Western Civ. Ch 14

Italy 1848:,Early victories/reaction

*Revolt fails* Italian nation- alists, too, rose in rebellion in 1848. Revolution broke out in Sicily six weeks before the February revolution in Paris. Bowing to the revolutionaries' demands, King Ferdinand II of Naples granted a liberal constitution.

Russia

A revolution also failed in Russia. During the Napoleonic wars and the occupation of France, Russian officers were introduced to French ideas. *most backward country economically and politically is Europe. Absolute monarchy

Quadruple Alliance

After paying its indemnity, France was admitted into this Quadruple Alliance, also known as the Concert of Europe.

Congress of Vienna

After the defeat of Napoleon, a congress of European powers met at Vienna (1814-1815) to draw up a peace settlement. The delegates wanted to restore stability to a continent torn by revolution and war and to reestablish the balance of power shattered by Napoleonic France.

Austria: multinational

As a multinational empire, Austria was particularly vulnerable to nationalist unrest. If its ethnic groups—Poles, Czechs, Magyars, Italians, South Slavs, and Romanians—became infected with the nationalist virus, they would destroy the Hapsburg Empire.

Economic/cultural division

Besides all these political divisions, Italy was split economically and culturally. Economic ties between north and south were weak; inhabitants of the northern Italian cities felt little closeness to Sicilian peasants. Except for the mid- dle class, most Italians clung to the values of the old regime. *Poor, backwards, crime crime riddled - North richer advanced

Independence 1829

Britain, France, and Russia took joint action against the Turks, and in 1829 Greece gained its independence.*Turks realize Greece as an independent state

Concert of Europe 1818

Concert of Europe to maintain harmony between nations and internal stability within nations. * all great powers work together and make sure for 100 years

England

England obtained strategic naval bases: Helgoland in the North Sea, Malta and the Ionian Islands in the Medi- terranean, the Cape Colony in South Africa, and Ceylon in the Indian Ocean *For Liberalism, built on the Navy and focused on overseas empire

German Confederation 1848

Germany consisted of a loose confederation of thirty-nine indepen- dent states, of which Austria and Prussia were the most powerful.

German Confederation

Germany was organized into a confederation of thirty-eight (later thirty-nine) states

Italy: political division

In 1815, Italy con- sisted of several separate states. In the south, a Bourbon king ruled the Kingdom of the Two Si- cilies; the pope governed the Papal States in cen tral Italy; and Hapsburg Austria ruled Lombardy and Venetia in the north. * various divisions in North. Much of the Italian speaking controlled by Austria south - very poor. North richer.

1820 revolution

In 1820, the Carbonari enjoyed a few months of triumph in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Supported by the army and militia, they forced King Ferdinand I to grant a constitution and a parliamentary government. Supported by Prussia and Russia, Austria suppressed the constitutional government in Naples and another revolution that broke out in Piedmont. In both cases, Austria firmly fixed an absolute ruler on the throne. * attempts to get some liberal nationalist kingdom

French Revolution of 1848/ Second Republic

In 1848, often called the Year of Revolution, uprisings for political liberty and nationhood erupted throughout Europe. The economic crisis of the previous two years had aggravated discontent with the existing regimes,

1848 Vienna/Gov. Reactional

In 1848, revolutions spread throughout the Austrian Empire, starting in Vienna. Aroused by the abdication of Louis Philippe, Viennese liberals denounced Hapsburg absolutism and demanded a constitution, relaxation of censorship, and re- strictions on the police he government allowed freedom of the press, accepted Metternich's resignation, and promised a constitution. The Constitutional As- sembly was convened and in August voted the abolition of serfdom. *all over Europe revolt fails

December 1848/ Louis Napoleon

In December 1848, the French people, in over- whelming numbers, elected Louis Napoleon— nephew of the great emperor—president of the Second Republic. They were attracted by the magic of Louis Napoleon's name, and they expected him to safeguard society and property from future working-class disorders. The election, in which all adult males could vote, demonstrated that most Frenchmen were socially conservative; they were unsympathetic to working-class pov- erty and deeply suspicious of socialist programs.**Elected , Nephew of Napoleon, elected president of the 2nd French Republic - soon declared himself emperor

Attack on Vienna

In October 1848, the Hapsburg authorities ordered the army to attack Vienna. Against the regular army, the courageous but disorganized and divided students and workers had little hope

Election 1830/July Ordinaces

In the election of 1830, the liberal opposition to Charles X won a decisive vic- tory. Charles responded with the July Ordinances, which dissolved the newly elected chamber; the Ordinances also deprived the upper bourgeois of the vote and severely curbed the press *Charles losses election - mad so passes July Ordinances that resolve parliament gov, makes less right to vote & there is more censorship.

Revolt

Led by Kossuth, the Magyars demanded local autonomy. Hungary would remain within the Hapsburg Empire but have its own constitution and national army and control its own finances. The Hungarian lead- ership introduced liberal reforms: suffrage for all males who could speak Magyar and owned some property, freedom of religion, freedom of the press, the abolition of serfdom, and the end of the privileges of the nobles and the church.***Kossuth tries to receive independence from Austria empire

Frankfurt Assembly

Liberals took advantage of their successes to form a national assembly charged with the task of creating a unified and liberal Germany. Representatives from all the German states attended the assembly, which met at Frankfurt. After many long debates, the Frankfurt Assembly approved a federation of German states. The new German union would have a parliament and would be headed by the Prussian king.

Metternich:,dissolution complex

Metternich, it is often said, suffered from a "dissolution complex": he understood that the new forces of nationalism and liberalism could break up the Austrian Empire. Liberal ideas could lead Hapsburg subjects to challenge the author- ity of the emperor, and nationalist feelings could cause the different peoples of the empire to rebel against German domination and Hapsburg rule. Metternich's police imposed strict censor- ship, spied on professors, and expelled from the universities students caught reading forbidden books. Despite Metternich's political police, the universities still remained hotbeds of liberalism.

Success

No one country was strong enough to dominate the Continent, and no Great Power was so unhappy. *kept balance of power that

Nations at congress

Other nations at the Congress of Vienna in- cluded Britain, Russia, France, and Prussia. Representing Britain was Robert Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh

Western intervention

Russia, France, and Britain aided the Greek revolutionaries, for they were Christians, whereas the Turks were Muslims; moreover, pro-Greek sentiments were very strong among educated Western Europeans, who had studied the literature and history of ancient Greece. To them, the Greeks were struggling to regain the freedom of their ancient forebears *Britain and France push gov. To help Greeks

Secret societies/Carbonari

Secret societies kept alive the hopes for liberty and independence from foreign rule in the period after 1815. The most important of these societies was the Carbonari, which had clubs in every state in Italy and a membership drawn largely from the middle class and the army. *clubs that were pushing for Italian independence

Greek revolt 1821

Stimulated by the ideals of the French Revolution, the Greeks revolted against their Turkish rulers in 1821. *Greece part of the ottoman empire. Greeks felt that the ottomans were weaken so they attacked.mRevolt gains sympathy of Britain & France

Belgian Revolution 1830

The Congress of Vienna had assigned Catholic Belgium to Prot- estant Holland; from the outset, the Belgians had protested. Stirred by the events in Paris, Belgian patriots proclaimed their independence from Hol- land and established a liberal government. * Revolt in South by Belgian, who want independence- get independent government.

Austrian/Hapsburg Empire

The Hapsburg (Austrian) Empire, the product of dynastic marriage and inheritance, had no common nationality or language; it was held together only by the reigning Hapsburg dynasty, its army, and its bureaucracy.

Congress: criticism

The conservative delegates at the Congress of Vienna have often been criticized for ignoring the liberal and nationalist aspirations of the dif- ferent peoples and turning the clock back to the old regime. Critics have castigated the congress for dealing only with the rights of thrones and not the rights of peoples.

Prussian refusal

The deputies selected Frederick William IV as emperor of the new Germany, but the Prussian king refused; he would never wear a crown given to him by common people during a period of revolutionary agitation

Spain 1820/1823

The first revolution after the resto- rations of legitimate rulers occurred in Spain in 1820. Fearing that the Spanish uprising, with its quasi-liberal overtones, would inspire revolutions in other lands, the Concert of Europe empowered France to intervene. In 1823, a hundred thousand French troops crushed the revolution.

France Gov of Louis Philippe

The government of Louis Philippe was run by a small elite consisting of bourgeois bankers, merchants, and lawyers, as well as aristocrats who had abandoned the hope of restoring the Old Regime. This ruling elite championed the revo- lutionary ideas of equal treatment under the law and of careers open to talent but feared democ- racy and blocked efforts to broaden the franchise.

Legitimate rulers restored

The legitimate rulers, who had been displaced by the Revolution and the wars of Napoleon, were restored to their thrones in France, Spain, Portu- gal, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Papal States, and many German states.

Liberalism and Nationalism

The misguided liberal belief that society could be reshaped according to the ideals of liberty and equality, said Metternich, had led to twenty- five years of revolution, terror, and war. To restore stability and peace, the old Europe must suppress liberal ideas and quash the first signs of revolution. Metternich also feared the new spirit of na- tionalism. *Metternich amd conservatives wanted to stop Liberalism and nationalism

Revolt/Louis Philippe (1830-1848)

The new king, Louis Philippe (1830-1848), never forgot that he owed his throne to the rich bourgeois. And the Parisian workers who had fought for a republic and eco- nomic reforms to alleviate poverty felt betrayed by the outcome, as did the still disenfranchised petty bourgeois. *Try's to push Charles out of throne - he flees Louis Philippe new King - new laws - less censorship & more rights

Austria

The northern Italian prov- ince of Lombardy was restored to Austria, which also received adjacent Venetia.

Poland 1830

The revolu- tionaries wanted to restore Polish independence, a dream that poets, musicians, and intellectuals had kept alive. Polish courage, however, was no match for Russian might, and Warsaw fell in 1831. * didn't win independence

1848: Failure

The revolutions of 1848 began with much prom- ise, but they all ended in defeat. The revolutionaries' initial success was due less to their strength than to the governments' hesitancy to use their superior force.

Decembrist Revolt 1825

When Alexander I died, these liberal officers struck. Their uprising in December 1825 was easily smashed by the new tsar, Nicholas I, and the leaders were severely punished.

June Days: Paris Uprisings

When the government closed the workshops, working-class hostility and despair turned to open rebellion. Again barricades went up in the streets of Paris. The June revolution in Paris was a revolt against poverty, a cry for the redistribution of property, and a yearning to create a society that would serve the common good.

Charles X : Policies

after Louis's death in 1824 ascended the throne * More traditional - wants to give back money and property to people who fled during revolution. Many people didn't not like this + wants to I've church more power.

Prussia

ceived territories on the French border. Prussia gained the Rhineland and part of Saxony, but not as much as the Prussians had desired. Nevertheless, Prussia emerged from the settlement significantly larger and stronger

Constitution

king's power rested on divine right, it acknowledged that citi- zens possessed fundamental rights: freedom of thought and religion and equal treatment under the law. It also set up a two-house parliament.*France doesn't go back to absolute monarchy, constitution says king is powerful, but people have personal rights - similar to Britain only rich & upper class can vote.

Magyars/Louis Kossuth

most serious threat to the Hapsburg realm came from the Magyars in Hungary. Some twelve million people lived in Hungary, five mil- lion of whom were Magyars. *Kossuth loves Magyars - Magyars are a threat to the Hapsburg / Austrian empire

Metternich

pivotal figure at the Congress of Vienna. believed that both domestic and international stability depended on rule by monarchs and respect for the aristocracy *former minister of Austria, wants all old monarch and aristocracy

Russia

the other was Russia's demand for Polish territories.

Italian nationalism

the rural masses, illiterate and preoccupied with the hard- ships of daily life, showed little interest in this struggle for national revival.

Purpose

to draw up a peace settlement. The delegates wanted to restore stability to a continent torn by revolution and war and to reestablish the balance of power shattered by Napoleonic France.

France: Louis XVIII

younger brother of the executed Louis XVI, ascended the throne of the Charter, declared that the king's power rested on divine right, it acknowledged that citi- zens possessed fundamental rights: freedom of thought and religion and equal treatment under the law. It also set up a two-house parliament.France.Louis pursued a moderate course was resisted by diehard aristocrats, called ultras, wanted to erase the past twenty-five years of French history and restore the power and privileges of church and aristoc- racy. I*Is put back on throne after war