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compare imperialism in Ethiopia and Siam
(Siam was Thailand) Notable for avoiding avoiding the colonization to which their neighbors succumbed. Those countries' military and diplomatic skills, their willingness to make modest concessions to the Europeans, and the rivalries of the imperialists all contributed to these exceptions to the rule of colonial takeover in East Africa and Southeast Asia. Ethiopia even considerably expanded its own empire, even as it defeated Italy at the famous Battle of Adowa in 1896
the "scramble for Africa"
A 25-year race between several European powers to try to colonize as much of Africa as possible. Rivalries were intense and the villages were acquired at surprisingly fast speeds. Some were difficult to conquer, but the Europeans' superior military prowess always allowed them to come out on top. One particularly difficult skirmish for the British was the Battle of Isandlwana against the Zulu Army
Eurocentric view
A eurocentric view is an opinion by historians in which Europe was distinguished for thousands of years by a freedom-loving culture with roots in the war-like Indo-European societies. Many eurocentric views hold that Europe was the first place of industrialization because of its distinguished history. However, some historians challenge the idea that Europe was destined for the Industrial Revolution as other areas of the world experienced ages of technological advancements.
Latin American revolution
After gaining independence, Latin America had decimated populations, diminished herds of livestock, flooded/closed mines, abandoned farms, shrinking international trade. There were several international wars- like paraguay vs brazil, Argentina, and Uruguay or Peru vs Bolivia. Conservatives of Latin America wanted centralized authority and sought to maintain alliance with Catholic Church. The Liberals attacked the church in the name of Enlightenment and they wanted modest social reforms and they preferred federalism. Conflicts between the liberals and conservatives gave rise to caudillos, who achieved power as defenders of order and property. Women still didn't have rights, but slavery was abolished by mid-century, except for Cuba and Brazil. Most legal distinctions weren't done by race. All the businesses and stuff was in control of the white people. Mixed race people were mostly military, teachers, shopkeepers, or artisans.
European military
After the Industrial Revolution European military was greatly improved because of the technological advances and an increase in wealth. This was an advantage against non-European countries especially those that Europeans wanted to industrialize
imperialism and the African Identity
Before the colonial period, African peoples had long recognized differences among themselves based on language, kinship, clan, village, or state, but these were rarely sharp or clearly defined. The idea of an Africa sharply divided into separate and distinct "tribes" was in fact a European idea that facilitated colonial administration and reflected their belief in African primitiveness. But while Europeans may have created or sought to impose these categories, Africans increasingly found ethnic or tribal labels useful. This was especially true in rapidly growing urban areas, where migrants found it helpful to categorize themselves and others in larger ethnic terms.
compare IR in Britain and Russia
Britain was the original spot for the IR and thus was well suited. Industry, mining, and manufacturing replaced much of agriculture. Nowhere was more changed than Britain. The British aristocracy declined as a result as land became less important, and wealthy bankers and businessmen rose to power, as well as an emerging middle class. The large laboring class of 70 percent of the population shaped the IR with their efforts to accommodate, resist, and protest the revolution, like in Russia. Cities grew massive as people left farmlands, and conditions were poor. Karl Marx spent much of his life in England witnessing the stark contrast as he came up with socialism, later to come to the Russian people. The Russian IR, on the other hand, remained an absolute monarchy unlike the rest of the world, and exercised the greatest control on its people. In 1861, when serfdom was finally abolished, industrialization began in earnest. By the 1890s it was focused on rails and heavy industry and fueled by foreign labor, making Russia rank number 4 for steel by the 20th century. By 1897, Russians factory workers began striking and protesting their poor conditions. These protests led to the rise of socialism and even further increased industrialization
European culture and industrialization
Certain factors of European culture allowed the process of the Industrial Revolution to take hold. The internal development of Europe favored innovation because of its small and competitive states. The competition insured that economic and technological stagnation would not occur, unlike in the Chinese, Ottoman, or Mughal Empires. European monarchs and merchants were also uniquely allied. Merchants were granted privileges, monopolies, or tax-collecting responsibilities in return for loans to the state. Merchants and other innovators were allowed a degree of independence from the state unlike in other civilizations. This competitive and merchant friendly society set Europe on the path to capitalism. Lastly, resources from the Americas, including silver, timber, fish, maize, and sugar, provided raw materials for industrialization. The Americas were also a market for European products.
Darwinism and Western imperialism
Darwinism played a heavy role in western imperialism. The idea of social Darwinism was that those who were poorer and weaker deserved it and that those who were fit would inherit the Earth. This was factored in to imperialism because European countries believed that they had the ability to take over the civilizations in Africa because they thought they were a lesser people
contradictions in Western imperialism
European colonial policies contradicted their own core values and their practices at home to an unusual degree. While 19th century Britain and France were becoming more democratic, their colonies were essentially Dictatorships, offering perhaps order and stability, but certainly not democratic government, because few Colonial subjects were participating citizens. Empire of course was wholly at odds with European Notions of national Independence, and ranked racial classifications went against the grain of both Christian and Enlightenment ideas of human equality. Furthermore, many Europeans were distinctly reluctant to encourage within their colonies the kind of modernization - Urban growth, industrialization, individual values, religious skepticism - that was sweeping their own societies. They feared that this kind of social change, often vilified as "detribalization" would encourage unrest and challenged Colonial rule. As a model for Social Development, they preferred traditional rural society, with its established authorities and social hierarchies, though shorn of abuses such as slavery and widow-burning. Such contradictions between what Europeans preached at home and what they practiced in the colonies became increasingly apparent to many Asians and Africans and played a major role in undermining the foundations of colonial rule in the 20th century.
elements of modernization in colonies
Europeans could hardly avoid conveying to the colonies some elements of their own modernizing process. It was in their interest to do so, and many felt duty-bound to improve the societies they briefly governed period modern administrative and bureaucratic structures facilitated Colonial control: communication and transportation infrastructure (railroads, motorways, pork, Telegraph, Postal Services) moved products to the World Market; Schools trained the army of intermediaries on which colonial rule depended; and most health care Provisions fulfilled some of the civilizing mission to which many Europeans felt committed. these elements of modernization made an appearance, however inadequately, during the colonial era. Nowhere in the colonial world did a major breakthrough to Modern industrial society occur however.
European immigration
Europeans migrated to the cities after peasants lost the ability to own farms. They flocked to industrial jobs, often working long hours and in deplorable conditions. Other Europeans emigrated to the Americas, New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa in search of wealth. Immigrants, especially in African countries such as South Africa, injected a racial divide in society. In the Americas, white European immigrants enjoyed economic advantages over mixed-race, African, and Indian populations.
race and imperialism
Ever since the Europeans unlocked the secrets of the Industrial Revolution, they began to believe that they were superior to all other peoples, using advancements in technology and biology to justify their racism. They also justified imperialism as a way to civilize these inferior races, a task that they saw as their duty.
colonial takeovers of India and Indonesia
For the peoples of India and Indonesia, Colonial Conquest grew out of earlier interaction with European trading firms. Particularly in India, the British East India Company, rather than the British government directly, played the leading role in the colonial takeover of South Asia. It was also attributed to the fragmentation of the Mughal Empire and a lack of cultural or political unity. A similar situation of many small and rival States assisted the Dutch acquisition of Indonesia. Neither the British nor the Dutch had a clear-cut plan for Conquest, rather it evolved slowly as the Europeans made a variety of alliances
impact of European imperialism on colonial societies in Africa and Asia
In Africa, the idea of a tribe diminished. Many Africans joined together in unity because of the joint oppression and began to identify themselves as one people, Africans. Christianity did spread in Africa, but not as much in Asia. There were many negative effects of the oppression of native people, disease, poor economy etc.
Latin American economic developmen
In the early 1800s, Latin America became more closely integrated into the global economy as a result of the steamship and telegraph. Latin American countries exported primary products and food products to industrializing countries in return for manufactured goods. They exported silver (Brazil), copper (Chile), tin (Bolivia), nitrates (Chile), guano-bird droppings (Peru), wild rubber (Amazon rainforest), sisal (Mexico), bananas (Central America), beef (Argentina), cacao (Ecuador), coffee (Brazil and Guatemala), and sugar (Cuba). European capital was heavily invested in Latin America. Between 1870 and 1919, $10 billion was invested in Latin American industries. Most capital came from Britain and was invested in Argentina. However, no thorough industrial revolution occurred in Latin America. The unstable political life, social unrest, and dependence on European and American economies limited Latin America to remain exporters.
19th century aristocracy
Individual landowning aristocrats suffered little in material terms from the Industrial Revolution. As a class, however, the British aristocracy declined. As urban wealth became more important, landed aristocrats had to make way for the up-and-coming businessmen, manufacturers, and bankers who had been newly enriched by the Industrial Revolution. By the end of the century, landownership had largely ceased to be the basis of great wealth, and businessmen, rather than aristocrats, led the major political parties. Even so, the titled nobility of dukes, earls, viscounts, and barons retained great social prestige and considerable personal wealth.
relationship between industrialization and nationalism
Industrialism and nationalism often thrived together, as industrialization brought European societies closer together and into contact with other nations. The close-knit communities and labor structures built brought Europeans together and marked a change, where Europeans would refer to themselves as part of nation or race rather than a religions or village
the IR and Latin America
Latin America was linked to the global economy of the nineteenth century in that it saw a rapid growth in its exports. This was because newly industrialized countries now relied on them for food products and raw materials. In return, Latin America received various luxury goods from Europe and the US. The newly industrialized world had a large impact on Latin America because its economic life was greatly expanded.
Marxism
Marxism is a method of socioeconomic analysis, originating from the mid-to-late 19th century works of German philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, that analyzes class relations and societal conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development and a dialectical view of social transformation.Karl Marx viewed industrial capitalism as an inherently unstable system that was doomed to collapse in revolutionary upheaval that would give birth to a classless socialist society, forever ending the conflict between rich and poor. Industrialization created the conditions in which Marx protested. Marx believed that social upheavals had in fact taken place and could take place again. Marx's views inspired socialist movements of of workers and intellectuals amid the harshness of Europe's industrialization. Socialists established political parties as well. Later on these ideas echoed among more radical trade unionists and some middle-class intellectuals. More violent and revolutionary movements were communist. Wages rose under pressure from unions, cheap imported foods improved diets of the working class, infant mortality rates fell, and shops and chain stores multiplied. Capitalist societies had the capacity for some reform, contrary to what Marx believed.
failure of socialism in the US
Marxist socialism did not take root in the United States because of the relative conservatism of major American union organizations, especially the American Federation of Labor. Its focus on skilled workers excluded the more radical unskilled laborers, and its refusal to align with any party limited its influence in the political arena. Furthermore, the immense religious, ethnic, and racial divisions of American society contrasted sharply with the more homogeneous populations of many European countries. Such differences undermined the class solidarity of American workers, making it far more difficult to sustain class-oriented political parties and a socialist labor movement. Moreover, the country's remarkable economic growth generated on average a higher standard of living for American workers than their European counterparts experienced. Land was cheaper, and home ownership was more available. Workers with property generally found socialism less attractive than those without.
Spread of Christianity in Africa
Military shook confidence in the old gods and local practices, fostering a new openness to a new supernatural power. Christianity was widely associated with Western education and many people found new opportunities and greater freedom in some association with missions. Thousands of African teachers, catechists, and pastors spread the religion to villages and local communities
altered ways of working in Asia and Africa
One of the most common transitions in the economic world of Asia and Africa was the introduction of wage labor. Wage labour became prevalent because families no longer had enough land to support their families, needed money, and were sometimes forced to by the government. In most cases, African and Asian people would take up work for wages throughout the European enterprise (i.e. plantations, mines, houses), even if it did not always pay the best. Often times, this work was overseas and sparked massive migrations as people traveled for labor
features of European colonial rule
One of the most distinct features of colonial rule was the counting and classification of colonial populations. In addition often times being incorporated into a European colony was a traumatic experience and came with many harsh outcomes for native people. Often times violence was used as a method to maintain order within colonies. Also, racism was born out of the ideas of social darwinism in colonies, and those who had never even considered race before became keenly aware of the way in which it could divide people.
middle class values in 19th century Britain
Politically they were liberals, favoring constitutional government, private property, free trade, and social reform within limits. Their agitation resulted in the Reform Bill of 1832, which broadened the right to vote to many men of the middle class, but not to middle-class women. Ideas of thrift and hard work, a rigid morality, and cleanliness characterized middle-class culture. Women in such middle-class families were increasingly cast as homemakers, wives, and mothers, and charged with creating an emotional haven for their men and a refuge from the capitalist world. They were also the moral center of family life and the educators of respectability as well as the managers of consumption.
use of capital in Latin America
Rapid growth of Latin American exports to industrializing countries, which now needed the food products, raw materials, and markets of these new nations. Around 1910, export boom increased the value of Latin American goods abroad by a factor of 10. Mexico continues to produce large amounts of silver, supplying more than half the world's new supply until 1860. Also, copper from Chile, tin from Bolivia, nitrates from Chile and guano from Peru. (others included bananas from Central America and coffee from Brazil) In return for these primary products, Latin Americans imported the textiles, machinery, tools, weapons, and luxury goods of Europe and the U.S. Accompanying this burgeoning commerce was large-scale investment of European capital in Latin America, $10 billion between 1870 and 1919 - most from Great Britain. France, Germany, Italy, and the U.S. also contributed. By, 1910, U.S. controlled 40% of Mexican property and produced half of its oil. Much of this capital was used to build railroads, largely to funnel Latin American exports to the coast, where they were shipped to overseas markets.
European encounters with Asia and Africa - 19th century
Rule by British, French, Germans, Italians, Belgians, Portuguese, Russians and Americans was a major part of the historical experiences of millions of Africans and Asians. Policies of colonial powers differed sharply and changed over time. Oppression of native people in both regions and exploitation of the natural resources of the conquered lands was common.
IR as a global phenomenon
Samuel Louis-Stevenson Carr; The IR was a response to the growing scarcity of natural fuel resources, as to supply a huge new growing population. In short, the Revolution allowed human society to progress with an exponentially expanding population, and also set the stage for the conflicts of the 20th century as well as the new need for fuel resources, either renewable or nonrenewable
Industrialization and violent revolution
Social unrest accompanied the Industrial Revolution, although it varied in its level of severity. In Europe, the only revolution as a result of the IR was the Russian Revolution of 1917. The tsarist Russia's tight rein on industry contributed to the working class's adoption of socialist, especially Marxist, ideas. In 1905, political unrest was unleashed in the form of peasant uprisings, strikes, and student demonstrations. The 1905 revolution was suppressed, but resulted in several state reforms, including a constitution, the legalization of trade unions and political parties and the election of a national assembly (Duma). The political reforms were granted reluctantly and failed to bring stability. The hardships of World War I gave revolutionist groups the opportunity to oust the monarchy and establish a new government. In the Revolution of 1917, the Bolsheviks, headed by Lenin, rose to power and were inspired by Marxist socialism. In Latin America, several violent uprisings occurred, but the only full-scale Revolution occurred in Mexico. Porfirio Diaz, the dictator of Mexico, was ousted by a group of middle-class reformers, workers, and peasants. The revolution lasted between 1910 and 1920 and cost the lives of 1 million Mexicans. Factionalism and regional conflicts prevented leaders like Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata to seize power on a long term basis. After the long conflict, Mexico had a new constitution, universal male suffrage, the redistribution of land, and worker's rights
racial segregation and discrimination in Africa and Asia
Sparked by waves of imperialism, colonies with large European populations, discrimination was common. During this era, Europeans began to view their race as superior, and had large influence in some government structures. In 1913, a law was passed in South Africa that made 88% of the land belong to whites, even though they made up only 20% of the population. Social Darwinism fueled these beliefs, and gave a scientific argument for discrimination
consequence of cash-crop agriculture
Standards of living for small farmers greatly improved, but this kind of agriculture interfered with the food production of the peasants that were working the fields. This kind of colonial development also had environmental consequences, such as the destruction of mangrove forests and the large generation of methane gas. African and Asian farmers were subject to uncertain rhythms of the international marketplace as well as those of the seasons and the weather.
when where and why industrialization happened first
The Industrial Revolution is said to have developed in Europe, especially Britain but also in other parts of the world. This all occurred about 1750. It occurred in Europe because European states were becoming highly competitive, new governments encouraged commerce and innovation, and institutions were established to promote innovation. Islamic areas, India, and China were also seen as part of the start of the Industrial Revolution because of the advances they made and the similarities in Eurasian societies of life expectancy, consumption and nutrition, wages, living standards, free markets, and prosperous merchant communities. In Britain the Industrial Revolution occurred because of cultural innovations, cultural output, the disappearance of guilds, an encouragement of innovation, and scientists worked closely with inventors
the IR and global migration
The Industrial Revolution prompted massive immigration, both internally and globally. The growing populations and displacement of peasant farmers led to influxes of countryside dwellers into European cities. Others left for the Americas, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. This resulted in racial divides in many countries, especially South Africa, and increased the total population of Europeans. Australia and New Zealand became settler colonies, but the Americas received the majority of European immigrants.
European overseas market expansion
The Industrial revolution gave rise to new economic needs, many of which found solutions abroad. The enormous productivity of industrial technology and Europe's growing affluence now created the need for extensive raw materials and agricultural products, many from places around the world. Europe also needed to sell its own products, as new industrial capitalism often produced more manufactured goods than its people could afford to buy. European investors also often found it more profitable to invest their money abroad than at home. Wealthy Europeans also saw social benefits to foreign markets, which served to keep Europe's factories humming and its workers employed. Imperialism promised to solve the class conflict of an industrialized society while avoiding Revolution or the serious redistribution of wealth. The growth of mass nationalism that came with this industrialization also made imperialism so broadly popular
scientific revolution and Great Britain
The Scientific Revolution took a distinctive form in Great Britain. In other parts of Europe, logic, deduction, and mathematical reasoning was the foundation. In Great Britain, emphasis was placed on observation, experimentation, precise measurements, mechanical devices, and practical commercial applications. Artisans and craftsmen were in close contact with each other, in contrast to the rest of Europe where those groups were separate. In 1660, the British Royal Society was established to promote and make available useful knowledge for inventors of all sorts. Therefore, science and technology was widespread in Great Britain before it was widely available in the rest of Europe and the remainder of the world.
colonization of New Zealand, Australia, and Hawaii in 19th century
The South Pacific territories of Australia and New Zealand, both of which were taken over by the British during the nineteenth century, were more similar to the earlier colonization of North America than to contemporary patterns of Asian and African conquest. In both places, conquest was accompanied by massive European settlement and diseases that reduced native numbers by 75 percent or more by 1900. Like Canada and the United States, these became settler colonies, "neo-European" societies in the Pacific.Aboriginal Australians constituted only about 2.4 percent of their country's population in the early twenty-first century, and the indigenous Maori were a minority of about 15 percent in New Zealand.With the exception of Hawaii, nowhere else in the nineteenth-century colonial world were existing populations so decimated and overwhelmed as they were in Australia and New Zealand.
the IR and Britain's geography
The country had a rich supply of coal and iron ore, often close in proximity to factories, allowing for quick and easy factory fuel and raw materials. Its island location also served as a fantastic port with access to the rest of Europe, along with the provision of protection against the Napoleonic invasions.
18th century energy crisis
The growth of the cotton textile industry might have been stunted or cut short if water from rivers and streams had remained the primary source of power for the new factories. There was rapid development in cotton textiles, and the industrial revolution was triumphing in Britain. The new factories needed energy, and the water and streams could not provide the necessary energy needed. Wood was in shorter supply, and the population of Britain was growing. They needed to find an alternate form of energy.
colonial rule in Africa and women
The lives of women were altered by colonial rule in Africa. Prior to European invasion, women were active farmers that were responsible for planting, reading, and harvesting in addition to food preparation and child care. A lot of women were also involved in local trading activity. Though they were clearly subordinate to men, women still had a measure of economic autonomy. After colonization, women became responsible for growing all food for the family because men were now focusing on growing cash crops. Also many men began leaving the home to either work on settler farms, in mines, or in cities. Because of this, women were often left on their own and in charge of maintaining the household. Women became much more independent.
Europe's IR and other civilizations
The roots of the Industrial Revolution laid within Europe in the respect that its capitalist society encouraged fostered innovation. Many European governments were still relatively new and needed revenue. Therefore, the merchant class was highly supported and encouraged to generate income for their countries. This, coupled with the competition between different European countries, encouraged innovation and the eventual Industrial Revolutions. This transformation had global roots in the respect that many Asian goods (like Indian cotton) were desired by Europeans, creating competition for these desired goods, and in turn stimulating Europe's Industrial Revolution. The Americas also encouraged the Industrial Revolution by providing Europe with even more goods such as silver.
Latin America after independence
The struggle for independence in Latin America lasted far longer and proved more destructive than in North America. Decimated populations, diminished herds of livestock, flooded or closed silver mines, abandoned farms, shrinking international trade and investment capital, and empty national treasures - these were among the conditions under which Latin American countries greeted independence. The four major administrative units of Spanish America ultimately dissolved into 18 separate countries, and regional revolts wracked Brazil early on. Political life was turbulent and unstable. Conservatives favored centralized authority and sought to maintain the social status quo of the colonial era in alliance with the Catholic Church, which at independence owned perhaps half of all productive land. In many countries, conflicts between these factions, often violent, enabled military strongmen known as caudillos to achieve power as defenders of order and property, although they too succeeded one another with great frequency. Constitutions were replaced. Social life did not change fundamentally in the aftermath of independence. Slavery, it is true, was abolished in most of Latin America by mid-century, except in Brazil and Cuba. Economic resources - still in hands of Creole Vast majority (blacks, Indians, mixed-race) - remained impoverished, working in small farms and in mines or plantations. A number of international wars shook these new nations. Peru & Bolivia briefly unified then broke apart in bitter conflict (1836-19839) Mexico lost huge territory to U.S. (1846-1848) Alliance of Argentina,Brazil, and Uruguay went to war with Paraguay (1864-1870) - devastated Paraguay's already small population
form of economic growth in Latin America
There was a huge growth in exports to the industrializing countries. They supplied food products and raw materials. Mexico continued to supply silver to the world (more than half the world's supply). Chile exported copper, Bolivia exported tin, Peru exported nitrates from Chile and guano (bird droppings), wild rubber came from the rainforests, sisal came from Mexico, Central America exported bananas, beef from Argentina, cacao from Ecuador, coffee from Brazil and Guatemala, and sugar from Cuba. Latin America imported textiles, machinery, tools, weapons, and luxury goods. There was a large-scale investment of European capital invested $10 billion between 1870 and 1919 (most came from Great Britain, who invested more in Argentina than its colony of India). U.S. also invested, owning 40% of all Mexican property and produced half of its oil. Most of all this capital was used to build railroads to help ship goods off to the coast where they will be traded in international markets.
Western education and colonial society
To some education was an escape from obligations of living under European control like forced labor. It meant access to better-paying positions in government bureaucracies, mission organizations, or business firms and with those salaries they had access to more goods. Education provided social mobility and ability to become more equal in a racially divided society. People ardently embraced European culture due to education. A divide of colonial subjects who were educated and those who were not became apparent. Western-educated men in India sought to reform society to be free of idolatry, caste restrictions, and other errors in Indian life. Europeans refused to treat Africans or Asians, even educated ones, as equals in modernizing Asian and African societies. The educated people of Asia and Africa eventually sought to get rid of imperialism
British women in the IR
Women in middle-class families were increasingly cast as homemakers, wives, and mothers, and charged with creating an emotional haven for their men and a refuge from the capitalist world. They were also the moral center of family life and the educators of respectability as well as the managers of consumption. Middle-class women played a very different role from women in the peasant farm or the artisan's shop, where wives, though clearly subordinate, worked productively alongside their husbands. By the late nineteenth century, however, some middle class women began to enter the teaching, clerical, and nursing professions.
Asian and African response to European colonial rule
could corporate because: many people found employment, status, and security in European-led armed forces, many princes and rulers that resided in conquered areas were able to maintain their legal status in order to help the Europeans run the nation, European education People that may rebel: local rulers who had lost power, landlords deprived of their estates, over-taxed peasants, weavers that had been displaced by machines, and religious rulers outraged by missionary preachings
18.3
depicts a cartoon from a satirical magazine from Britain. The man it depicts, Cecil Rhodes, wanted an unbroken train rail line across the whole side of Africa. The rifle and telegraph wire show the means of building it, through technology and military. The absence of african people suggests that western powers did not see the inhumanity of doing that/ not taking the people of africa into consideration
17.1
illustrates the growing tendency of Europeans to view "technology as the main measure of human achievement." Shows a family in a railroad compartment, returning home from a vacation. Family is from the upper class, showing how the upper class funded much of the Industrial Revolution, further showing how valued it was in Britain, specifically the railroad.
18.2
illustrates the widespread interest in the growing missionary enterprise in Africa as well as in the celebrated adventures of the intrepid explorers who penetrated the dangerous interior of the continent. It enabled ordinary Europeans to participate in exciting events in distant lands.
the IR and urbanization
new labor opportunities caused a population shift from the countryside to cities. Different societies sought reforms due to poor working conditions and other social flaws. There was a large population growth. Cities became centers of population growth and large percents of the population lived in cities. Large populations in cities led to poor working conditions and frequent epidemics.
resistance to colonial rule
periodic rebellions, both large and small. Most famous - the Indian Rebellion of 1857-1858, which was triggered by the introduction into the colony's military forces of a new cartridge smeared with animal fat from cows and pigs. Because Hindus venerated cows and Muslims regarded pigs as unclean, both groups viewed the innovation as a plot to render them defiled and to convert them to Christianity. Behind this incident were many groups of people with a whole series of grievances generated by the British colonial presence: local rulers who had lost power; landlords deprived of their estates or their rent; peasants overtaxed and exploited by urban moneylenders and landlords alike; unemployed weavers displaced by machine-manufactured textiles; and religious leaders exposed to missionary preaching. A mutiny among Indian troops in Bengal triggered the rebellion, which soon spread to other regions of the colony and other social groups. Soon much of India was aflame. Some rebel leaders presented their cause as an effort to revive an almost-vanished Mughal Empire and thereby attracted support from those with strong resentments against the British. Although it was crushed in 1858, the rebellion greatly widened the racial divide in colonial India and eroded British tolerance for colored natives. It made the British more conservative and cautious about deliberately trying to change Indian society for fear of provoking another rebellion. Moreover, it convinced the British government to assume direct control over India, ending the era of British East India Company rule in the subcontinent.
Reform in the US - early 20th century
progressives fought for social, political, and economic reforms. Civil rights movement for african americans Conservation of the environment Government reform Health and medical reform Upton Sinclair's "the Jungle" Labor reform Radical trade unionism Socialism Temperance Trust busting Women's rights
17.5
shows the class divide between the rich and the poor in Industrial britain. The top half of the painting shows the elite british class in a tropical location like India living lavishly while the poor British people are living below them in squalor.
17.3
shows women particularly young women who work in a mill during a break. In the background there is a man who appears to be the owner of the mill. The girls all seem like they are friends and they looked clean and in good condition. They are doing leisurely activities implying that work was not difficult. The whole painting gives off the message that encourages people to work in the mills and it demphasizes the class differences
employment of colonial subjects in European-owned mines, plantations, etc
unbeknownst to me (until as of 5 mins ago) some of the natives in the conquered lands of Europeans actually willingly cooperated with colonial authorities in order to find employment, status, and security. Driven by the need of money, by the loss of land to the Europeans, or by the order of the Europeans, millions of of subjects across asia and africa sought employment in european owned plantations, mines, construction projects, and homes. This often required migration to the work sites, even crossing oceans and going overseas. As a result, colonized migrants were joined by millions of chinese, japanese, and others who lived in more independent states. Together they generated vast streams of immigration. GUESS WHO IS DONE!!!!!!!!!!!! THIS GUY WOOOOHOOOOO
social impact of the IR
yo so there were many social changes that occurred due to the industrial revolution. For example, agriculture was the primary industry that people were involved in. then came along the IR (dun dun dunnn). Once the IR came around there was more than enough food to go around and so peeps started to travel into the cities in search for labor. Guess what they found?? Labor, who would've guessed? So now that they found jobs in manufacturing as well as mining for NON- renewable resources as well as manual labor for laying down railroads and all of the other things that happened during the IR, people began to rely on wages and money. As predicted by Marx (the devil himself) there was a small group of aristocrats and a large laboring class. Although this was foreseen by the devil himself, what was unforeseen was a developing middle class that made up about 30% of the population. This was different because the middle class was a little to a lot richer and had pride in not being in the laboring class. Therefore, the notion of a large scale transformation in the social struggle between the aristocracy and the bourgeois was averted.
forced labor in colonial economies
yo, so there was an exorbitant amount of forced labor in the African colonies as their was a large amount of violence that accompanied said forced labor. (an example of this could be the video we saw in class about the natives that had to get rubber and if they didn't they lost arms [@Danny Levesque]). In the African parts of the colonial economies there was a lot more forced labor compared to the European part of the colonial economies. On top of this, there was some forced labor in the Americas (more south and central, not MURICA YEAH WOOHOO FREEDOM) but it was not nearly as violent and widespread as in Africa. Many of the new ways of working that emerged had derived from the needs of colonial states. To be obvious, forced labor that was unpaid for was the worst. For example, france forced natives to work unpaid for 10-12 days per year. The British forced natives to work unpaid as well as King Leopold (refer to the video stated above). Also, there was the cultivation system of the Netherlands in which natives were forced to cultivate at least 20% of their land with cash crops such as sugar or coughee (coffee). the cultivation system allowed the Dutch to avoid taxing its own citizens as well as provide its capital for the IR (dun dun dunnn)
