Week One Quiz - 305
______ are visual representations of the distribution of one variable, which works best with categorical variables that have a small number of categories.
Pie charts
Entering "0" for participants who chose "female" and "1" for "male" is an example of an answer category that uses what kind of variable?
nominal variable
In a ______ distribution, the mean, median, and mode are equal to one another.
normal distribution
Inter-observer reliability can only be used for qualitative studies.
true
What is the mean of this set of numbers: 23, 76, 38, 49, 16, 40, 56?
63
The unobtrusive data collection was named after a famous experiment.
False
______ is a procedure used by researchers to select a subset of the population.
Sampling
Coding notes are developed to do which of the following?
identify the code labels and their underlying meanings
Which of the following is often used in surveys and questionnaires?
internal consistency reliability
What is important when trying to search for articles and publications through an online database?
typing the right keywords that will retrieve records exactly on our topic regardless of the amount
In 1998, Michael Burawoy advocated for the use of which of the following?
extended case method
Data collection requires ______.
a large budget
Which one of the following is NOT an advantage of interviews over questionnaires?
Bias is reduced by the interviewed being present.
_____ have answers that can be organized around various categories.
Categorical variables
______ has been an essential part of cultural anthropology since its inception as an academic discipline
Ethnographic fieldwork
______ is the branch of mathematics that uses logic to interpret phenomena and draw conclusions from accumulated data.
Statistics
In the distribution shown above, which of the following is true?
The mean, median, and mode are equal to each other
A linear relationship between variables is a perfect relationship between two variables that, when graphed, resembles a straight line.
True
A requirement for classic experimental design is to have an experimental group and a control group.
True
Though cross-sectional designs have many advantages, there are many disadvantages. Which of the following is an example of a disadvantage of a cross-sectional design?
When collecting data, people are often volatile and their mood may change on that specific day and the researcher may end up with incorrect information.
Which of the following distinguishes random error from other types of measurement errors?
Our measurements are open to various interpretations by respondents.
Which of the following is considered on the largest longitudinal studies of research university data?
PSID
Every sound, word, or nonverbal communication from a participant should be recorded.
True
______ allows researchers to sketch the details of variables and gain familiarity with the sample.
Univariate analysis
The first indicator of frequency distribution is called ______.
absolute frequency
Data web scraping helps you collect information from ______.
almost any source
What is a questionnaire?
an instrument containing questions
A(n) ______ is a brief summary of the article or book you read.
annotated bibliography
John has completed his data collection and has left the field. Which of the following BEST describes the next step in the research process that John must now complete?
clean and organize the data
What is necessary to happen before we can even analyze data?
entering data
Testing a new drug or intervention training is an example of which group?
experimental
A child learns that it is dangerous to play with fire after he or she learns it can burn. Which of the following terms best fits this example?
experimental knowledge
ERIC was built to help university libraries worldwide digitize their journals and books.
false
It is never acceptable to have someone else transcribe our research notes.
false
Most databases have similar search engines, like Google, EBSCOhost or ProQuest.
false
Qualitative research starts with a lot of work up front, before the data are collected, and requires a good grasp of the topic of study.
false
SAS is the most compatible to be imported into the analysis software of your choosing.
false
Stratified random sampling requires an unequal amount of participants from each group when doing a study.
false
Tests are standardized because they have been tested only one time before.
false
There are ten steps to follow when creating questionnaires.
false
When errors are insignificant, our data may be completely flawed.
false
What is the name of Karl Popper's theory of knowledge?
falsifiability
In which column of a spreadsheet should an identification number be listed?
first column
Census data would be considered ______.
large data sets
The ______ is a necessary part of a research that allows the readers to gain familiarity with the type of research that has already been conducted in the field.
literature review
James is studying the media use of adolescents ages 14-17 in his high school. He plans to collect data from them during the spring and fall semesters of the school year. Most likely, James is planning to use what type of research study?
longitudinal studies
If a study is focused on investigating undergraduate college students at a particular university or college, the college students are the ______.
population
Which of the following is NOT a basic requirement for a researcher?
predicting the hypothesis
Which of the following BEST describes an ordinal variable?
responses that do not have a numeric value but have some ranking order
The measurement of ______ is a classic example used to explain the difference between ratio and interval.
temperature
Non-experimental designs do not include any manipulation, such as training, intervention, or drug taking.
true
Non-standardized survey questionnaires often measure a variable that may have not been tested before.
true
Line graphs depict ______ or more categories simultaneously.
2
______ is a technique that allows a researcher to select any participants who are available to participate in a study and meet the criteria for selection.
Convenience sampling
Inferential statistics are not the best tool researchers have to make approximate generalizations.
False
______ looks at the world at large and tries to generate new ideas or explanations about how the world works and why.
Fundamental research
Which of the following accurately outlines the differences between the inductive and deductive approaches to social theory?
Inductive begins with concrete or observable things and moves toward abstract or theoretical ideas. Deductive begins with abstract or theoretical ideas and moves toward concrete or observable things.
Which of the following relates to accuracy?
Participants' answer about a topic and whether or not the answers are free of error
______ ensures that our data collection tool consistently yields the same results regardless of the passing of time.
Test-retest reliability
Which of the following do socially desirable questions NOT contribute to a study?
The questions may cause all respondents to answer all the questions truthfully.
In which of the following scenarios is focus group interviewing BEST applicable?
The researcher is interested in getting information about a controversial topic from several participants in as short a time period as possible.
Why is the passage of time important to consider when using secondary data sources?
The source could be outdated.
Confounding or intervening variables often have adverse effects on the independent variable in such a way that the results from the dependent variable become untrustworthy.
True
Problems you had during data collection will alert you to any restructuring that might need to be done to ensure smoother data entry.
True
PubMed includes more than 24 million citations.
True
When is the best time to protect the confidentiality of your participants?
at the moment of interview transcription
A ______ is the key to the codes in your study and how they correlate with participant responses.
codebook
______ is bringing order to written information in which text or visual data are categorized into small portions of information.
coding
In the year 2000, Dr. Wilson believed that the experiences of students who attended historically black college and universities (HBCUs) influenced their choice of occupations. Dr. Wilson surveyed 120 students who had graduated from Alabama State University (ASU) during the 1980s and 120 students who had graduated during the 1990s. What kind of research was Dr. Wilson conducting?
cohort study
Professor Grosse is observing the ways race car drivers prepare for a major race. Professor Grosse spends his time observing all that the drivers do and makes notes based on his observations. Based on this example, Professor Grosse is a ______ observer.
complete
______ are general or abstract terms that are not straightforward to measure and are often understood differently by different people.
constructs
George is reviewing his qualitative research notes. While doing this, he keeps considering and reconsidering everything that he knows including his theories as he goes about his data analysis. The process of considering and reconsidering is also known as what?
critical thinking
If Janet is trying to determine whether self-esteem affects the amount of makeup women wear. The amount of makeup women wear in this example will be which variable?
dependent
Descriptive studies mostly do which of the following?
describe
A researcher decided to attempt to explore unknown territory in a research and gain more knowledge on that topic. Which type of study best fits what the researcher is trying to do?
exploratory studies
Existing statistics should be used as supplemental data only.
false
In quasi-experimental designs, the study accommodates the design.
false
It is necessary to correct grammar while transcribing an interview.
false
Diagrams are useful for all of the following EXCEPT ______.
making presentations look pretty and respectable
When a researcher directly collects data, what type of data is it considered?
primary data
Sampling types can be divided into two large groups, known as which of the following?
probability and non-probability sampling
What is known as or is often called judgmental sampling?
purposive sampling
One way of making sense of new information gathered from research is to do which of the following?
put the information into predefined categories
Debra and Dexter want to find out some reasons why some women experience domestic violence by their significant others. They, however, only want to use words, texts, illustrations, videos, and nonnumerical formats in their research. They most likely plan on using which research methodology?
qualitative methodology
______ seeks to understand the distinctive qualities of the social phenomena in depth.
qualitative research
All of the following statements are true about qualitative research results EXCEPT ______.
qualitative research uses statistical analyses to test relationships between variables
When some respondents do not really understand a question but answer it based on what they think the question is asking, this may result in what type of measurement error?
random error
Whenever a researcher ensures that all participants in a population have equal chance of participating in a study, he or she is ensuring the ______ of the sample.
randomization
After an experiment has been outlined and we are ready to collect data, ______ is the first thing that must be done.
randomly assigning participants to two groups
One necessary feature of ethnography research has to do with the trust and familiarity that exist between the researcher and the group members being studied. This trust is also referred to as ______.
rapport
When you are worried about whether you will get the same results if you repeat your experiment again in the future, you are worried about ______.
reliability
Professor Wallaby wants to sketch the details of each of his variables he has used in his research and seeks to become familiar with his sample and know the descriptive characteristics of the variables. To do so, which of the following will BEST help Professor Wallaby do this?
running univariate analysis
______ is the form of knowledge that we believe to be true.
scientific knowledge
What refers to data or raw information collected by other researchers?
secondary data
All of the following are examples of a non-probability sampling technique EXCEPT ______.
simple random sampling
You are doing a research on school personnel, including teachers, counselors, cleaners, principals, and secretaries. You want to be sure you draw a sample that has cases in each of the personnel categories. You want to use non-probability sampling. An appropriate strategy would be ______.
simple random sampling
Qualitative information has been made so readily available for research purposes due to which of the following?
social media becoming popular
A codebook does NOT ______.
specify the analysis method to be used
In a complete qualitative interviewing process, a researcher will perform all but which of the following?
statically analyze
To ensure that equal numbers of students are selected from each college and department at AUM Montgomery, but you desire to use a probability method of selection, which method would you choose?
stratified sampling
What is the name of Thomas Kuhn's theory of knowledge?
structure of scientific revolution
Which of the following is NOT a major difference between systematic and literature review?
studies are assessed differently
When a study is being conducted, what is the most important thing to know?
the ethical rules of research
Qualitative research often involves the researcher making connections between ______.
their material and larger theoretical contexts
Coding is an attempt to do which of the following?
to classify, categorize, interpret, and find meaning of words
The form of knowledge that we inherit from the culture in which we grow up is best described as ______.
traditional knowledge
Bar graphs are often used for quantitative studies.
true
Experimental research may be cost-effective and time-effective for a researcher.
true
Expressing thoughts in graphs and diagrams is sometimes more helpful than other types of analysis.
true
Measurement error occurs because we are asking questions that do not capture what we truly want.
true
Photographs, paintings, drawing, and X-rays can be an important source of qualitative data.
true
Physical objects, videos, and texts are common forms of qualitative data.
true
The contact information of researchers is commonly provided inside the articles or books they have published.
true
Qualitative research MOST often provides answers related to the _____ of the social phenomena.
why
What will be the outcome of taking a critical look at your survey questions before entering data?
will save time and frustration
Gaining insight and depth, richer pictures, reasoning inductively, and interpreting data as the research perceives it to be all characteristics of the qualitative research method.
True
Gail Ann is interested in studying adolescents' health and well-being. In order for Gail Ann to narrow down her topic for research, she should do which of the following?
Ask herself questions about the construct of health and well-being; ask herself questions about her population.
______ are generally qualitative because it is allowing for collecting rich deep data while allowing participants the flexibility of expressing their feelings.
Descriptive studies
______ refers to conducting an experiment or intervention on one of the randomly assigned groups in a study.
Experimental research
_____ validity occurs when a researcher or a group of researchers decide to classify the measurement instrument.
Face
Who defines critical thinking as "the mode of thinking about any subject, content, or problem?"
Paul and Elder
What is considered an advantage of replication studies?
The study is complete including research questions.
Which hypothesis predicts the type of relationship between variables and even what may happen in one variable if another variable increases or decreases?
alternative hypothesis
Ms. Frimpong was worried about her son's constant sneezing, runny nose, and watery eyes. She called up her friend Martha who told her, "I have read about those symptoms in WebMD, and that information surely proves that your son is suffering from allergies." Which error does Martha make?
appeal to authority as a basis of knowledge
______ is the next logical step in the research process after a researcher has completed the design of his or her qualitative, quantitative or mixed-methods study.
collect data
Drs. Brown and Shield plan to study the effects of corporal punishment on children's self-esteem. They reviewed the definition of corporal punishment in the literature. After they finished, they created their own definition of corporal punishment. This illustrates ______.
conceptualization
What is a common procedure for data collection?
conducting a survey
When we operationalize a variable, we seek to ascertain that measures to be used will accurately measure what we intend to measure regardless of who will answer the questions. This statement refers to the researcher paying attention to ensure that ______ is maintained.
construct validity
When a questionnaire approaches final formatting, the researcher begins to anticipate follow-up questions. These follow-up questions are also known as ______.
contingency questions
Any variable used to control results is called a ______ variable.
control
Systematic reviews and literature reviews are one and the same.
false
When a researcher uses a control group and a placebo is given instead of a real drug, the researcher does not need to inform participants in his/her study up that they will not receive the drug being tested.
false
David wants to explain why so many people tend to migrate to the United States in search of a better life. Most likely David should engage in ______ research to get information about this large group of people.
fundamental
A systematic review of literature ______.
has its own literature review, methodology, and findings
A(n) ______ is a statement that predicts a specific phenomenon or behavior.
hypothesis
A traditional literature review will often provide which of the following?
information on one or two studies and will summarize the conclusions of another study
All of the following are advantages of snowball sampling EXCEPT ______.
it lacks representativeness of the whole population
When we ask questions that really do not capture what we are trying to measure, we create ______.
measurement error
A researcher seeks to establish whether "being poor is related to people ending up on welfare." Which of the answers below BEST tells what type of research should be planned?
nomothetic
Famous French sociologist Emile Durkheim used what type of data to examine government statistics on suicide from different countries?
secondary data
Junior is in Professor Lee's sociology class. Professor Lee is studying the effects of marijuana on students at his university. Professor Lee tells his class about the study and informs them that they are part of his sample. Junior does not want to participate in the study but decides to do so anyway. He fears that if he does not participate he may fail the class. This example demonstrates the use of what unethical practice?
subtle coercion
The dependent variable is the explanatory or predictor variable.
true
The two biggest advantages of simple random sampling are that every person has an equal chance of participating in a study.
true
Three ways to administer survey questionnaires to a sample of respondents are self-administered surveys, telephone surveys, and virtual surveys.
true
Your school library is your best friend and the most valuable asset.
true
The Solomon four group consists of which of the following?
two control groups and two experimental groups
The first characteristic of research design involves ______ we are trying to study.
what
How can you tell if an error is systematic?
when answers from the majority of participants display the same type of error
During the formal defense, the scientific community will be looking to ascertain ______ and ______.
whether the proposed study is feasible; if the researcher knows the literature
When researching a topic, all of the following apply EXCEPT ______.
you must know everything about that topic
