Western Civilization Ch. 2
Citizens with out votes economical social benefits local autonomy, socii allies independence in local affairs
system where people have considerable independance but are tied to rome sent colonists to spread roman culture institutions whole point is they get more soldiers to do more conquering
Celebrated as great triumph and make play out of it King Tarki Etruscian king
two themes dominate first two and a half centuries of roman republic Conquest of Italian peninsula Shaped effective political and social order Latin league known as latium
Roman values shaping the mind family very male dominated patriartical agriculture warfare religion authority of the male was absolute romans were very utilitarian practical greeks were abstract in contrast
very frugal piety respect for the unseen gods Janus god protector of the door
Philip 5 is charge of the league of corinth Macedonia was not an official member of the league
wanted to unify the city states wants to attack persia philip 2 was assaninated and suceeded by alexander the great
Spartans
were very stable
Logos
Divine reason, or fire, which according to the stoics was the guiding priciple in nature. Every human had a spark of this divinity, which returned to the eternal divine spirit after death.
The First Peloponnesian War was triggered by an alliance with
Megara
Which of the following was NOT a result of the Dorian invasion?
Merchants grew wealthy because of new trading opportunities
Magna Graecia
Meaning Great Greece in latin, it was the name given by the romans to southern italy and sicily because there were so many greek colonies in the region
Optimates
Meaning The Best Men. Roman politicians who supported the traditional role of the senate
All of the following are true statements about Roman slavery EXCEPT
Slaves became increasingly important to the economy as the price of slaves went up
In Athens in the seventh century B.C.E., most land was held by
Small farmers
Greek Dark Ages
Small politicl entinties of Dark Ages provide foundation for emergance of polis city state, Archaic Age 800 to 500 B C
Which is the correct chronological order for Greek philosophers?
Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
Imperator
Under the Roman Republic, it was the title given to a victorious general. Under Augustus and his sucessors, it becam the title of the ruler of Rome meaning Emperor
After the First Messenian War, the Spartans' biggest problem was
Unrest and rebellion of the helots
In general, early Christianity was most appealing to
Urban residents, the poor, and the uneducated
Who were the last two co-rulers of a combined (Eastern and Western) Roman Empire?
Valens and Valentinian
Life of a spartan killed at birth, if health problems, stayed with mother until 7, At 20 became a soldier 7-20 training in the barracks could not marry until 30
Values, obedience, loyalty, conformormity, disipline, devotion to communication, disdain for wealth and luxury, All spartan women served to take care of domestic skills, physically fit realm
Who was the most important of the Augustan poets?
Vergil
Minoan Civilization Points
Very Adventurous, 1400 B C Minoan civilization had run its course
Myceneans
Very warrior class society, militarialistic, invaded minoans
Much of Roman history is the story of
Warfare
Most hoplites were
small farmers
Alexander the great tuns leadership almost into a semi divine monarch style similar to the mesapotamins
spent his life trying conquering the world alexander contributions cosmopolitans Founding city states Alexandria Egypt after alexander, his son and half brother were supposed to rule didn't work out
The Macedonian Wars were
All won by Rome, which became increasingly harsh— and profit-oriented—in imposing settlements
Julius Caesar's first noteworthy military victories came in
Gaul
"Jus gentium" refers to
"Law of peoples," or the idea that law should not be based solely on Roman experience
Romans eventually take over with cleopatra greeks asking for help
...
War broght vast wealth, developments in eastern mediterranean alexander's empire breaking down
133 B C Greece officially made a province, 149 start another war with carthage that will be annexed into rome in 146 B C Europe, Africa, Asia
Minoan Civilization Points
2,000 B C urban centers have emerges Kinosos, Government for city states highly developed, developed writing systems linear A and Linear B
Myceneans
2,000 to 1500 B C approximately, small principalities controlled by war lords, Lack Governement, built fortified settlements, palace forts
carthage had to pay reperations kings hamilcar carthage hannabul military genius creates a power house in spain leads to 2nd punic war 218-201 B C
2nd punic war hannubal takes the war to rome trying to deprive allies of rome 218 and 216 battles romans lose romans elect dictator phebius maximus trying to stary away from open war
Agressive action agianst foreign enemies that were even a threat Athens is over extending itself many city states start looking towards sparta
445 B C 30 years Truce between Athens and spartan, did not really last 30 years
3 Persian Invasions
480 B C persians return with second invasion with Darius's son xerxes to lead, first stand was at Thermaphylae, 3 days of battles with about 4300 Greek forces, Thermopylue meaning Hot Gates, Persians Won
3 Persian Invasions
490 B C 1st persian Invasion Darius sends fleet and army across Hegean to punish Athens and Erithica for helping Ionian Then land in Attica in Maraton Athenians heavily won in a major upset
ability to reshape internal political in rome itself and society to promote loyalty to state
494 B C plebians gain right to elect special officials of their own tribunes could veto any act of an elected officail that threatened interests of the people council of plebeians
Most cities in the Roman Empire had about 20,000 inhabitants, but Rome's population was greater than
500,000
Wealthy noble individual that provided financial support to plebians for service and protected them legally and the plebians had to support them in exchanges politically
509 B C Rebellion, to overthrow king patricians lead revolts over throw king replace him with two consuls elected annually Marks the beginning of roman republic
Greeks
594 B C Soloan part of oligarchy aristocratic in origin, but concerned w/ fair justice, aid to poor, debt relief eliminated debtor's prison, agricultural reform switch from grain to olive and olive oil, mush better to grow and trade
Athens
621 B C Draco drew up written code of law for athens helped change laws to benefit everybody Isonomia equal laws, intend to treat everybody fairly
Greek Dark Ages
700 independent city states formed, depending on the city state citizenship, Sparta= Warrior Athens= Accepting Athens
Originally the word polis meant simply
A citadel
Crete can best be described as
A cultural crossroads between Europe, Asia, and Africa, and birthplace of the Minoan culture
One factor that differentiated Spartan government from that of other poleis was
A dual monarchy
Cynic
A fouth century philisohical movement that ridiculed all religious observances and turned away from involvement in the affairs of the polis. Its most famous exemplar was diogenes of sinope
Hellenistic advances in math and science included which of the following?
A heliocentric theory of the universe
Augustus's government can best be described as
A monarchy
Etruscans
A people central italy who exerted the most powerful external influence on the early Romans. Etruscans kings ruled rome until 509 B C
Stoics
A philosophical school founded by zeno of citium 335 to 263 B C that taught that humans could only be happy with naturall law. Human misery was caused by passion, which was a disease of the soul. The wise sought apatheia, freedom from passion.
The authors of the text believe that the best physical representation of Augustinian rule is
A procession depicted on the Ara Pacis, or "Altar of Peace"
Athenian democracy included
A provision that every judicial decision was approved by the people through a panel of jurors
One of the problems Athens had on the eve of the Macedonian invasion was
A small population
Deme
A small town in Attica or a ward in Athens that became the basic unit of Athenian civic life under the democratic reforms of clisthenes in 508 B C E
Which of the following is the best summary of Aristotle's life and significance?
A student of Plato and founder of the Lyceum, Aristotle was a thinker of wide-ranging interests and a pragmatist who believed that the most important role of the polis was moral
All of the following statements about slavery in classical Greece are true EXCEPT
All slaves were privately owned
formulated all legislature, judged important cases and advised on administered decisions were subject to approval by assembly of all spartan citizens Assembley does not usually citizens disagree with the council
Actual administration of government give to 5 officials Cephus elected by the assembly citizens, run by on oligarchy of military commanders, Isolation- bad economically
Which of the following best describes how Romans viewed Greece?
Admiration and contempt
Romans
Adopted Etruscian language and latin used for trade unified city ruled by king advised by a council senat 300 wealthy men from lending families population divided into 2 distinct classes
The chief occupation of the Greeks was
Agriculture
Assaninated by his own guard his ex lover Phillip 2 and Alexander did not like each other because it was his ex wifes son
Alexander the great hellenistic greek culture traditions mixed with those of other civilizations, cosmolitan
Adopt good things from other cultures
Alexander was brought to be greek in culture only 20 when takes over 333 B C Issus solidifies control of asia minor
All of the following are true regarding the patron-client relationship in Royal Rome EXCEPT
All clients were poor
Education for women during the Roman Republic
All of the options are correct
Which of the following could one expect upon enlisting in Augustus's army?
All of the options are correct
Which of the following is true of the Macedonians?
All of the options are correct
An area in which the Etruscans seem to have influenced the Romans is
All of these options are correct
The Great Peloponnesian War
Ended in utter defeat for Athens
Delian League
An alliance of greek states under the leadership of athens that was formed in 478 to 477 B C E to resitst the persians. In time the league was transformed into the athenian empire
Mare Nostrum = Our Sea
Annex territories and make them into a province Expansion created a long and ill defeated border that needs protection problem of how to govern and treat conquered subjects
New Rulers
Antigonus expands their influence into syria, palestine and asia minor, macedonia and aegean basin ptolemy egypt selecus asia minor to india greek power will weaken in egypt due to alliance and reliance
Change in social order wealthy plebians demad more power and social recognition proletariat did not own land depended on others for means of living
Aristocracy middle class wealthy plebians Plebians, Proletariat, Slaves
Hubris
Arrogance brought on by excessive wealth or good fortune. The Greeks believed it led to moral blindness and divine vengeance.
91 B C Italia allies rebel 138-78 B C Sulla = chosen to put down the uprising Sulla = General = puts down uprising by 89 B C
Asa Consequence 88 B C elected consul gets himself named dictator 83 B C retired in 79 B C Pompey- protege of sulla, given an army to put down italian and spanish revolts
Call C and A 50 years truce to status quo only lasted six years
At the core of the problem was the athenian democracy become very unstable
The Greek navy
Consisted mostly of Athenian ships, which were inferior to the Persian navy's ships
After the Persians retreated from Greece, the Athenians took the lead in further actions against Persia for all the following reasons EXCEPT
Athens was led by Themistocles, who had a personal vendetta against the Persians
The building program on the Acropolis under Pericles showed that
Athens was the intellectual center of Greece
forced to submit to a military oligarchy ran by sparta
Athens will vever return to their greatness but will recover
Leadership shifts away from sparta to Athens because sparta did not want to maintain resources to imperialistic was more concerned with proctecting home
Athens=Navy, 470 B C Deltan League= Athens, Delas, wire the prominent member of sparta not a member, within 15 years All Greeks city States were freed from persian rule, deltan league, Athens gets rich and builds commercial economy
Who was the Christian author who differentiated between the City of God and the City of Man?
Augustine
What do the authors of the text believe about dyarchy, or joint rule by the Senate and the princeps?
Augustus did not set up a dyarchy; the princeps held ultimate power
Caesar's assassins
Believed they were stopping the development of a dictatorship
Thetes
Below the nobles landless laborers and slaves
The basic conflict in the Punic Wars was
Between Rome and Carthage
The Greek alphabet
Borrowed elements from the Semitic languages
All of these statements about Roman women are true EXCEPT
By the time of Augustus, women were no longer legally required to have a guardian
The main evidence Cassius Dio offers of Julius Ceasar's desire to rule as king is that
Caesar repeatedly refuses to be called king or to wear a crown
All of the following statements describe Carthage EXCEPT
Carthage attacked Messana without provocation, starting the First Punic War
Greeks
Caused people to move outside of greeks colonization, government was for it and sometimes ordered it
Greeks
Causes more focus on the citizens instead of nobles, Tyrants on who rules illegally, put in place by soldiers
To Reduce the competition for trade
Causes sparta and allies to renew war, sparta allies with persia for use of navy to offset athenians navy
Greeks
Child Labor, each countries have different, cultures changing, afraid that trade will change their traditional cultures
Which of the following is NOT correct regarding the Golden Age of Roman literature?
Cicero was part of this era
Which is the best summary of Athenian democracy under Pericles?
Citizenship was limited, but those who were citizens had many opportunities to participate in state affairs
Greek Dark Ages
Classic Greek religion established, A lot cities were named after and goddesses
Possibly Nammonia, smallpox causes a cry for bolder military action, conflict escalades especially in northern greece
Cleon Athens Brasidar Spara Both die
All of the following are true statements about Constantinople EXCEPT
Constantinople had a long history of pagan worship
Tyrants
Cliestinenes reorganized social sytems to increase publics voice in government, created county like, jurisdictions with no, leads to democracy
According to the text, whose reforms did the most to foster Athenian democracy?
Clisthenes'
At which Minoan site did archeological discoveries raise provocative questions about cultural relationships with the Greek mainland?
Cnossus
In Athens in the 5th century B.C.E.,
Comic and tragic plays were performed as part of the festival of Dionysus
All of the following statements about the consuls are correct EXCEPT
Consuls had to abide by the written constitution
3 Persian Invasions
Convinced Greeks Cooperative offensive against Persians, Goals free Greek city states under persian occupation
The most important forms of literature produced in the Late Empire period were
Copies and summaries of classical works and Christian writings
What is the best one-word description of Hellenistic culture?
Cosmopolitan
Greeks Oligarch's Reforms
Create written law codes applied for all citizens Provide relief and protectism to farmers pushed out from economical social trade, provide support for trading and public works maintaintence and building of infrafructure
Legion divided into sub units innovative policy towards conquered peoples encouraged peoples to identify their own well being with roman success
Created sense of belonging with in roman state, various levels of citizenship benefits Latium=Full citizens
Greek Dark Ages
Creates Hellenes people and Hellenic culture Identity
Where did the earliest Bronze Age civilization that directly influenced Greek culture develop?
Crete
Minoan Civilization Points
Crete, created in the island of crete, King Mino's of Minoan Term Menator came from, Influenced of on Later Greece and Impact, Began with arrival of Neolithic farming around 6000 B C, Overtime added pottery and metal work
Sparta's period of leadership ended in 371 B.C.E. with
Defeat by the Thebans at Leuctra
The people were persuaded by demigogue promise you things to get power
Demogagues Abibades, Played on the people 413 B C, pride to convice a citizens to send a minor expedition against syracuse
Greeks Athens
Demos, citizen rule, Attica, villages hudded around the acropolis, largest polis outside, monarchy abolished about 700 B C Next 2 centuries, aristocratic oligarchy dominated city
Cultural responses to the changes brought by the Peloponnesian War included
Despair and an avoidance of the public sphere
331 B C
Destroys last persian power
The aim of Hellenized education in Rome can best be summarized as
Development of critical thinking skills
Greek Dark Ages
Developments during Dark Ages have performed impact for future, population shifts from mainland to islands and Asia Minor
As consul, Julius Caesar
Did not spend much time in Rome itself
Greeks
Diversified economy, by focusing on trade stopped growing graining focused on manufacturing agriculture comes less profitable small farmers are going to be pushed out into the city states population focused on the polis
The central ritual of early Christianity was
Eating the agape and celebrating the Eucharist
All of the following statements about democracy under Pericles are true EXCEPT
Elected officials were guaranteed the right to serve their full terms in office
Greeks
Emergence of democracy, total citizenship can control civic affairs women were not citizens, spartans limited citizenship to military allete
Greeks
Encouraged manufacturing, especially pottery, reorganized the political system gave people more say particularly from court system, but oligarchy maintans control
The Epicureans and the Stoics both valued happiness; the main difference between them was that
Epicureans emphasized lack of pain or trouble, while Stoics sought virtue through harmony with natural law
3 Persian Invasions
Eritrica Destroyed, Athens needed to appealed to spartans or at least they thought so, but not true, internal conflicts caused a 10 year interval between the next invasion
According to the text, Etruscan history is relevant to the study of ancient Rome because
Etruscan culture influenced the Romans
All of the following are true regarding the Persian Wars EXCEPT....
Every Greek polis contributed to the effort to defeat the Persians
Greek Dark Ages
Evidence for life in this period from writings of Homer about 800 B C
Greek Dark Ages
Exposure to other people and cultures and creates a sense of common culture among the greeks, creation of greek Indenty
265 rome controlled all of italy south of PO river valley romans attribute sucess dominance to their superior virtues and diving favor
Factors playing a role in roman sucess, superior military organization having numbers, strength, flexibiltity like never before
Greeks
Falanx, needs lots of warriors to form the reformation, weapons, organization, coordination, training, incentives to have political power, warriors call for more say in the political power
Archaic Greek farmers led easy lives.
False
Every household in Athens owned at least one slave.
False
Hippocrates produced a revised Bible in Latin, known as the Vulgate.
False
In Imperial Rome, apartments were luxurious and spacious.
False
Most scholars agree that Rome's growth to an empire was inevitable.
False
Orpheus, a god of nature, fertility and drunkenness, was the most popular deity.
False
Rome's first written constitution was based on that of the Etruscans.
False
Slaves were prohibited from marrying.
False
The First Triumvirate, consisting of Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar, lasted only a matter of months.
False
The Greek symposium was a drunken aristocratic revel in celebration of Dionysus
False
The coloni were provincials who had gained citizenship.
False
The great library at Alexandria was destroyed by Alexander the Great's armies.
False
The lives of lower-class Greek women were more closely monitored and controlled than the lives of upper-class women.
False
Under Hannibal's brilliant leadership, the Carthaginians won the Second Punic War.
False
Under Solon's leadership, Athens began a wholesale export of wheat.
False
The establishment of the Delian League
Featured a ceremony in which lumps of iron were dropped into the sea
Greek Dark Ages
Focus of Polis was urban center, king's residence, hilltop fortress acropolis, temples, martket, where the acropolis was meeting hall and court for nobles and king to meet together
Imposing control over deltan league funded alot of plays, buildings, and artists...
Forcing others to accept democracy, make them, have Athenian currency and ship Athenians there to rule and vote
The most aggressive of the German tribes were the
Goths
Greeks
Greece does not have a lot of land resources, growing population, greedy nobles not wanting to give up land
3 Persian Invasion
Greek prepares, Sparta, organized hellenic league: 31 city states under Spartan Generals Athenian leader- Themosticles convinces citizens to use silver from recently discovered mines to build up navy
after 800 B C two peoples arrive bringing in with them more advanced civilization
Greeks founded city states in southern italy and sicily Etrusions Asia minor, settle in N W coast of Italy Brought first taste of advanced urban life civilization 7 hills on south banks of Tiber River
Myceneans
Had one great resourse: acess to sea, water/sea/ocean very good for trade masters the art of sailing, Farming culture very imperitive
Which of the following best summarizes the life and accomplishments of Hannibal?
Hannibal took command of the Carthaginian army in Spain in 221 B.C.E., and for almost two decades repeatedly crushed Roman armies, until he was defeated by the young Roman general Scipio
Augustus changed the Senate in which of the following ways?
He purged the Senate of undesirable members
Which evaluation of Pericles' strategy in the Great Peloponnesian War comes closest to that presented in the text?
He took a risky gamble in adopting a strategy that only he could execute
What was novel about Augustus' proconsular power?
He was authorized to exercise it within the city of Rome
Which of the following is true of Plato?
He was the first systematic philosopher
All of the following are true regarding Socrates EXCEPT
He was widely loved
Helots slaves, sparta, worked in fields or households to free spartans up for military service, Spartans lived in constant fear of a slave Helot Revolt
Held in place by the spartan government, headed by 2 kings just figure headed unless they had distiguished themselves as military commanders, Real power lied within the council comprised of the 2 kings and 28 men over 60
When farms with economic pressures of archaic age, they conquered neighbors territory expansion, tried to take over Messenia
Helot revolution in Missenia, spartans start a major restructuring through military strength, division of into rigid classes: spartans alot 10,000 enjoyed full citizenship, required to devote lives to military service done to teach valures, eligilable till 60
Greek Dark Ages
Helped shape nature of community life for future periods, At this time greek religion, mythology, started to take shape
What does the text suggest about Aspasia?
Her intelligence, combined with her status as a foreigner and companion to Pericles, gave her an unusual and privileged status
Helots
Hereditary Spartan serfs
Pompey's popularity was based on which of the following?
His many military victories
Important literary figures of the late republic included all of the following EXCEPT
Homer
Myceneans
Homer wrote Illiad, Odyssey poet, 1200, 1100 B C mighty citadels destroyed Greek Dark Ages Last about 4 centuries
As class lines hardened in the late Roman Empire, a new social distinction emerged between
Honestiores and humiliores
The underlying interest of the dramatists, architects, sculptors, and philosophers of the 5th century B.C.E. was
Human nature
As Rome expanded by conquering surrounding Latin cities, its policy can best be summarized as
Impose harsh punishments on rebels, but hold out the possibility of eventual alliance or even citizenship to all conquered groups
Sparta relied on Syracuse for trade
In 404 B C Athens surrendered makes a treaty Athens is forced to destroy city walls Reduce navy to 12 ships
"Magna Graecia" refers to Greek colonies
In Italy and Sicily
Proconsulship
In Republican Rome, the extension of a consul's imperium beyond the end of his term of office to allow him to continue to command an army in the field
Imperium
In ancient Rome, the right to issue commands and to enforce them by fines, arrests, and even corporal and capital punishment
The Greek attempt to install Cyrus on the Persian throne ended
In military victory for the Greeks, but Cyrus died in battle
Greek Dark Ages
In order to Identify your culture, you need to have counterpart to say, were not that or them, were this, called people that were not hellenic, they were barbarian
Greeks under persian occupation rebelled, appeal to athens greeks for help, Athens and Eritrica
Known as the Ionian Revolt and Crushed by Darius the Great
Education for boys in the Early Roman Republic
Included religion, science, and mathematics
Imperial policy toward the provinces can best be summarized as
Inclusive, with citizenship widely available, and attempts to unify the empire balanced with respect for local tradition
The Homeric values would fit best in a society that is
Individualistic and competitive
The authors of this text believe Mycenaean civilization probably fell because of
Internal conflict, caused by excessive centralization, compounded by aggressive challenges from outsiders
Which of the following is NOT true about the Council of Nicaea
It resolved doctrinal differences among Christians within the Roman Empire
Which of the following was true of Greek religion?
It was intertwined with the state
Greeks
Italy and sicily was primarily targeted as for colonization
Rome emerged as an early center of Christianity for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
Jesus was martyred in Rome
The Arch of Titus depicts Rome's victory over
Jews
Crassus- rich moneylender and land speculator, given responsibility for slave revolt elected consuls in 70 B C
Julius Caesar 100-44 B C first triumvirate = secret alliance between pompey, crassus, julius caesar
The First Triumvirate consisted of
Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Marcus Licinius Crassus
Which of the following is the best summary of changes in agriculture during the imperial period?
Large estates growing cash crops dominated, and tenant farmers who were tied to the land gradually replaced slaves as the main source of labor
Latifundia
Large plantations for growing cash crops owned by wealthy Romans.
Homeric Greek civilization developed
Largely in isolation, but influenced by remnants of Mycenaean culture
451 B C= war breaks out between Peloponisian league/Sparta and Delta League Athens Pelopnisian war told by Cydides
Lasted a whole generation, made cultural changes
The official language(s) of the Roman Empire were
Latin in the west and Greek in the east
Poseidon
Latin= Neptune Realm=God of sea, horses, and earthquakes Symbols= Trident, dophins, and horses
Cronus
Latin= Saturn Realm=Father of Jupiter, among the romans, god of agriculture Symbols= Sickle
Eos
Latin=Aurora Realm=Goddess of the dawn
Demeter
Latin=Ceres Realm=Goddess of Agriculture Symbols=Sheaf of wheat, poppies, and cornucopia
Eros
Latin=Cupid Realm=God of love Symbols=Heart pierced with arrow
Artemis
Latin=Diamal Realm= Goddess of moon and hunting, partoness of madens Symbols= Crescent, stag, and arrows
Hades
Latin=Dis Realm=God of Underworld, minerals, and wealth Symbols=Cerberus, the and cypress
Pan
Latin=Faunus Realm=God of Nature Symbols=Goats and satyrs
Hera
Latin=Juno Realm=Queen of the gods, wife of jove, and Patroness of matrons Symbols=Pomegranate, peacock, and cuckoo
Zeus
Latin=Jupiter Realm=King of the gods and ruler of mankind Symbols= Eagle, thunderbolts and oak
Bacchus
Latin=Liber Realm=God of vine, drama, and revelry Symbols= Ivy, grapes, and leopards or panthers
Ares
Latin=Mars Realm=God of war Symbols=Sward, shield, dogs, and vultures
Hermes
Latin=Mercury Realm=Messenger of the gods, god of commerce and theft Symbols=Winged cap, winged sandals, and caduceus
Pallas Athena
Latin=Minerva Realm=Goddess of wisdom, war, and weaving Symbols=Aegis, owl, and olive tree
Phoebus Apollo
Latin=Phebus Apollo Realm= God of sun, music, poetry, and medicine Symbols= Lyre, arrows, and sun chariots
Aphrodite
Latin=Venus Realm=Goddess of love and beauty Symbols= Doves and sparrows
Hestis
Latin=Vesta Realm=Goddess of hearth, home Symbols=Hearth Fire
Hephaestus
Latin=Vulcon Realm=God of fire and workers in metal Symbols= Anvil and forge
Greeks
Lead to few major battles instead a bunch small raids as had been before and to large army
Equestrians
Literally cavalrymen or knights. In the earliests years of the roman republic those who could afford to serve as mounted warriors. The equestrians evolved into a social rank of well to do businessmen and middle ranking officials. Many of them support
Myceneans
Located around the aegean Sea, lots of Islands, Valleys, mountains, Bays, Pennisulas, Cut the land into seperate cities
Myceneans
Made it difficult to be unified politically, Blessed with nice weather, long summer, mild winter
Rome
Major accomplishments creation of a universal political society carries jajor aspects of greek hellenistic culture over a huge geographic area especially important in western history
Arete
Manliness, courage, and the excellence appropriate to a hero. It was considered the highest virtue of homeric society
Greek Dark Ages
Many aspects of Mycenaean civilization dissappeared: Courts, palaces, linear B writing, trading, art
133-121 B C Gracchi Tiberius and gaius gracchus Elected tribune in 133 B C proposes land reform killed gaius elected tribune in 122 B C
Marius 155-86 B C Rome, having problem with uprising in numidia African province 107 B C elected consul Marius relected for 6 consecutive terms or years
Minoan religion appears to have been more ___________ than the religions of other civilizations in the region.
Matriarchal
Tyrants typically rose to power because of their
Military ability
Rome depended on the plebeians primarily for their
Military service
vesta godess of the hearth household land flocks, Jupiter corresponds to the greek god of zeus Hera = godess of women and farming
Minerva goddess of arts sciences and wisdom equal of athens Civic duty is important respect for tradition and family carthage a major power come to clash of sicily for trade agriculture grain
Cosmopolitan
Mixture of ideas, ways and traditions of cultures differ
Gaul
Modern France
The kings of Homer's age had _______ power than the Mycenaean kings had.
Much less
Homer's epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey are probably based on historical events in the _________ culture.
Mycenaean
Myceneans
Mycenea derived the mycenian civilization, reaches it's height around 1300 B C, Attacking the city of Troy
Greek Civilization Points
Mythology, Olmypics, only greek men could participate and watch, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Birth of Philishophy, Homer, Odyssey, poetry, play, invented democracy, very influential U S not a demacracy, wer'e a republic
Greeks
National security could effect trade and not wanting trade
A world state big political entity of different types cosmopolitan encompasses people of all types but under one unified citizenship as a whole and a legacy that has been passed down
New Concept of Monarchy Greeks will return to monarchy as the standard form of government had to return to strong leadership to impose stability nobility check power
205 B C Rome invades northa africa hannubal will be forced to come back and lost zama in defeat in 202 B C
New treaty written carthage gives up spain and has to pay reparations annually for 50 years they had to destroy their navy and could not go to war outside of africa and if they do then they need permission
Which of the following is the best summary of the life of Caligula?
Nicknamed "little boot" as a child, his rule as emperor was tyrannical, and he was assassinated by the Praetorian Guard
Greek Dark Ages
Nobles had horses, luxury of time to practice how to skills for war, while poor had to work all the time
Greek Dark Ages
Nobles would get together to make political decisions with the kings, they were the dominant warrior class, if you can fight and defend, you'll probably have political they had money to buy weapons,
Would slowly start to conquer parts of greece, 338 B C Macedonia wins complete victory over greece, creates league of corith dedicated to peace between the cities
Nobody could to war without approval from the league of corinth or change their governments
The authors believe the largest portion of blame for the failure of the Roman Empire in the West lies with
None of these factors
Greek Dark Ages
Not a civilation at this point, but still have agriculture, A step back in time, don't know much about the time
Censor
Official of the Roman republic charged with conducting the census and compiling the lists of citizens and members of the Senate. They could expel senators for financial or moral reasons. Two censors were elected every five years.
Greeks
Oligarchies did not like them, tyrants, provided alot of policies that benefited the people, An understanding that the tyrants had to follow what the people want tyrants were killed and replaced is desagreed by the people, tyrants did not last long
Greeks
Oligarchs, nobles, try to go back to the statues quo before tyrants, but more people could be part of the nobilty anybody that was wealthy could be part of the oligarchy
Greeks
Oligarchy, placed ultimate authority in the council of nobles, linear B dissapeared
Corinth
Owed it's prosperity to it's location of a rich coastal plain on a narrow Ithmas, strip of land between two bodies of water Aegan and Mediterannean
The twelve gods who lived on Mount Olympus made up the
Pantheon
Restructured taxes to by based primarily on customs duties, Tariffs
Pariander 627 to 556 B C Built a causeway across the Ismas to carry ships from Aegean and mediteraniean, divided control into jurisdictions counties with represtives council 6th century B C to 338 B C corinth would be ruled by an oligarchy
In an attempt to restore traditional Roman values, Augustus
Passed laws curbing adultery
450 B C written codification of ancient legal customs written by the patricians
Passed laws to protect debtors, limit monopoly on use of public lands by rich, provide land grants to poor plebians allowing intermarriage of classes the ones that were rich, but not patricians
Athenian Democracy
Pencilis- increase number of government officials, offices filled by lots, giving everyone a chance, by drawing lottery, property qualifications elimated, payment for government service introduce
Pericles 461-427 B C= Athenian Imperialism is established at the same time democracy was implented, Hybris- Overwhelming, pride or arragance and getting causing a downfall
Pericles Plan to expand Athenian Influence
430-429 B. C. Plague killed one third of the population of athens including
Pericles himself that leader died
Greek Golden Age, Classical Age, 5th and 4th century B C, Began with a defining event in greek history, persia=Iran modern, War with the persians
Persian War= Greeks learned that city states should cooperate. During Archaic inter city cooperation was limited, but same things bound them together,
In general, the Greek religious experience can best be described as
Pervasive and pragmatic
Greek Dark Ages
Pheasants and artisians below nobles very small political influence, their job was just to moan about the decisions being made by the rich
Who was the ruler who united the Macedonians, conquered the Greeks, and prepared to invade Persia?
Philip II
After the Macedonians conquered Greece
Philip led the League of Corinth
Tyrants
Pisistratus, 540 B C 510 B C, didn't change system, harshly reformed the laws to bring nobles back under control, pursued public, policy designe to gain popular support, did what the people wanted or they were killed and replaced
Patricians effectively ruled city, small number of wealthy landing owning families controlled by eldest male paterfamilies
Plebians every one else ranging all classes and were not all poor did not social interact with other including marriage clientage patron client relationship
The goal of the Gallic raids was to
Plunder
Greeks
Polis City State, Replacement of Monarchy with oligarchy, major step, oligarchy, power in the hands of an elite few,
Greek Dark Ages
Polis evolves during Archaic Age, but developed from political entities of Dark Ages
Greeks
Political change was inevitable oligarch's tried reforms
Greeks
Positive analysis tells you that trade is good, but normative questions have to be asked is it right?
367 B C one of cosuls had to be plebian 287 B C assembly of tribes en act plebiscities reorganized as ultimate law binding the entire roman state
Praetors=primarily in charge of court system= 1 year terms Except censor served five years classified citizens for military service and judged moral military service and judged moral fitness for holding office still has to answer to the people in times of great turmoil
3 Persian Invasions
Prepare for and present another persian invasion Attack and weaken persians get peace agreement repayment for damage
Sophists
Professional teachers who emerged in greece in the mid fifth century B C who were paid to teach techniques of rhetoric, dialectic, and argumentation
Hebe
Realm= Cup bearer to gods and goddesses of youth Symbols= Cup
Ganymede
Realm=Cup bearer to gods Symbols= Cup, also eagle of Zeus
Nemmesis
Realm=Goddess of vengeance and punishment Symbols=Wheel, sward, and balance
Rome
Reasons for involvement in the mediterraenean, increasing enchantment w/ greek culture, Punic wars demonstrated successful military leadership assured fame and power
The area in which the Etruscans had the greatest influence on the Romans was
Religion
Tiberius Gracchus threatened the political order because he
Removed Octavius from power, demonstrating that power had shifted from the Senate to the people
Greeks
Reorganized the army, remassed the falanks regiment where soldiers stood close and strategy of military, advantage of number concentration of warriors
Below the spartans, periocei those who lived outside of Sparta in Locania and were dominated by Sparta, did not habe full citizenship
Required to serve military, but not in the same devotion, had to pay taxes, had control in local politics but not in Spartan affairs
Transported other cities products, shipped goods, merchants could avoid along dangerous pathe arounde the pennisula, Also a leader in colonizing established many cities in sicily and Italy such as Syracuse
Revolution came around 650 B C led by tyrant cypeelus 157-627 B C led by tyrant cypeelus well liked by citizens
Greeks
Rich people, for most parts made good decision and benefit the entire community
Common language writing system Common culture Common religion had belief in same panthenon of deities shares shrines sacred places, Pan Hellenic festivals olympics
Rise Threat of persians after 550 B C, Persian empire expanding and presents a service threat to greeks start conquering city states of Greece Affects the greeks pride to having been ruled by Persians and causes them to rebel
Tribunes
Roman officials who had to be plebeians and were elected by the plebeian assembly to protect plebeians from the arbitrary power of the magistrates
All of these statements about Roman engineering are true EXCEPT
Romans invented the post-and-lintel construction technique
Carthage supports syracuse war between the two 1st punic war 264-241 B C for the control of sicily
Romans realize they need a navy, carthage already has one carthagians phoneicians carthage wants peace not surrender they create a treaty that gives romans sicily the first step to a major empire
Which of the following is true of Rome?
Rome was a natural center for communications and trade, due to its geography
provinces paid taxes but did not recieve benefits unless they were part of the italian peninsula
Rome's italian allies became increasingly disregarded provinces inturn will become rebellious to rome itself from no benefits
Atomists
School of Ancient Greek philosophy founded in the fitth century B C E by Leucippus of Miletus and Demucritus of Abdera. It held that the world consists of innumerable, tiny, solid, indivisible, and unchangeable particles called atoms
Epicureans
School of philosophy founded by epicurs of athens 342 to 271 B C E. It sought to liberate people from fear of death and the supernatural by teaching that the gods took no interest in human affairs and that true happiness consisted in pleasure, which was
Hellenic Age
Seleucid kingdom facing big threats from macedonia Major developments for idieologies for the hellenic age and will leave a madel New Ideology of Greek
Etruscan settlements were
Self-governing, fortified city-states
Elected a dictator unlimited power to run state but only for six months offices don't pay
Senate 300 wealthy men who qualified by serving previous public office consuls praetor Deep respect for traditions
The war impoverished all city states Polis has ben weakened greek civilization was greatly dimished
Sets up to be ripe for an invasion from somebody else
The warlike peoples who arrived in Italy around 1000 B.C.E. did all of the following EXCEPT
Settled first in the plains and later conquered the Apennines
Hoplite warfare tended to be
Short and intense, leaving the land and farmers' capital relatively intact
The lead antagonists in the Peloponnesian Wars were
Sparta and Athens
Service for polis presented as duty to participate and serve civic duty, participation limited, no slaves and women, 300,000 population and only, 45,000 active citizenship
Sparta, Very militaristic, 9th century B C emerges as city state also known as Laconia, 750 B C Sparta doing from general pattern of development
All of the following resulted from the Helots outnumbering the Spartans EXCEPT
Spartan women were given military instruction
3 Persian Invasions
Spartans held off Persians while to let Greek navy escape, 479 B C = 3rd Invasion, The Greek army led by the spartans to fight persians and Athenian navy attacks from the back wars
Minoan Civilization Points
Starts around 2,000 B C, Greatest advance mastery of sailing, grow wealthy from trade, have access to materials and markets
Myceneans
Still lacked natural resources, Tillable soil was limited, subject to erosion , Tin, copper, iron and lumber were short supply
Which is the best summary of the authors' view of Sulla?
Sulla initiated important reforms, but his methods set an irrevocable and dangerous precedent
The recurring theme of Classical Greek culture is
Tension
In the battle at Marathon,
The Athenians defeated the Persians
Mycenaean
The Bronze Age civilization of mainland greece that was centered at Mycenae
IIiad and the Odyssey
The Epic poems by homer about the Dark age heroes of greece who fought at troy. The poems were written down in the eighth century B C E after centuries of being sung by bards
Oikos
The Greek houshold, always headed by a male
Agora
The Greek marketplace and civic center. it was the heart of the social life of the polis
Greek Dark Ages
The Idea of being a citizen evolved from, you have to go to the urban center to do your civic duty, being a part of being involved, early sign of patriotism, a sense of duty for city state, the most important thing you can do in your life
Which is the best characterization of the Greek influence on Roman education?
The emphasis changed from practical skills to personal and intellectual development
Humanitas
The Roman name for a liberal arts education
Polis
The basic greek political unit. Usually, but incompletely, translated as city state, the greeks thought of the polis as a community of citizens theoretically descended from a common ancestor
Hoplite phalanx
The basic unit of Greek warfare in which infantrymen fought in close order, shield to shield, usually eight ranks deep. The phalanx perfectly suited the farmer soldier citizen who was the backbone of the polis
Minoans
The bronze Age civilization that arose in Crete in the third and second millennia B C E
Symposium
The carefully organized drinking party that was the center of greek aristocratic social life. It featured games, songs, poetry, and even philosophical disputation
"Mystery religions" included
The cults of Mithra, Isis, and Osiris
Clientage
The custom in ancient Rome whereby men became supporters of more powerful men in return for legal and physical protection and economic benefits
The Byzantine Empire was
The eastern portion of the Roman Empire, which endured until the 15th century
The barbarian invasions of the fifth century were a contributing factor in
The fall of the Roman Empire in the West
The center of Roman life was
The family
The polis served as
The fundamental unit of civic organization and identification
Areopagus
The governing council of athens, originally open only to the nobility. It was named after the hill on which it met.
In the aftermath of the Second Punic War,
The gulf between classes widened substantially
Plebains
The hereditary lower class of early republican rome
Patricians
The hereditary upper class of early Republican Rome
Paul's major contributions to Christianity were
The ideas that Christianity was a new, universal religion, and that Christians should spread the gospel
Syncretism
The intermingling of different religions to form an amalgam that contained elements from each.
Caesar's reforms included
The introduction of the Julian calendar
All of these statements about Roman kings are true EXCEPT
The king had vastly more power than the Senate
During and after the reign of Augustus, the Roman Empire's main external problem was
The northern frontier
Ionia
The part of western Asia Minor heavily colonized by the greeks
All of these statements regarding Attic tragedy are true EXCEPT
The plays were usually based on contemporary events or recent history
The fundamental element that differentiated Hellenic civilization from its predecessors was
The polis
Heredotus, in describing the evacuation of Athens, seems to believe that
The priestess wisely used the people's superstition to facilitate necessary actions
Peloponnesian
The protracted struggle between athens and sparta to dominate greece between 465 and Athen's final defeat in 404 B C
Julian Calendar
The reform of the calendar by julius caesar in 46 B C It remained in use throughout Europe until the sixteenth century and in Russia until the Russian Revolution in 1917
Attica
The region of Greece where Athens is located
Latium
The region of Italy in which rome is located. Its inhabitants were called latins
Acropolis
The religious and civic center of Athens. It is the site of the Parthenon.
Consuls
The two chief magistrates of the roman state
What is imperium?
The right to issue all commands, and enforce them by any means
Panhellenic
The sense of cultural identity that all greeks felt in common with each other
Panhellenic spirit refers to
The sense of cultural identity that led, for example, to the establishment of common religious festivals in different parts of Greece and the colonies
Which is the best summary of the life of Alexander the Great?
The son of Philip of Macedon, he led an army that won an amazing string of victories across Persia and beyond, but his early death left his vast empire in disarray
Pelopnnesus
The southern peninsula of greece where sparta was located
Heliocentric theory
The theory, now universally accepted, that the earth and the other planets revolve around the sun. First proposed by aristarchos of samos 310 to 230 B C. Its opposite, the geocentric theory, which was dominant until the sixteenth century C E
Which is the best summary of the text's description of the power struggle between Octavian and Antony?
The wily Octavian won, mostly because Octavian was identified with Rome and the West while Antony could be portrayed as Cleopatra's dupe
Polytheism
The worship of Many Gods
Which of the following ended the dominance of Sparta in the 371 B.C.E.?
Thebes
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the tetrarchy?
There was no plan for succession among the rulers
Greeks
There's still tention within Athenian Society, lead to Tyrany
Greeks
They face economic pressures in result they tried to diversify the economy agriculture shifts from grain to livestock, grapes, wine, olives, goats, grain was imported, begin emphasizing manufacturing, wine and pottery particularly
Greek Dark Ages
They will be exposed to the Phonecian alphabet, while still not having a writing system it will highly influence a common writing and language system in the future
Punic Wars
Three wars between rome and carthage for dominance of the western mediterranean that were fought from 264 B C to 146 B C
Which of the following is the best summary of Aristophanes' depiction of women in Lysistrata?
Through humor, it seems to suggest that women held more power than their legal or political status acknowledged
Which is the most accurate summary of the Athenian small farmer's dilemma around 600 B.C.E.?
Typical farming methods resulted in soil exhaustion, but change could lead to financial ruin and personal disaster
The key difference between Herodotus and Thucydides lies in
Thucydides' rejection of supernatural explanations
The aims of the Delian League included all of the following EXCEPT
To check Athenian domination
The Spartan strategy in the Great Peloponnesian war was
To invade the enemy's territory
According to Homer, the highest value was arête, or manliness.
True
Alexander the Great's conquest of Persepolis had profound economic consequences.
True
Athens is located in Attica.
True
Diocletian's Edict of Maximum Prices made overcharging a capital offense, but it still did not eliminate inflation.
True
Greece experienced its greatest cultural achievements in the period between the Persian retreat and the invasion of Philip of Macedon.
True
In the third century, it became more difficult to rise in the social order.
True
Manichaeism contained elements of Zoroastrianism, Judaism, and Christianity.
True
Plebeians gained during the Struggle of the Orders.
True
Rome was burned by the Gauls in 387 B.C.E.
True
The Great Peloponnesian War ended with the destruction of the Athenian Empire.
True
The Greek attempt to place Cyrus on the Persian throne failed, but it revealed the potential weakness of Persia.
True
The agricultural development of Rome was based on slavery.
True
The doctrines of the Catholic Church were considered orthodox.
True
Three hundred Spartans fought and died at Thermopylae.
True
Tyrants typically came from the aristocracy.
True
Greeks,
Type of government has alot to do with terms of trade
The Peloponnesian League
Was an alliance led by Sparta
Athens
Was home to cultural development
The first Persian invasion of the Greek mainland, launched in 490 B.C.E.,
Was intended, among other things, to restore Hippias as tyrant of Athens
The Senate in the Roman Republic
Was the sole continuous deliberative body in the Roman state
Greek colonies
Were structured to benefit the colonists
Points that effect trade Greeks
Why isn't everything specialization, because of Monolopy, Infant Industry, Protectism can make domestic firms lazy
The First Peloponnesian War ended
With Pericles agreeing to the Thirty Years' Peace, and Athens relinquishing claims to the Greek mainland beyond Attica
All of the following are true regarding women in Homeric Greece EXCEPT....
Women could not gain social respect
Which of the following is the best summary of changes in the Roman army in the second and third centuries?
conscripts were drawn from a larger pool; discipline declined; pay increases contributed to inflation; foreign mercenaries dominated the army
Significant changes in traditional economic system
emergance of trade and manufacturing aristocracy did not trade small farmers lost land to aristocrats to form plantation style agriculture Latifundia
Greeks
founded the city of marcellia and now called marsay, colonial settlements were semi independent, but economically dependent on parent country Greeks
All of the following are true of the hoplite phalanx EXCEPT
it was the dominant military force in the region until the Romans
Macedonia
north of greece nontraditional king phillip 2 359-336 B C Kingdom
Populares
roman politicans who sought to pursue a political career based on the support of the people rather than just the aristocracy.