Western Civilization Chapter 5 Test
ius gentium
"Law of peoples"; Roman law governing relations between Romans and others.
Optimates:
"best men." Aristocratic leaders in the late Roman Republic who generally came from senatorial families and wished to retain their oligarchical privileges
Populares:
"favoring the people." Aristocratic leaders in the late Roman Republic who tended to use the people's assemblies in an effort to break the stranglehold of the nobiles on political offices
ius gentium
"law of the peoples" which was thought to be just, and applied to all, including immigrants
Nobiles:
"nobles." The small group of families from both patrician and plebeian origins who produced most of the men who were elected to office in the late Roman Republic
Imperium:
"the right to command." In the Roman Republic, the chief executive officers (consuls and praetors) possessed the imperium; a military commander was an imperator. In the Roman Empire, the title imperator, or emperor, came to be used for the ruler
Julius Caesar
100-44 B.C. Roman general who became the republic's dictator in 45 B.C.
Second Punic War
218 B.C. - 202 B.C., Hannibal decides to attack Rome, Sneaks through Gaul with 60,000 troops and 60 Elephants, Wreaks havoc in Rome for 15 years, Roman general named Scipio attacked Carthage making Hannibal come back to Carthage
Spartacus
A Roman gladiator who led the most serious slave revolt in Roman history from 73 to 71 B.C.E.).
The Roman Senate
A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic the Senate effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire.
Etruscans
A people who inhabited early italy
Hortensian law
Allowed nobles and commoners to intermarry and permitted commoners to hold public offices
Etruscans
Beginning in the 700s BCE,first rulers of Roman Republic and Empire; Laid the foundation for Rome and Roman civilization
The so-called First Triumvirate of [Pompey, Julius Caesar, and Marcus] Licinius Crassus, which began in 60 bc, was not a formally created commission but an extralegal compact among three strong political leaders Consequently, Caesar joined with two fellow senators, Crassus and Pompey, who were also being stymied by the senate. Historians call their coalition the First Triumvirate.
First Triumvirate included
Livy
Historian of Roman Republic who wrote about the struggle between plebians and patricians
One of the advantages was the protection of the hills and mountains found in the peninsula. Two major group of mountains found in Italy were very important on the development of ancient Rome. ... The climate of Rome also helped the people of the city. The region had mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers. Protection From Invasion. Two mountain ranges, the Alps and the Apennines, helped to protect Rome from invasion. ... Fertile Land. ... Center of Trade. ... Diversity of Population. The Roman population grew quickly, thanks to surplus production of grains, olives and other crops. The extra population later helped Rome's military expansion by providing a large supply of troops. The surplus also helped Rome to establish trade ties with other Mediterranean powers, enhancing the city's economic might. The soil and the mild climate helped the Romans grow surplus olives and grain. Reliable food production allowed the population to grow, and the trade in olives and olive oil helped the Roman economy expand.
How did Italy's geography benefit Rome? economically?
Etruscan influence on ancient Roman culture was profound and it was from the Etruscans that the Romans inherited many of their own cultural and artistic traditions, from the spectacle of gladiatorial combat, to hydraulic engineering, temple design, and religious ritual, among many other things. The Etruscans built the first roadbed of the Sacred Way through Rome (the most important street in the city). It was under them that Rome came to have temples and markets and other things characteristic of a real city. The Etruscans also passed along much of Greek culture to the Romans. Early Rome was deeply influenced by Etruscan culture (the word "Rome" is Etruscan). The Etruscans also gained control of Corsica. ... The Etruscans spoke a unique language, unrelated to those of their neighbors. Their culture was influenced by Greek traders, and by the Greek colonists of southern Italy.
How did the Estruscans impact Rome?
A counter-invasion of North Africa, led by Roman General Scipio Africanus, forced him to return to Carthage. Hannibal was eventually defeated at the Battle of Zama, his brother, Hasdrubal, driven out of the Iberian Peninsula by the forces of general Scipio
How did the Romans defeat Hammibal?
It consisted of 300-500 senators who served for life.
How many were there in the Roman Senate?
Greek Culture's Influence on the Development of Roman Architecture and Engineering. ... They used the ancient Greek architectural styles like Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian. The Romans however, used new materials and technology such as concrete. The new architectural designs the Romans developed were the arch and dome The Ancient Greeks influenced the social structure, religion and military strength of Ancient Rome. The Ancient Greeks' renowned use of democracy influenced Ancient Rome's government structure. The strong belief in Gods and oracles in Ancient Greek shaped the religion of Ancient Romans The Romans gained from the Greek influence in other areas: trade, banking, administration, art, literature, philosophy and earth science. In the last century BC it was a must for every rich young man to study in Athens or Rhodes and perfect their knowledge of rhetoric at the large schools of philosophy Under this Greek influence, the Roman gods became more anthropomorphic - with the human characteristics of jealousy, love, hate, etc. ... While this fusion of Roman and Greek deities influenced Rome in many ways, their religion remained practical. Roman religion absorbed many of the gods and cults of conquered nations The Romans borrowed and adapted ideas from the Greeks, as well as the Etruscans. Greek architecture was one important influence on the Romans. The Greeks built marble temples as homes for their gods. Temples like the Parthenon had stately columns that added to their beauty
How was Greece a great influence on Rome?
Italy is located in southern Europe and comprises the long, boot-shaped Italian Peninsula, the southern side of Alps, the large plain of the Po Valley and some islands including Sicily and Sardinia.
Italy's geography
Julius Caesar
Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assassinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power
Spartacus
Most famous gladiator who started a rebellion.
Julius Caesar
Part of the first triumvirate who eventually became "emperor for life". Chose not to conquer Germany. Was assassinated by fellow senators in 44 B.C.E.
paterfamilias
Patriarchy continued to shape gender and family relations in imperial societies. An example is the role of the _______ in the Roman family, also known as the father of the extended family.
reforms of Gaius and Tiberius Gracchus
Resulted in further instability and violence that led to the demise of the Republic
Scipio Africanus
Roman general who commanded the invasion of Carthage in the second Punic War and defeated Hannibal at Zama (circa 237-183 BC)
Livy
Roman historian whose history of Rome filled 142 volumes (of which only 35 survive) including the earliest history of the war with Hannibal (59 BC to AD 17)
The Roman imperial period is the expansion of political and cultural influence of the Roman Empire. The period begins with the reign of Augustus ( r . 27 BC - AD 14), and it is taken to end variously between the late 3rd and the late 4th century, with the beginning of Late Antiquity extending some form of citizenship to many of the people it conquered. Military expansion drove economic development, bringing enslaved people and loot back to Rome, which in turn transformed the city of Rome and Roman culture
Roman imperial expansion
The Roman Empire was a primarily polytheistic civilization, which meant that people recognized and worshiped multiple gods and goddesses Religion played a very important role in the daily life of Ancient Rome and the Romans. ... The Romans believed that gods controlled their lives and, as a result, spent a great deal of their time worshipping them The 12 Roman Gods were: Jupiter, Juno, Mars, Mercury, Neptune, Venus, Apollo, Diana, Minerva, Ceres, Vulcan, and Vesta. Jupiter held thunderbolts in his hands, which he could throw from the sky
Roman religion
As different cultures settled in what would later become Italy, each brought their own gods and forms of worship. This made the religion of ancient Rome polytheistic, in that they worshipped many gods. They also worshipped spirits. Rivers, trees, fields and buildings each had their own spirit, or numen
Roman religious practices
While the poor in Ancient Rome did not receive a formal education, many still learned to read and write. Children from rich families, however, were well schooled and were taught by a private tutor at home or went to what we would recognise as schools. In general, schools as we would recognise them, were for boys only Ancient Rome had two types of schools - one for children up to 11 or 12 who learned reading, writing and basic mathematics using an abacus. Older children would attend more advanced schools, studying specific topics such as public speaking and writings of the great Roman intellects
Roman schooling
Rome had no public education- trained at home- farming for boys, wives for girls, upperclass taught to read, Greek influence changed it Education of daughters- upper class, tutors, not beyond primary school, early marriage- 12 but likely 14
Roman schooling was only offered to what social groups?
rituals, festivals, role of Priests Priests were important when it came to the relationship with the gods
Rome religion
The Twelve Tables
Rome's first code of laws; adopted in 450 B.C.
Scipio Africanus was a member of a patrician Roman family. His father, a Roman consul, was killed during the Second Punic War. ... In 202 B.C., Scipio defeated Hannibal in the Battle of Zama and ended the Second Punic War. He died circa 183 B.C. in Liternum
Scipio Africanus in the Second Punic War
victory of the Romans led by Scipio Africanus the Elder over the Carthaginians commanded by Hannibal. The last and decisive battle of the Second Punic War, it effectively ended both Hannibal's command of Carthaginian forces and also Carthage's chances to significantly oppose Rome
Scipio Africanus in the Second Punic War
in a series of wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian (Punic) empire that resulted in Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean In October 202 BCE, the armies of Hannibal and Scipio met on a plain in western Tunisia near Naraggara. ... The Roman and Numidian cavalry then hit Hannibal's forces in the rear, and victory was theirs. 20,000 Carthaginians had fallen while Rome suffered fewer than 5,000 fatalities
Second Punic War and Carthage
architecture and engineering
The Romans' most noticeable innovations in art and culture were found in - ________ and ________
Roman general noted for his victory over the Carthaginian leader Hannibal in the great [[[Battle of Zama]]](202 bce)
What battle did Scipio Africanus win?
Hortensius, who was himself a plebeian, passed a law known as the "Hortensian Law." This law ended the requirement that an auctoritas patrum be passed before a bill could be considered by either the plebeian council or the tribal assembly, thus removing the final patrician senatorial check on the plebeian council. The lex Hortensia simply changed the recognition of the plebiscitum such that it was treated as if it were a lex. Later, as the distinction became immaterial, all binding laws, formerly leges or plebiscita, became referred to leges as well.
What changed with Hortensian's law?
At the head of Roman family life was the oldest living male, called the "paterfamilias," or "father of the family." He looked after the family's business affairs and property and could perform religious rites on their behalf. The paterfamilias had absolute rule over his household and children
What could paterfamilias do?
Caesar famously brought his army to Rome, crossing the Rubicon River and sparking a civil war between himself and Pompey. Caesar crushed Pompey's lieutenants in Hispania and chased Pompey into Greece and finally Egypt. Caesar joined with Cleopatra, defeating her brother Ptolemy, and the remnants of Pompey's allies. Caesar was appointed governor of the vast region of Gaul (north-central Europe) in 58 B.C., where he commanded a large army. ... After the deaths of Pompey's wife (and Caesar's daughter) Julia in 54 B.C. and Crassus in 53 B.C., Pompey aligned with Caesar's opponents and ordered him to give up his army and return to Rome.
What did Julius Caeser do with his army?
Julius Caesar's crossing the Rubicon river on 10 January, 49 BC precipitated the Roman Civil War, which ultimately led to Caesar's becoming dictator and the rise of the imperial era of Rome. ... He was explicitly ordered not to take his army across the Rubicon river, which was at that time a northern boundary of Italy.
What did Julius Caeser earn by going across the Rubicon
Bellum Gallicum Bellum Civile "The Gallic Wars" "The Complete Works of Julius Caesar" reunites his best-known works, "The Gallic Wars" and "The Civil Wars" with the other three that are less known, but attributed to Caesar:
What did Julius Caeser write?
His education was based on the study of rhetoric and philosophy, and he wrote some philosophical dialogues that do not survive. There is no evidence about early career. Livy believed that the historical environment surrounding Rome shaped its people. To him history should not just inform the reader but elevate him as well - what some saw as moral education. was a historian
What did Livy specialize in?
Spartacus was a Roman slave and gladiator who led a revolt against Rome, which turned into the Third Servile War (73 B.C. to 71 B.C.). In 73 BC, Spartacus was among a group of gladiators plotting an escape. About 70 slaves were part of the plot. Though few in number, they seized kitchen utensils, fought their way free from the school, and seized several wagons of gladiatorial weapons and armour.
What did Sparticus do?
Irrevocably commit to a course of action, make a fateful and final decision. For example, Once he submitted his resignation, he had crossed the Rubicon. This phrase alludes to Julius Caesar's crossing the Rubicon River (between Italy and Gaul) in 49 b.c., thereby starting a war against Pompey and the Roman Senate. He chose to keep his army and moved into Italy by crossing the Rubicon, the river that formed the southern boundary of his province, on January 10, 49 B.C. (The phrase "crossing the Rubicon" is still used today to mean being unable to turn back.) According to his ancient biographer Suetonius, Caesar said to his troops, "Even now we could turn back; but once we cross that tiny bridge, then everything will depend on armed force."
What did crossing the Rubicon symbolize for Caeser
Patricians and Plebeians
What groups were affected by Hortensian's law
After Tiberius Gracchus was killed during the rioting in 133, his brother Gaius (154-121 BCE) stepped in. Gaius Gracchus took up the reform issues of his brother when he became tribune in 123 BCE, ten years after the death of brother Tiberius
What happened to the reforms of Gaius and Tiberius Gracchus
The Confederation offered the most favored "allied" peoples full Roman citizenship, thus giving them a stake in successful Roman expansion.
What precedent for the treatment of vanquished foes emerged from the creation of the Roman Confederation?
So the strategy was to cross into Italy and declare himself the liberator of Rome's allies. Hannibal's tactical genius allowed him to inflict heavy defeats on the Romans right away, most notably at Lake Trasimene in 217 BC. A key part of the army was the cavalry, which Hannibal used as his secret weapon. When battle commenced, Hannibal deliberately allowed the Romans to advance quickly against his first lines of infantry, who slowly retreated.
What was Hannibal's strategy in the Second Punic War?
1. Conquest of Gaul (Modern France)- many victories- fame- money 2. Crosses the Rubicon River (49 B.C.E.)- point of no return- southern boundary of his province- don't bring armies back to Rome 3.Defeats Pompey- in Greece Julius Caesar's most famous military achievement was his conquest of Gaul. He led Rome in their war against the native tribes of Gaul, who were feared by the Romans. The Gallic tribes were militarily as strong as the Romans with their cavalry being probably superior But a large element in the senate felt that Pompey had become too powerful, and they now refused to grant his wishes after his return from the east. This same element in the senate treated Julius Caesar in a similar fashion when he returned from Spain. That turned out to be a big mistake.
What was Julius Caesar known for?
in 49 B.C. on the banks of the Rubicon, Julius Caesar faced a critical choice. To remain in Gaul meant forfeiting his power to his enemies in Rome. Crossing the river into Italy would be a declaration of war. Caesar chose war.
What was Julius Caeser seeking when he went across the Rubicon
Gaius Julius Caesar was a crafty military leader who rose through the ranks of the Roman Republic, ultimately declaring himself dictator for life and shaking the foundations of Rome itself. At the head of the pontiffs was the pontifex maximus (chief pontiff), a powerful figure who con trolled the state religion. First Julius Caesar and later all emperors until A.D. 381 held this position. The pontifex maximus also chose six girls between the ages of six and ten to serve as Vestal Virgins (see the box above).
What was Julius Caeser?
Scipio Africanus, also called Scipio Africanus the Elder, Latin Scipio Africanus Major, in full Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, (born 236 BCE—died 183 BCE, Liternum, Campania [now Patria, Italy]), Roman general noted for his victory over the Carthaginian leader Hannibal in the great Battle of Zama (202 BCE), ending the Second Punic War. For his victory he won the surname Africanus (201 BCE).
What was Scipio Africanus known for?
His intention was to isolate the Carthaginians' best fighters far from the refuge of the city gates. Scipio met the initial charge with his less experienced soldiers, but steadily fed in reserves to ensure there were fresh troops on the front line.
What was Scipio Africanus strategy in the Second Punic War?
Spartacus was a Thracian gladiator who led a slave revolt with an army numbering in the tens of thousands. He defeated Roman forces over half a dozen times, marching his people up and down the Italian peninsula until he was killed in battle in April 71 B.C.
What was Sparticus?
concrete, arches
What was important in the Roman architechure?
The king, the people's assembly, and the senatus (from senex, or elder) were the three main pillars of the ancient Roman state. The Senate was the representative of the Roman people and the repository of Roman sovereignty. The senate of the Roman Kingdom held three principal responsibilities: It functioned as the ultimate repository for the executive power, it served as the king's council, and it functioned as a legislative body in concert with the people of Rome. The formal function of the Senate was to advise the magistrates (consuls, censors, quaestors, aediles, and so on) with decrees and resolutions.
What were the Roman Senate?
Most conquered enemies were offered some level of Roman citizenship, sometimes with full voting rights. Because a person had to be physically present in Rome to vote, the extension of voting rights beyond the population of the city itself did not drastically alter the political situation in Rome.
What were the Romes offering the people they conquered when setting a precedent
In 219 B.C., Hannibal of Carthage led an attack on Saguntum, an independent city allied with Rome, which sparked the outbreak of the Second Punic War. He then marched his massive army across the Pyrenees and Alps into central Italy in what would be remembered as one of the most famous campaigns in history.
Where did Hannibal take the Second Punic War to?
Julius Caesar was a renowned general, politician and scholar in ancient Rome who conquered the vast region of Gaul and helped initiate the end of the Roman Republic when he became dictator of the Roman Empire By establishing colonies of Roman citizens in North Africa, Gaul, and Spain, he initiated a process of Romanization in those areas. He commanded Rome
Where did Julius Caeser command?
The war was a four-year-long politico-military struggle, fought in Italy, Illyria, Greece, Egypt, Africa, and Hispania. Pompey defeated Caesar in 48 BC at the Battle of Dyrrhachium, but was himself defeated much more decisively at the Battle of Pharsalus. Caesar (100 - 44 B.C.E.)- history fighting in Gaul- why still in Gaul After serving as aedile and praetor, he sought a military command and was sent to Spain.
Where did Julius Caeser fight?
Battle of Ilipa, (206 bce), victory of the Roman general Publius Cornelius Scipio (later called Scipio Africanus) over Carthaginian forces in Spain during the Second Punic War. The battle signaled the end of Carthaginian power in Spain and marked a turning point in the war against the Carthaginian general Hannibal.
Where did the Scipio Africanus attack in the Second Punic War?
Julius Caesar wrote commentaries on the wars he fought in Gaul between 58 and 52 B.C., in seven books one for each year. This series of annual war commentaries is referred to by various names but is commonly called De bello Gallico in Latin, or The Gallic Wars in English.
Where was Julius Caeser when he wrote "The Gallic Wars"
Greek writer considered the "father of history," that the Etruscans were actually Greeks who had migrated to Italy from western Anatolia. The Etruscan civilization flourished in what is today Tuscany and its neighboring central Italian regions from around 900 B.C.E. The Etruscans were a powerful clan with an alien tongue and strange customs. They emerged in what is now central Italy sometime around the 6th century BC. And no one is more obsessed with the Etruscans than the Italians themselves.
Where were the Etruscans from?
In 202 B.C., Scipio defeated Hannibal in the Battle of Zama and ended the Second Punic War. He died circa 183 B.C. in Liternum.
Who did Scipio Africanus defeat?
Livy's most famous work was his history of Rome. In it he narrates a complete history of the city of Rome, from its foundation to the death of Augustus. Because he was writing under the reign of Augustus, Livy's history emphasizes the great triumphs of Rome. Livy was unique among Roman historians in that he played no part in politics. This was a disadvantage in that his exclusion from the Senate and the magistracies meant that he had no personal experience of how the Roman government worked, and this ignorance shows itself from time to time in his work. Titus Livius, known as Livy in English, was a Roman historian. He wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people, titled Ab Urbe Condita, ''From the Founding of the City'', covering the period
Who was Livy?
In 219 B.C., Hannibal of Carthage led an attack on Saguntum, an independent city allied with Rome, which sparked the outbreak of the Second Punic War. He then marched his massive army across the Pyrenees and Alps into central Italy in what would be remembered as one of the most famous campaigns in history.
Who was the Carthage general in the Second Punic War?
Scipio Africanus Fabius Cunctator Publius Cornelius Scipio † Many others
Who was the major Roman general in the Second Punic War?
Etruscan, member of an ancient people of Etruria, Italy, between the Tiber and Arno rivers west and south of the Apennines, whose urban civilization reached its height in the 6th century bce. Many features of Etruscan culture were adopted by the Romans, their successors to power in the peninsula. The Etruscans were a powerful clan with an alien tongue and strange customs. They emerged in what is now central Italy sometime around the 6th century BC. And no one is more obsessed with the Etruscans than the Italians themselves. The Etruscans are known for their impasto and bucchero pottery. Their contact with Greek settlements also influenced their production of black- and red-figure vase painting. Impasto is a coarse, unrefined clay used in the production of funerary vases and storage vessels .
Who were the Etruscans?
In the Second Punic War, the great Carthaginian general Hannibal invaded Italy and scored great victories at Lake Trasimene and Cannae before his eventual defeat at the hands of Rome's Scipio Africanus in 202 B.C., which left Rome in control of the western Mediterranean and much of Spain.
Who won the Second Punic War?
The more wealthy and powerful the Romans became, the more able they were to further expand their empire. The Romans were not content with conquering land near to them. They realised that land further away might also have riches in them that would make Rome even more wealthy. Hence their drive to conquer Western Europe. They believed other people were barbarians and were not sophiticated enough to rule their own
Why did the Romans expand?
Most conquered enemies were offered some level of Roman citizenship, sometimes with full voting rights. ... However, the offer of citizenship did help to build a sense of shared identity around loyalty to Rome. Rome let conquered people keep their own customs, money, and government. ... Others became partial citizens, and these people were allowed to marry Romans and carry on trade in Rome. In return, conquered people had to pay taxes, acknowledge Roman leadership, and supply soldiers for the army.
Why did the Romans offer a precedent to the people they conquered?
The Twelve Tables of Rome
Written set of laws used in Roman Empire. Laws favored the wealthy.
Rome
______ set a precedent for treating its vanquished foes
Sallust
________ attributed the change of values in the Republic over time to affluence brought on by the addition of too much new territory and the lack of a dangerous enemy to threaten them after the destruction of Carthage.
Greece
________ was a major influence on Rome
Praetor:
a Roman official invested with imperiuim; primary responsibility was the administration of justice, especially as civil law applied to Roman citizens
The Roman Senate
a council of wealthy and powerful Romans that advised the city's leaders
The Roman Senate
a council of wealthy and powerful citizens who advised Rome's leaders
Patriarchal family:
a family in which the husband/father dominates his wife and children
Equestrians:
a group of extremely wealthy men in the late Roman Republic who were effectively barred from high office, but sought political power commensurate with their wealth; called equestrians because many had gotten their start as cavalry officers (equites)
Council of the plebs:
a popular assembler for the plebeians; created in 471 B.C.E
Patriarchal/patriarchy:
a society in which the father is supreme in the clan or family; more generally, a society dominated by men
Censors:
administrative officials responsible for population assessment for the purpose of taxes, military service and office holding
Aediles:
administrative officials responsible for supervising the public games and the grain supply
Quaestors:
administrative officials who assisted consuls and praetors in financial affairs
Rome
adopted Greek philosophy of stoicism
Hortensian law
all resolutions passed by council of plebs carried the force of law equal to measures passed by senate and did not require approval of senate or any other authority
when Rome interfered in a dispute on the Carthaginian-controlled island of Sicily Rome started by sending army first to Sicily
cause of the First Punic War
The Twelve Tables of Rome
codified Roman laws; included concept of "innocent until proven guilty"; the codification of Roman law during the republic
Crossing the Rubicon would reveal Caesar's ultimate aspirations and mark a point of no return. In this moment the Roman Empire was born and the course of history was forever altered. As he stepped into the River Rubicon, Caesar declared, "Jacta Alea Est.", which is Latin for, "Let the die be cast.'' In Caesar's attempt to gain as much power as possible, he took his legions and began to move south towards Rome. He had to start paying the soldiers with his own money because the Republic was no longer funding him. On this move south, he came to the Rubicon River. Julius Caesar's crossing the Rubicon river on 10 January, 49 BC precipitated the Roman Civil War, which ultimately led to Caesar's becoming dictator and the rise of the imperial era of Rome. ... As his term of governorship ended, the Roman Senate ordered Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome.
crossing the Rubicon, Caesar
The Twelve Tables
first formal codification of Roman law and customs
Patricians:
great landowners who became the ruling class in the Roman Republic
polytheistic/polytheism:
having many gods; belief in or the worship of more than one god
Dictator:
in the Roman Republic, an official granted unlimited power to run the state for a short period of time, usually six months, during an emergency
Latifundia:
large estates developed by landed aristocrats by taking over state-owned land and buying out small farmers
The Twelve Tables of Rome
laws of Rome; concept of innocent until proven guilty originated here
paterfamilias
male head of family
Tribunes of the plebs:
officials responsible for protecting plebeians against arrest by patrician magistrates and for making proposals before the council of the plebs
crossing the Rubicon
point of no return
Pontiffs:
priests responsible for performing all public religious acts and supervising magistrates in the performance of public political acts
-Tiberius Gracchus : believed the basis of rome was the farmer. wanted to give land back to the poor. council of plebs got it approved. he was assassinated -Gaius : wanted to continue brother's work of distributing land to the poor. he was also killed
reforms of Gaius and Tiberius Gracchus
the war ended with Rome in control of both Sicily and Corsica and marked the empire's emergence as a naval as well as a land power
result of the First Punic War
ended in victory for the Romans and defeat for the Carthaginians. Throughout the siege, Hasdrubal attempted to negotiate with the Romans Third of three wars between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian Empire that resulted in the final destruction of Carthage, the enslavement of its population, and Roman hegemony over the western Mediterranean
result of the Third Punic War
reforms of Gaius and Tiberius Gracchus
resulted in further instability and violence
reforms of Gaius and Tiberius Gracchus
resulted in further instability and violence as they polarized various social groups
Hortensian law
said that all the plebians laws were binding to the patricians as well, Created the Republic, 287 BC
philosophy of stoicism
slave ideology that states you can oppress me, but as long as I have freedom of thought, I'm still free
Spartacus
slave, trained as a gladiator, who led a rebellion against the roman army for slave freedom- he was killed after two years
Rhetoric:
the art of persuasive speaking; in the Middle Ages, one of the seven liberal arts
Consuls:
the chief executive officers of the Roman Republic. Two were chosen annually to administer the government and lead the army in battle
Plebeians:
the class of Roman citizens who included nonpatrician landowners, craftspeople, merchants, and small farmers in the Roman Republic. Their struggle for equal rights with the patricians dominated much of the Republic's history
Paterfamilias:
the dominant male in a Roman family whose powers over his wife and children were theoretically unlimited, though they were sometimes circumvented in practice
Etruscans
the group of people who ruled Rome before Romans revolted
paterfamilias
the head of the family or household in Roman law -always male- and the only member to have full legal rights. This person had absolute power over his family, which extended to life and death.
Senate/senators:
the leading council of the Roman Republic; composed of about 300 men (senators) who served for life and dominated much of the political life of the Republic
Centuriate assembly:
the most important popular assembly in the Roman Republic; controlled by the wealthiest citizens, it elected the magistrates and passed laws
The Twelve Tables
was a set of laws inscribed on 12 bronze tablets created in ancient Rome in 451 and 450 BCE. They were the beginning of a new approach to laws which were now passed by government and written down so that all citizens might be treated equally before them
The Twelve Tables
was added to and corrected by the Roman praetors
Scipio Africanus the Elder
won in Spain & invaded Africa forcing Carthage to recall Hannibal.
