Week 7: Cardiology questions
When is it appropriate to hear an S3 heart sound? a. In pediatric patients b. In elderly patients c. Middle adulthood d. All of the above
A. In pediatric patients
The nurse is assessing a patient with possible cardiomyopathy and assesses the hepatojugular reflux. If heart failure is present, then the nurse should recognize which finding while pushing on the right upper quadrant of the patient's abdomen, just below the rib cage? a. The jugular veins will rise for a few seconds and then recede back to the previous level if the heart is properly working. b. The jugular veins will remain elevated as long as pressure on the abdomen is maintained. c. An impulse will be visible at the fourth or fifth intercostal space at or inside the midclavicular line. d. The jugular veins will not be detected during this maneuver.
B Rationale: When performing hepatojugular reflux, the jugular veins should rise for a few seconds and then recede back to previous level if heart is able to pump the additional volume created by the pushing. In heart failure, the jugular veins remain elevated as long as pressure is maintained on abdomen.
Which diagnostic test would NOT be indicated for a patient presenting with acute chest pain? a. Lab data b. Stress testing c. Echocardiography d. 12 lead ECG
B. Stress testing
When listening to heart sounds, the nurse knows that the S1: a. Is louder than the S2 at the base of the heart. b. Indicates the beginning of diastole. c. Coincides with the carotid artery pulse. d. Is caused by the closure of the semilunar valves.
C Rationale: S1 coincides with carotid pulse, marks the start of systole, and is louder than S2 at the apex of the heart.
The most common complaints of chest pain in the pediatric population are usually due to all of the following EXCEPT: a. Respiratory disease b. Costochondritis c. Musculoskeletal trauma d. Heart disease
D. Heart disease
A woman brings her 8 year old son into the office with a chief complaint of chest pain. The NP performs a full history and physical examination. Which of the following information is MOST indicative of the chest pain having a cardiac etiology? a. The pain is increased upon palpation of the area b. The pain is poorly localized and wheezing is heard upon auscultation c. The pain is present during times of rest and normal daily activities d. The pain is described as "squeezing" and is triggered by exercise
D. The pain is described as "squeezing" and is triggered by exercise
Patent ductus arteriosus in a newborn is associated with which of the following? a. Cri-du-chat syndrome b. Glycogen storage disease c. Lithium exposure in utero d. Maternal rubella exposure in the 3rd trimester
a. Cri-du-chat syndrome PDA is associated with cri-du-chat syndrome, DiGeorge syndrome, phenytoin exposure in utero and maternal rubells in the 1st trimester
The sac that surrounds and protects the heart is called the: a. pericardium b. myocardium c. Endocardium d. Pleural space
A. pericardium
The nurse knows that normal splitting of the S2 is associated with: a. Expiration. b. Inspiration. c. Exercise state. d. Low resting heart rate.
B
A 70-year-old patient with a history of hypertension has a blood pressure of 180/100 mm Hg and a heart rate of 90 beats per minute. The nurse hears an extra heart sound at the apex immediately before the S1. The sound is heard only with the bell of the stethoscope while the patient is in the left lateral position. With these findings and the patient's history, the nurse knows that this extra heart sound is most likely a(n): a. Split S1. b. Atrial gallop. c. Diastolic murmur. d. Summation sound.
B Rationale: S4 is called atrial gallop and S3 is called ventricular gallop. S4 occurs immediately before S1, while S3 occurs right after S2
What clinical presentations are correct related to advance aortic stenosis? a. chest pain b. syncope c. exercise intolerance d. all of the above
D. All of the above
During a cardiovascular assessment, the nurse knows that a thrill is: a. Vibration that is palpable. b. Palpated in the right epigastric area. c. Associated with ventricular hypertrophy. d. Murmur auscultated at the third intercostal space.
A
The nurse is preparing for a class on risk factors for hypertension and reviews recent statistics. Which racial group has the highest prevalence of hypertension in the world? a. Blacks b. Whites c. American Indians d. Hispanics
A
The mother of a 10-month-old infant tells the nurse that she has noticed that her son becomes blue when he is crying and that the frequency of this is increasing. He is also not crawling yet. During the examination the nurse palpates a thrill at the left lower sternal border and auscultates a loud systolic murmur in the same area. What would be the most likely cause of these findings? a. Tetralogy of Fallot b. Atrial septal defect c. Patent ductus arteriosus d. Ventricular septal defect
A Rationale: Characteristic finding of Tetralogy of Fallot includes: Subjective: 1. Cyanosis that begins after the first month of life and gradually gets worse 2. Cyanosis with crying and exertion at first and then at rest 3. Slowed development Objective: 1. Palpable thrill at LSB 2. S1 normal, S2 has loud A2 but P2 is diminished/absent 3. Systolic loud crescendo-decrescendo murmur
The nurse is assessing the apical pulse of a 3-month-old infant and finds that the heart rate is 135 beats per minute. The nurse interprets this result as: a. Normal for this age. b. Lower than expected. c. Higher than expected, probably as a result of crying. d. Higher than expected, reflecting persistent tachycardia.
A Rationale: HR may range from 100-180 immediately after birth and then stabilize to 120-140. Persistent tachycardia in newborns is >200 or >150 in infants
A 25 year old woman in her 5th month of pregnancy has a BP of 100/70. In reviewing her previous exam, the nurse notes that her BP in her 2nd month was 120/80. In evaluating this change, what does the nurse know to be true? a. This decline in BP is the result of peripheral vasodilation and is an expected change b. because of increased cardiac output, the BP should be higher at this time c. This change in BP is not an expected finding because it means a decrease in cardiac output d. This decline in BP means a decrease in circulating blood volume, which is dangerous for the fetus
A. Despite the increasing cardiac output, arterial BP decreases in pregnancy bc of peripheral vasodilation. The BP drops to lowest point during 2nd trimester and then rises after that
The S1 heart sound sounds like _________ and is caused by __________. a. Lub and is caused by the closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves b. Dub and is caused by the closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves c. Lub and is caused by closure of the pulmonic and aortic valves d. Dub and is caused by the closure of the pulmonic and aortic valves
A. Lub and is caused by the closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves
A 58 year old male presents to the clinic with chest pain that he describes as "tightness" behind the midsternum and is aggravated by prolonged exercise lasting 1-3 minutes and relieved by rest. He denies dyspnea, nausea, vomiting, fatigue and diarrhea. What is a likely diagnosis for this presentation of chest pain? a. stable angina b. pulmonary embolism c. myocardial infarction d. unstable angina
A. Stable angina
A teenager comes into your office to get clearance to play in sports, what are the signs and symptoms of a potential family history of long QT syndrome? a. Syncope, sudden death, arrhythmia b. SOB c. Chest pain d. Left arm and jaw pain
A. Syncope, sudden death, arrhythmia
During an assessment of a 68 year old man with a recent onset of right sided weakness, the nurse hears a blowing, swishing sound with the bell of the stethoscope over the left carotid artery. This finding would indicate: a. valvular disorder b. blood flow turbulence c. fluid volume overload d. ventricular hypertrophy
B
In assessing for an S4 heart sound with a stethoscope, the nurse would listen with the: a. Bell of the stethoscope at the base with the patient leaning forward. b. Bell of the stethoscope at the apex with the patient in the left lateral position. c. Diaphragm of the stethoscope in the aortic area with the patient sitting. d. Diaphragm of the stethoscope in the pulmonic area with the patient supine.
B
In assessing the carotid arteries of older patients with CV disease, the nurse would: a. palpate the artery in the upper 1/3 of the neck b. listen with the bell of the stethoscope to assess for bruits c. simultaneously palpate both arteries to compare amplitude d. instruct the patient to take slow deep breaths during auscultation
B
The direction of blood flow through the heart is best described as which of these? a. vena cava, right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, pulmonary artery, left atrium, left ventricle b. right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle c. aorta, right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, left ventricle, vena cava d. right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary vein, lungs, pulmonary artery, left atrium, left ventricle
B
While auscultating heart sounds on a 7-year-old child for a routine physical examination, the nurse hears an S3, a soft murmur at the left midsternal border, and a venous hum when the child is standing. What would be a correct interpretation of these findings? a. S3 is indicative of heart disease in children. b. These findings can all be normal in a child. c. These findings are indicative of congenital problems. d. The venous hum most likely indicates an aneurysm.
B
The nurse is preparing to auscultate for heart sounds. Which technique is correct? a. Listening to the sounds at the aortic, tricuspid, pulmonic, and mitral areas b. Listening by inching the stethoscope in a rough Z pattern, from the base of the heart across and down, then over to the apex c. Listening to the sounds only at the site where the apical pulse is felt to be the strongest d. Listening for all possible sounds at a time at each specified area
B Rationale: Don't limit auscultation only to four locations. Sounds produced by valve closure can be heard all over the chest. Use Z pattern from base of heart down to apex.
The nurse is presenting a class on risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Which of these are considered modifiable risk factors for MI? Select all that apply. a. Ethnicity b. Abnormal lipids c. Smoking d. Gender e. Hypertension f. Diabetes g. Family history
B, C, E, F
A 70 year old female comes into the office for a cardiac examination. The patient reports symptoms of dyspnea, diaphoresis and "an ache in her chest." She denies radiation of the pain and denies feelings of squeezing or heavy pressure. Before beginning the physical examination, it is important for the NP to know that which of the following statements is true? a. It is unlikely that this patient is experiencing an acute cardiac event because typical angina is characterized by a squeezing or heavy pressure and radiates to the jaw, neck, arm or shoulder b. Elderly patients are less likely to present with typical angina when experiencing an acute cardiac event c. Elderly patients are more likely to report chest pain with radiation to the jaw/neck rather than to the arms/shoulder when experiencing an acute coronary event d. The NP's next step should be to investigate the respiratory and GI systems, as this patient's symptoms are most likely caused by GERD or pneumonia
B. Elderly patients are less likely to present with typical angina when experiencing an acute cardiac event
What are the best assessment practices when auscultating for murmurs? a. Laying the patient supine with the HOB flat while breathing normally b. Having the patient sit up and lean forward, as well as exhaling completely and holding their breath c. Having the patient lay flat on their right side while taking deep steady breaths d. Having the patient lay prone while attempting to drink water
B. Having the patient sit up and lean forward, as well as exhaling completely and holding their breath
How would the murmur of an atrial septal defect be described? a. early diastolic decrescendo b. mid systolic crescendo-decrescendo c. holosystolic d. continuous systolic and diastolic e. holodiastolic
B. Mid systolic crescendo-decrescendo
During cardiac auscultation, a soft first heart sound with a holosystolic apical murmur that radiates to the left axilla suggests? a. aortic stenosis b. mitral regurgitation c. mitral stenosis d. mitral valve prolapse
B. Mitral regurgitation
In assessing a 70 year old man, the nurse finds the following: BP 140/100, HR 104 and slightly irregular and the split S2 heart sound. Which of these findings can be explained by the expected hemodynamic changes related to age? a. Increase in resting HR b. Increase in systolic BP c. Decrease in diastolic BP d. Increase in diastolic BP
B; Increase in systolic BP occurs with age. No age related changes in diastolic pressure, HR or cardiac output.
The component of the conduction system referred to as the pacemaker of the heart is the: a. AV node b. Sinoatrial node c. Bundle of His d. Bundle branches
B; The SA node initiates the electrical impulse and has an intrinsic rhythm
During a cardiovascular assessment, the nurse knows that an S4 heart sound is: a. Heard at the onset of atrial diastole. b. Usually a normal finding in the older adult. c. Heard at the end of ventricular diastole. d. Heard best over the second left intercostal space with the individual sitting upright.
C
In assessing a patient's major risk factors for heart disease, which would the nurse want to include when taking a history? a. Family history, HTN, age b. Personality type, high cholesterol, diabetes, smoking c. Smoking, HTN, obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol d. Alcohol intake, obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol
C
The electrical stimulus of the cardiac cycle follows which sequence? a. AV node, SA node, bundle of His b. Bundle of His, AV node, SA node c. SA node, AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches d. AV node, SA node, bundle of His, bundle branches
C
The nurse is examining a patient who has possible cardiac enlargement. Which statement about percussion of the heart is true? a. Percussion is a useful tool for outlining the heart's borders. b. Percussion is easier in patients who are obese. c. Studies show that percussed cardiac borders do not correlate well with the true cardiac border. d. Only expert health care providers should attempt percussion of the heart.
C
Which of these statements describes the closure of the valves in a normal cardiac cycle? a. The aortic valve closes slightly before the tricuspid valve b. The pulmonic valve closes slightly before the aortic valve c. The tricuspid valve closes slightly later than the mitral valve d. Both the tricuspid and pulmonic valves close at the same time
C
The nurse is performing a cardiac assessment on a 65-year-old patient 3 days after her myocardial infarction (MI). Heart sounds are normal when she is supine, but when she is sitting and leaning forward, the nurse hears a high-pitched, scratchy sound with the diaphragm of the stethoscope at the apex. It disappears on inspiration. The nurse suspects: a. Increased cardiac output. b. Another MI. c. Inflammation of the precordium. d. Ventricular hypertrophy resulting from muscle damage.
C Rationale: Inflammation of precordium gives rise to a friction rub (high pitched scratchy sound). Friction rub is best heard with diaphragm of stethoscope with person sitting upright and leaning forward and with breath held in expiration. Can be heard anywhere but best heard at apex.
Which of these findings would the nurse expect to notice during a cardiac assessment on a 4-year-old child? a. S3 when sitting up b. Persistent tachycardia above 150 beats per minute c. Murmur at the second left intercostal space when supine d. Palpable apical impulse in the fifth left intercostal space lateral to midclavicular line
C Rationale: Innocent murmurs are heard at 2nd or 3rd left intercostal space and disappears with sitting
When the nurse is auscultating the carotid artery for bruits, which of these statements reflects the correct technique? a. While listening with the bell of the stethoscope, the patient is asked to take a deep breath and hold it. b. While auscultating one side with the bell of the stethoscope, the carotid artery is palpated on the other side to check pulsations. c. While lightly applying the bell of the stethoscope over the carotid artery and listening, the patient is asked to take a breath, exhale, and briefly hold it. d. While firmly placing the bell of the stethoscope over the carotid artery and listening, the patient is asked to take a breath, exhale, and briefly hold it.
C Rationale: Nurse should lightly apply bell over carotid artery at 3 levels and have pt take a breath, exhale and briefly hold it
During the precordial assessment on an patient who is 8 months pregnant, the nurse palpates the apical impulse at the fourth left intercostal space lateral to the midclavicular line. This finding would indicate: a. Right ventricular hypertrophy. b. Increased volume and size of the heart as a result of pregnancy. c. Displacement of the heart from elevation of the diaphragm. d. Increased blood flow through the internal mammary artery.
C Rationale: palpation of the apical pulse in pregnancy is higher and more lateral because enlarged uterus elevates diaphragm and displaces heart up and to the left
While counting the apical pulse on a 16-year-old patient, the nurse notices an irregular rhythm. His rate speeds up on inspiration and slows on expiration. What would be the nurse's response? a. Talk with the patient about his intake of caffeine. b. Perform an electrocardiogram after the examination. c. No further response is needed because sinus arrhythmia can occur normally. d. Refer the patient to a cardiologist for further testing.
C. Rationale: Rhythm should be regular, HOWEVER, sinus arrhythmias occur normally in young adults and children. With sinus arrhythmia, the rhythm varies with the person's breathing, increasing with inspiration and slowing with expiration
When listening to heart sounds, the nurse knows the valve closures that can be heard best at the base of the heart are: a. Mitral and tricuspid b. Tricuspid and aortic c. Aortic and pulmonic d. Mitral and pulmonic
C. Aortic and pulmonic
How would you describe the intensity of a systolic murmur that is easily audible, associated with a thrill, however the stethoscope must remain on the chest to hear the murmur? a. Grade II b. Grade III c. Grade IV d. Grade V e. Grade VI
C. Grade IV
A 45 year old man is in the clinic for routine physical exam. During the recording of his health history, the patient states that he has been having difficulty sleeping. "I'll be sleeping great, and then I wake up and feel like I can't get my breath." The nurse's best response to this would be: a. When was your last EKG? b. It's probably because it's been so hot at night c. Do you have any history of problems with your heart? d. Have you had a recent sinus infection or URI?
C. Nocturnal dyspnea occurs with HF
Your patient recently got diagnosed with aortic stenosis, what do you anticipate the murmur to present like upon auscultation? a. Diastolic Decrescendo b. Holosystolic c. Systolic Crescendo-decrescendo d. None of the above
C. Systolic Crescendo-decrescendo
Which of the following provides a measurement of ventricular repolarization? a. P wave b. ST segment c. T wave d. QRS complex
C. T wave
In a patient with atrial fibrillation, the NP would expect to hear: a. Absent S1 and normal S2 b. Normal S1 and absent S2 c. Variable S1 intensity and normal S2 d. Split S1 and normal S2
C. Variable S1 and normal S2
When assessing a newborn infant who is 5 minutes old, the nurse knows which of these statements to be true? a. the left ventricle is larger and weighs more than the right ventricle b. the circulation of a newborn is identical to that of an adult c. blood can flow into the left side of the heart through an opening in the atrial septum d. the foramen ovale closes just minutes before birth, and the ductus arteriosus closes immediately after
C; 2/3 of blood is shunted through an opening in the atrial septum called the foramen ovale from right to left side of heart. The foramen ovale closes within the 1st hr after birth bc pressure in the right side of the heart is now lower than in the left side.
During a cardiac assessment on a 38-year-old patient in the hospital for "chest pain," the nurse finds the following: jugular vein pulsations 4 cm above the sternal angle when the patient is elevated at 45 degrees, blood pressure 98/60 mm Hg, heart rate 130 beats per minute, ankle edema, difficulty breathing when supine, and an S3 on auscultation. Which of these conditions best explains the cause of these findings? a. Fluid overload b. Atrial septal defect c. MI d. Heart failure
D
During an assessment of a healthy adult, where would the nurse expect to palpate the apical impulse? a. Third left intercostal space at midclavicular line b. Fourth left intercostal space at sternal border c. Fourth left intercostal space at anterior axillary line d. Fifth left intercostal space at the midclavicular line
D
The nurse is reviewing the anatomy and physiologic functioning of the heart. Which statement best describes what is meant by atrial kick? a. the atria contract during systole and attempt to push against closed valves b. contraction of the atria at the beginning of diastole can be felt as a palpitation c. atrial kick is the pressure exerted against the atria as the ventricles contract during systole d. the atria contract toward the end of diastole and push the remaining blood into the ventricles
D
During the cardiac auscultation, the nurse hears a sound immediately occurring after the S2 at the second left intercostal space. To further assess this sound, what should the nurse do? a. Have the patient turn to the left side while the nurse listens with the bell of the stethoscope. b. Ask the patient to hold his or her breath while the nurse listens again. c. No further assessment is needed because the nurse knows this sound is an S3. d. Watch the patient's respirations while listening for the effect on the sound.
D Rationale: A split S2 is a normal phenomenon that occurs toward the end of inspiration in some people. A split S2 is heard only in the pulmonic valve area (2nd ICS left side). When split S2 is heard, the nurse shouldn't ask the person to hold their breath bc it will cause the split to go away. Rather the NP should concentrate on the split while watching the person's chest rise up and down with breathing
A 30-year-old woman with a history of mitral valve problems states that she has been "very tired." She has started waking up at night and feels like her "heart is pounding." During the assessment, the nurse palpates a thrill and lift at the fifth left intercostal space midclavicular line. In the same area, the nurse also auscultates a blowing, swishing sound right after the S1. These findings would be most consistent with: a. Heart failure. b. Aortic stenosis. c. Pulmonary edema. d. Mitral regurgitation.
D Rationale: Findings of MR include: Subjective: fatigue, palpitation, orthopnea Objective: 1. thrill and/or lift at apex with systole 2. apical impulse displaced down and to left 3. Diminished S1, Increased S2, S3 at apex 4. pansystolic murmur that is often loud, blowing, best heard at apex and radiates into left axilla
During an assessment, the nurse notes that the patient's apical impulse is laterally displaced and is palpable over a wide area. This finding indicates: a. Systemic hypertension. b. Pulmonic hypertension. c. Pressure overload, as in aortic stenosis. d. Volume overload, as in heart failure.
D Rationale: With volume overload, as in HF, cardiac enlargement laterally displaces apical impulse and it is palpable over a wider area
During an inspection of the precordium of an adult patient, the nurse notices the chest moving in a forceful manner along the sternal border. This finding most likely suggest a: a. normal heart b. systolic murmur c. enlargement of left ventricle d. enlargement of the right ventricle
D Rationale: a heave or lift is a thrusting of the ventricle during systole. it occurs with ventricular hypertrophy as a result of increased workload. A right ventricular heave is seen at the sternal border. A left ventricular heave is seen at the apex
A patient presents to your emergency department and upon assessment you diagnose her with mitral valve regurgitation. What do you teach them regarding the pathophysiology of the disease? a. Endocarditis of infectious origin can cause your valve deformity b. The use of nitroprusside can cause MVR c. Impaired closing as a result of impaired LV contractility d. A and C e. A and B
D. A and C
Which of the following statements about mitral valve prolapse is FALSE? a. It is generally asymptomatic and requires no treatment b. It affects less than 3% of the population c. It is more common in persons with connective tissue disorders such as Marfan syndrome d. All patients with mitral valve prolapse require immediate medical or surgical treatment
D. All patients with mitral valve prolapse require immediate medical or surgical treatment
Which of the following murmurs can radiate to the neck? a. Mitral stenosis b. Mitral regurgitation c. Aortic regurgitation d. Aortic stenosis
D. Aortic Stenosis
You notice a medium pitched harsh mid-systolic murmur during an episodic examination of a 37 year old woman. It is best heard at the right upper border of the sternum. What is it most likely? a. Mitral stenosis b. Mitral regurgitation c. Aortic regurgitation d. Aortic stenosis
D. Aortic stenosis
The following are causes of increased intensity of the first heart sound, S1 a. Immobility of the mitral valve b. Arrhythmia c. Tricuspid stenosis d. Atrioventricular valve obstruction
D. Atrioventricular valve obstruction
Up to 80% of all children have innocent heart murmurs during childhood. An innocent, or physiologic murmur is primarily due to physiologic conditions outside the heart, as opposed to structural defects in the heart itself. Common innocent murmurs include all of the following EXCEPT: a. Still's murmur b. Venous hum c. Carotid bruit d. Ejection click
D. Ejection click
A six year old boy who had an upper respiratory infection with Group A strep six months ago presents with; purposeless, involuntary movements, emotional liability and muscular incoordination, symptoms commonly associated with: a. Erythema marginatum b. Periungual desquamation c. Jones criteria d. St. Vitus' dance
D. St. Vitus' dance Rationale: for the Jones criteria of RF diagnosis, you need either 2 major symptoms or 1 major symptom and 2 minor symptoms
Which of the following statements is NOT true? a. Approximately 90% of diagnoses of Acute coronary event is made from the patient's history, ECGs and lab data b. exercise tolerance tests should be obtained within 72hrs of presentation of chest pain in patients with unclear diagnosis of coronary ischema c. A positive exercise tolerance test is the development of ECG changes consistent with ischemia d. The ACC has recommended the use of CK and CK-MB as the new definitive diagnostic markers for Acute MI
D. The ACC has recommended the use of CK and CK-MB as the new definitive diagnostic markers for Acute MI
Pregnant female with a history of diabetes comes into your office. What potential cardiac abnormalities should you watch for in the baby? a. congenital heart block b. myocarditis c. peripheral pulmonary stenosis and patent ductus arteriosus d. cardiomyopathy, transposition of the great arteries, ventral septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus
D. cardiomyopathy, transposition of the great arteries, ventral septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus
The findings from an assessment of a 70 year old patient with swelling in his ankles include jugular venous pulsations 5cm above the sternal angle when the HOB is elevated 45 degrees. The nurse knows that this finding indicates: a. Decreased fluid volume b. Increased cardiac output c. Narrowing of jugular veins d. Elevated pressure related to heart failure
D; JVP gives info about right sided activity of heart. Normal JVP = 2cm or less above sternal angle. Elevated pressure >3cm above sternal angle at 45 degrees occurs with HF
The mother of a 3 month old infant states that her baby has not been gaining weight. With further questioning, the nurse finds that the infant falls asleep after nursing and wakes up after a short period of time, hungry again. What other info would the nurse want to have? a. infant's sleeping position b. sibling history of eating disorders c. amount of background noise when eating d. presence of dyspnea or diaphoresis when sucking
D; focus is on feeding when screening infants for heart disease bc an infant with HF takes fewer oz each feeding, becomes dyspneic with sucking, may be diaphoretic and then falls into an exhausted sleep and awakens after a short time hungry again
When diagnosing aortic valve stenosis, what is an expected finding upon analysis of an echocardiogram? a. irregular leaflet thickening and increased calcification b. focal areas of thickening on the aortic side of the valve c. focal area of thickening on the distal portion of the aortic valve d. Left ventricular hypertrophy e. A, B, D
E. A, B, D
A pathological heart murmur is produced by blood flowing through a narrowed blood vessel, or hole in the heart. Which of the following is NOT a pathological heart murmur? a. coarc of the aorta b. pulmonary ejection murmur c. patent ductus arteriosus d. tetralogy of fallot
b. pulmonary ejection murmur
