Western Civilization Since 1648 (HIST-1600) Ch. 16

Johannes Kepler built on the work of his mentor, Tycho Brahe, to:

Correct two of Copernicus's assumptions concerning planetary motion.

The new scientific societies did all of the following EXCEPT:

Challenged the mystical basis of monarchical authority.

The bulk of philosophy of Rene Descartes may be summed up by which statement?

"I think, therefore I am."

Rene Descartes believed he had proven the existence of God through his use of systematic doubt in his book:

"The Discourse on Method."

The view that progress in scientific knowledge requires the cooperative effort of experimentalists and researchers who would draw inferences and develop practical applications was made by Francis Bacon in his fable:

"The New Atlantis."

Copernicus calculated the earth to be _____ miles from the sun.

6 million

As a leader of the "scientific revolution," Isaac Newton was:

A recluse who spent his time in Cambridge.

Europeans believed, generally, in the geocentric theory of the universe, even though this model was contradicted well over a thousand years before Copernicus by:

Aristarchus.

Isaac Newton's best-known work today was his research conducted on:

Gravity.

Tycho Brahe differed from Copernicus in that:

He did not believe the earth orbited the sun.

In 1616, Galileo Galilei was urged by his supporters to stop promulgating Copernican ideas, when the Catholic Church:

Placed Copernicus's work on the Index of Forbidden Books.

Galileo hoped for support from his friend Maffeo Barberini who became:

Pope.

Galileo Galilei was brought to trial by the Inquisition because he:

Promoted Copernican ideas and had insulted his old patron, Cardinal Barberini, who was now Pope Urban VIII.

Which of the following best describes Johannes Kepler's intellectual foundations?

Mysticism, astrology, and mathematics

The _____ argued that nature was the way in which God revealed himself to humanity.

Neoplatonists

T / F: Galileo's work apparently had no support from within the Catholic church.

False.

T / F: Galileo's work was smuggled out of Italy and published in England.

False.

"Science" entails all of the following EXCEPT:

An adoption of a secular rather than religious worldview.

Throughout the Middle Ages, the most important classical authorities on natural philosophy were _____ and _____.

Aristotle; Ptolemy

Many Roman Catholic churchmen viewed the "New Science," especially as typified by Copernican theory:

As a direct threat to church doctrine.

Although Rene Descartes believed he had proven the existence of God, _____ believed he had proven that the universe was a single substance that was both God and nature.

Baruch Spinoza

One effect of the work of Isaac Newton was to:

Demonstrate the ability of mathematics to explain the workings of the universe.

The first woman to receive a doctorate degree in philosophy in Italy was:

Elena Cornaro Piscopia.

T / F: "Simplicio" (Simpleton) was a character in Galileo's "Dialogue" who represented the new science.

False.

T / F: For Newton, science, if properly conducted, could always uncover the causes of phenomena.

False.

T / F: Galileo argued that one could not be both a sincere Copernican and a Catholic.

False.

T / F: Newton realized his work was groundbreaking, but he proved to be an egotistical recluse who did not credit his predecessors' work in laying a foundation for his own, bringing upon himself the censure of his peers.

False.

T / F: Science was slow to work its way into people's understanding because it undermined religion, which was the foundation block of western society.

False.

T / F: The "Ptolemaic system" was the first system to question whether planets moved in a circular path around a stationary earth.

False.

T / F: The scientific revolution stood apart from other social, religious and cultural transformations.

False.

T / F: Tycho Brahe's greatest contribution to astronomy was his building of the first observatory on a small island granted to him by the Danish king.

False.

T / F: While the French scholastic societies reserved science as "a gentlemanly pursuit," English societies freely admitted women.

False.

The second national scholarly academy to be established by the reigning monarch was in:

France.

A method of reasoning that goes from the specific to the general was developed by:

Francis Bacon.

Galileo had made improvements on the lens developed by the Dutch for use in telescopes, but some of the earliest work on the nature of how humans see was done by:

Isaac Newton.

All of the following can be said about mechanism EXCEPT:

It taught that the works of nature were of a higher order than those of humans.

_____ was the "new scientist" whose work laid the foundation for Sir Isaac Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation.

Johannes Kepler

Although it was the norm with European academic societies to not admit women, one exception to this was:

Laura Bassi.

While many men and women wrote during the seventeenth century concerning the ability of women to fully participate in the scientific realm, none wrote quite so passionately as ______, who wrote of the " 'tyrannical government' of men over women."

Margaret Cavendish

Although science during this period was primarily the domain of men, many women also made their mark, such as the astronomer Maria Winkelmann and the entomologist:

Maria Sibylla Merian.

One of the leading German astronomers of the seventeenth century was:

Maria Winkelmann.

Although logic and geometry had played a role in the medieval worldview, _____ would assume a much more central role in the "New Science."

Mathematics

Kepler believed _____ was God's language.

Mathematics

_____ made the first challenge to the Ptolemaic conception of the universe.

Nicholas Copernicus

The deductive method of inquiry was formulated by:

Rene Descartes.

All of the following contributed greatly to the development of astronomy during the Scientific Revolution EXCEPT:

Robert Boyle.

One of the founders of modern chemistry was the Englishman:

Robert Boyle.

Which English natural philosopher discovered the cellular structure of plants?

Robert Hooke

Sir Isaac Newton published "Principia Mathematica" to answer critiques of his theories coming primarily from:

Robert hooke.

From the severe century on, there existed a fundamental shift in the view of the world by the Western world: to be considered "modern," one now approved the world through:

Science

Which of the following best describes Sir Isaac Newton's attitude toward Christianity?

Science and faith are compatible and mutually supporting.

The primary target of Descartes's philosophical method was:

Skepticism.

The term "heliocentric" means:

Sun-centered.

One result of Galileo's trial was that:

The New Science flourished in northwest Europe.

Copernicus's work on the problem of the Ptolemaic system was commissioned by:

The Roman Catholic Church.

The trial of Galileo by the Inquisition resulted in all of the following EXCEPT:

The cessation of his scientific work.

Nicholas Copernicus hesitated to publish his "De Revolutionibus" because:

The implications of his theory of heliocentricity greatly troubled him.

Galileo concluded that the Copernican hypothesis was correct after observing:

The moons of Jupiter.

The dispersal of ancient texts by the humanists of the late Renaissance that served to encourage study and debate was facilitated by:

The widespread use of the printing press.

Science undermined a belief in God through:

There is no evidence to suggest that scientific discoveries in the seventeenth century actually undermined religious faith. For many, these discoveries provided new evidence of God's existence.

T / F: Baruch Spinoza applied geometry to ethics and deduced that the universe was made of a single substance that was both God and nature in one.

True.

T / F: Descartes introduced a new method for understanding called deductive reasoning, which relied on proceeding logically from one certainty to another.

True.

T / F: Galileo's works were widely translated and widely read and raised awareness of changes in natural philosophy across Europe.

True.

T / F: The "prime mover" was the force that put into place the motions of the celestial bodies and was interpreted as being the Christian God.

True.

In European states, the New Science:

Was encouraged in England and other countries through the establishment of royal societies.

Many Roman Catholic churchmen viewed the "New Science," especially as typified by Copernican theory:

as a direct threat to the Church Doctrin