western civ 20

Which of the following best expresses the economic development among European nations in the 1870s?

Britain was still Europe's leading industrial nation, but several countries had closed the gap on Britain.

Who were the Luddites?

British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work.

How did class-consciousness form during the industrial revolution?

Class-consciousness formed because many individuals came to believe that classes existed and developed a sense of class feeling.

The law that outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain was the

Combination Acts of 1799.

How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century?

Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages.

All of the following correctly characterize industrial growth patterns in Europe except

Following the Napoleonic Wars, France experienced a boom in factory production as the economy shifted from wartime to peacetime production.

How did the origins of industrialists change as the industrial revolution progressed?

It became harder to form new firms, and instead industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth.

The major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution was

James Watt's steam engine, developed and marketed between the 1760s and the 1780s.

How did railroads affect the nature of production?

Markets became broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.

Which of the following best characterizes the British economy between 1780 and 1851?

Much of the growth of the gross national product was eaten up by population growth.

Which of the following best explains David Ricardo's Iron Law of Wages?

The pressure of population growth would always sink wages to subsistence level.

How did cotton transform the textile industry?

The spinning jenny allowed cotton to be spun more efficiently, helping to solve the problem of the shortage of thread.

How did older members of the population seek to control the sexuality of working-class youths?

They supported the establishment of sex-segregated employment.

How was the life of nonagricultural workers transformed between 1760 and 1830?

Workers worked many more days per year.

The Zollverein was

a customs union between separate German states.

To move from the laboratory into manufacturing, James Watt's steam engine needed all of the following except

a single, distinct industrial use.

The key demand of the Chartist movement was that

all men be given the right to vote

William Cockerill was

an English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium

Friedrich List believed that industrial development should be pursued

as part of a project of economic nationalism led by the state.

The reformer Robert Owens sought to

create a single large national union for British workers

The key development that allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature was the

establishment of limited liability investment.

Railroad construction on the continent

featured varying degrees of government involvement

Scholarly statistical studies of the condition of members of the British working class indicate that

improvement did not come until after 1820.

The Crystal Palace exhibition of 1851 commemorated the

industrial dominance of Britain.

Factory Act of 1833

limited the work of children and thereby broke the pattern of families working together in factories.

British economist Thomas Malthus argued that

population always grew faster than the food supply

In Germany, Fritz Harkort

sought to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible even at great, unprofitable expense

In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that

the British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery."

The difficulties faced by the continental economies in their efforts to compete with the British included all of the following except

the complexity of the new technology.

Workers resisted moving from cottage work into factories for all of the following reasons except

they received substantially lower wages than cottage work.

The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was

usually a response to the wishes of the families.

In the "separate spheres" pattern of gender relationships,

women generally stopped working outside of the home after the first child was born.