Western Civ. Chapter 16

Huguenots

French Calvinists

Reformation

The sixteenth-century religious movement that sought to reform the Roman Catholic Church and led to the establishment of Protestantism.

Were the wars of religion really over religion? Explain.

The wars of religion were both national conflicts and international wars. Catholics and Protestants struggled for control of France, the Netherlands, and England. The Catholic governments of France and Spain fought the Protestants in England and the Netherlands. Religion and politics were entrenched throughout the wars of religion.

Why did the Reformation begin in Germany and not in France, Italy, England, or Spain?

There were sixty-five free imperial cities in Germany and Switzerland, each its own small kingdom; Germany lacked political unity. The printing press was invented in Germany leading to printed books and materials being widely available. Martin Luther posted his ninety-five theses on a church door in Germany protesting the selling of indulgences. Martin Luther had the Bible translated into German.

Counter-Reformation

The sixteenth-century reform movement in the Roman Catholic Church in reaction to the Protestant Reformation.

What was the Catholic Reformation? Did the Council of Trent alter the character of traditional Catholicism?

Catholic Reformation= Counter-Reformation Ignatius devised a program of religious and moral self-discipline called the Spiritual Exercises which resulted in winning back many Protestants to Catholicism. The Council of Trent reaffirmed traditional beliefs and practices; it resulted in a more devout and better trained clergy.

ninety-five theses

Document posted on the door of Castle Church in Wittenberg, Germany, on October 31, 1517, by Martin Luther protesting, among other things, the selling of indulgences.

Why was England more successful than other lands in resolving its internal political and religious divisions peacefully during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

Elizabeth I focused on religious settlement to prevent discord based on religious differences. She rarely let emotion override her political instincts. She dealt cautiously with the Puritans who were Protestants who wanted to "purify" the national church. She was mindful to keep the focus on the survival of England as a country rather than focus on religious differences.

What were the main problems of the church that contributed to the Protestant Reformation? Why was the church unable to suppress dissent as it had earlier?

Laity and clerics were seeking a more heartfelt, idealistic piety. Laity were learning more about the world through travel and books. Curiosity, confidence, and criticism increased. Church offices began to be pulled apart as secular administrations gained competence.

Why did Henry VIII break with the Catholic Church? Was the "new" religion he established really Protestant?

Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church because he believed his marriage was cursed and wanted a papal annulment of the marriage (which he could not get). Henry's ministers proposed Henry declare supremacy over English spiritual affairs so that he could decide the status of his own marriage. Parliament later declared Henry "the only supreme head on earth of the church of England." Henry continued to endorse Catholic doctrine.

How did the theologies of Luther, Zwingli, and Calvin differ? Where their differences only religious, or did they have political consequences for the Reformation as well?

Luther- "Justification by faith alone" means that no one can live the perfect righteous life required by God, but as long as one believes in and trusts Christ, they will receive salvation. Luther criticized the church for indulgences stating that such claims make salvation look like like something that could be bought and sold. Zwingli- Opposed superstition and the sale of indulgences. Believed that whatever lacked literal support in Scripture was to be neither believed nor practiced. Believed the bread and wine were symbolic of Christ's body (spiritually present, not bodily present). Calvin- Believed in divine predestination and the individual's responsibility to create a godly society; believed the elect should live a God-pleasing life (strict moral discipline). Calvin's beliefs in particular had political consequences as city magistrates were all devout Calvinists by 1555.

Henry of Navarre (later Henry IV of France), Elizabeth I, and William of Orange have been called "politiques." What does that term mean, and how might it apply to each?

Politique: Person who put the political survival of their country above its religious unity; they were prepared to compromise religious creeds to save the nation. Henry of Navarre (later Henry IV of France)- believed a royal policy of tolerant Catholicism would be the best way to achieve peace. Edict of Nantes recognized and sanctioned minority religious rights in what was to remain an officially Catholic country. Elizabeth I- Repealed anti-Protestant legislation of her predecessor and guided a religious settlement through Parliament that prevented England from being torn apart by religious differences. William of Orange- Leader of the movement for Netherlands independence from Spain. Placed the Netherlands' political autonomy and well being above religious creeds.

indulgence

Remission of the temporal penalty of punishment in purgatory that remained after sins had been forgiven.

What impact did expansion have on European economies?

Spanish explorers created trading opportunities and great wealth for Spain through their voyages; other European counties followed their lead to undertake their own colonial ventures.

Consider some of the leading intellectuals of this period: Cervantes, Shakespeare, Pascal, Spinoza, Hobbes, and Locke. Whose ideas do you find most challenging, and why? Which one would you most like to meet?

Straddled the late 16th and 17th centuries: Cervantes- Wrote about people needing dreams (even impossible ones) just as much as reality. Shakespeare- Accepted social rankings and power structure of his day. Demonstrated patriotism. Wrote about human motivation and passion. Ignored or opposed new developments that seemed to threaten traditional values: Pascal- Believed reason and science not connected to religion; that religion is a "leap of faith" that all people should make. Embraced emerging ideas and social structures: Spinoza- Believe that everything is connected to and is an extension of God. Hobbes- Believed in social contract in which people set aside personal rights and that a ruler's power is absolute and unlimited. Locke- Believed that all people were equal and that no ruler should be absolute. (George- the questions are opinions based on the above info).

transubstantiation

The doctrine that the entire substances of the bread and wine are changed in the Eucharist into the body and blood of Christ.

consubstantiation

The doctrine that the substances of both bread and wine, and the body and blood of Christ, are present in the Eucharistic offering.

Diet of Worms

The meeting of the representative (diet) of the Holy Roman Empire presided over by the Emperor Charles V at the German city of Worms in 1521 at which Martin Luther was ordered to recant his ninety-five theses.