning

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

Emotion can be a conditioned response

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert?

Emotions can be a conditioned response.

Which of the following is an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?

Joyce playing a scratch-off lottery ticket

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning?

Knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object to fear to the student

According to Albert Bandura, ________.

Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say.

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs?

Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned response.

In _________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response.

Classical

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events?

Classical conditioning

Grace whistles while tickling Khaleel with a feather. Eventually, Khaleel starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________.

Conditioned response

Which of the following is an example of stimulus discrimination?

Conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle.

When an organism receives a reinforcer each time it displays a behavior, it is called ________ reinforcement.

Continuous

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

Extinction

Gus receives a paycheck every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Fixed Interval

Which statement about Edward C. Tolman is incorrect?

He found that emotions can be a conditioned response

Which of the following is true about John B. Watson?

He is considered the founder of behaviorism.

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct?

He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated.

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is true?

He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning.

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________.

Increases

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of ________.

Instincts

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons?

Instincts

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment.

It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear.

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Jeong observes Browyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots.

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________.

Model

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

Negative reinforcement

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

Negative reinforcement

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a _________.

Neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others

Hideki tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this?

Operant Conditioning

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

Partial

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

Primary

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior?

Punishment

Which of the following is an example of latent learning?

Remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute.

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

Rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily.

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

Shaping

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________.

Spontaneous recovery

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent ________.

Stimulus discrimination

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________.

Stimulus generalization

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

Taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00pm

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill.

Taste aversion

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In Social Learning Theory B. F. Skinner identifies three types of models: live, verbal, and symbolic.

The name "B. F. Skinner" should be changed to the word "Albert Bandura."

Which of the following is an example of a reflex: an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment?

The pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Spontaneous acquisition is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response.

The word "acquisition" should be changed to the word "recovery."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In a classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent.

The word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true?In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is know as latent.

The word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant condition, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together.

The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical."

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together.

The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical."

In classical conditioning, the _________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

Unconditioned response

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Variable interval

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Variable interval

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

When a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior