WHAP Exam no
What was the "Shah-Nama"?
"Book of Kings" (not the Bible version) Epic poem by Firdawsi about the history of Persia
What was the fictional account of life at the court of the caliph al-Rashid?
"The Thousand and One Nights" ("Aladdin" is one of those stories)
Iconoclasm
"breaking of icons", most decisive ecclesiastic policy implemented by Byzantine emperors, destroyed religious works of art prohibiting their use in
Chinampas were the
"floating islands" utilized for intensive agricultural production.
Analects of Confucius
"something that is repeated" - a collection of Confucius' famous sayings
Islam means
"submission"
During the 3rd century, Rome underwent a prolonged period that came very close to destroying the empire. This period is known as the time of the
'Barracks Emperors' when Rome had 26 emperors in about 50 years
Zhu Xi
(1130-1200 CE) the most important representative of Song neo-Confucianism, he was a prolific writer; one of his most influential writings was Family Rituals.
Harun al Rashid
(786-809 C.E.) Was the caliph during the high point of the Abbasid dynasty. He provided liberal support for artists and writers, bestowed lavish and luxurious gifts on his favorites, and distributed money to the poor and the common classes by tossing coins into the streets of Baghdad.
Heian Japan
(794-1185 CE) the Japanese emperor moves the capital to Heian (Kyoto). The emperor is a figurehead and the real power is in the hands of the Fujiwara clan.
Nomadic
(of groups of people) tending to travel and change settlements frequently
One result of the Council of Nicea was to
* declare Arianism a heresy * establish the validity of church councils * establish a means of setting the biblical canon * establish the close relationship between church and emperor
The Carolingian empire collapsed during the 9th century because
* the structural limits of its expansion had been reached * the empire was divided among all of Louis's legitimate heirs * of Viking raids * the Abbasid and Scandinavian trading system broke down
One of the problems of the 3rd century caused by Rome's expansion was the
*fact that the empire was no longer centered on Rome *ever increasing number of people claiming Roman citizenship *dispersal of resources to the far-flung provinces of the empire *lack of defensible borders
Samurai
- were professional warriors, specialists in the use of forces and the arts of fighting
6. What was the role of the Mali empire in the Eurasian trade network? How did Mansa Musa influence its development?
.,......
How did the development of chivalry affect the noble classes?
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OB 高中 就在 邮局 旁边
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What city was not one of the cities fighting for control of the lakes at the time of the Aztec arrival in the valley of Mexico?
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What is scholasticism and what broader intellectual movements did it reflect? How did it contrast with popular relgion?
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书店 就在 鞋店的 旁边
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从学校 出來，先上 大学路
...
但 我没去 过书店
...
再 往前 走
...
再 往后 走
...
小白说 走到那里 太慢
...
就会 看到
...
就会 看到 路的右边 有一家 活动中心
...
就会 看到 路的左边 有一家鞋店
...
开车 很快 就能到。
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往右 一拐
...
快考试了
...
我 得 去 。。。
...
我 得 去 书店 买书 复习复习
...
路的右边
...
路的左边
...
过
...
过 一个 中国饭馆
...
一直 往北开
... yi1zhi2wang3bei3kai1
9. How did the development of the slave trade from 1000 to 1500 set the stage for the Atlantic slave trade to come?
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What did the monarchies that emerged in France and England have in common? How were they different?
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What was the Holy Roman Empire? How was the HRE none of those?
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What was the role of the textile industry in the European economy during this period
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Where and how did Europe expand during the Middle Ages?
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Where were the centers of the trade networks for Europe? Why there?
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During this period Europe saw the emergence of a new social class in the cities. Who were they? How did they make a place for themselves in the medieval social order?
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What do the journeys of the Polos represent about European society during the High Middle Ages?
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10. How did Christianity and Islam supplement native African religion in this period?
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What were the significant innovations in agriculture in Europe during this period? Hoe did each one lead to increased yield?
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先上
...Xian1 shang4
The Five Pillars
1. Allah is the only god and Muhammad is his prophet. 2. You must pray to Allah daily while facing Mecca. 3. Must observe a fast during the daylight hours of Ramadan. 4. Must contribute alms for the relief of the weak and the poor. 5. In honor of Muhammad's visit to Mecca those who are able to must undertake the Hajj (migration) and make one pilgrimage to Mecca.
9) How did the Turks come to topple the Byzantine empire?
1071 Saljuqs defeat Byzantine army, take emperor captive; they displaced Byzantine authorities and set up their own political and social institutions. They welcomed many conversions to Islam as well. In 1453 the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople.
In what year did Pope Urban II call for the first crusade?
1095
In what year was Jerusalem captured by Christian crusaders?
1099
During what period did the nomads of central Asia impact the other global civilizations of the Eastern Hemisphere during the post-classical era
1200-1400
The fall of Acre, the last crusader stronghold, occurred in what year? Why was this significant?
1291 European borrowing from Muslim world intensified.
Around what year did the Aztecs migrate to the central valley of Mexico?
1325
In what year did Tenochtitlan emerge as the dominant force in the central plateau?
1434
In what year did the Ottoman Turks successfully capture Constantinople and bring the Byzantine Empire to a close?
1453
What is the date of the fall of Constantinople?
1453
When did Constantinople fall to the Turks?
1453
In which crusade did the Westerners destroy Constantinople?
4th crusade
The religious practices that are incumbent on all Muslims are referred to as the
5 pillars of faith
The Byzantine Empire lasted from roughly
500-1450
The Byzantine Empire lasted from
500-1450 CE
When did Muhammad receive the first revelations that were eventually written down in the Quran?
610 C.E.
When did Muhammad recive the first revelations that were eventully written down in the Quran?
610 C.E.
What was the date of Muhammad's flight from Mecca to Medina?
622 C.E.
what was the date of muhhamads flight to mecca, and why is this significant
622C.E. it is the first year of the islamic calendar
The gospel accounts of Jesus' life were probably written between
70 and 100 CE
What was the date of the first Muslim raids into India? What was their purpose?
711 It happened because of a battle between the Umayyad army and Arab traders.
In what year was charlemagne able to establish a substantial, if temporary, empire in France and Germany?
800
The Toltecs established their capital in central Mexico around
968
the tenth century BCE refers to
999-900 years before the birth of the Christ
How was Roman society patriarchal?
?
In Rome, "natural law" referred to statements of general legal principles applicable to __.
?
In what ways did Julius Caesar expand his own power? In what way did he try to preserve the spirit of the republic?
?
In what ways did the army gain more and more influence in Roman politics?
?
What institution grew with the expansion of slavery?
?
What was the Roman Empire's attitude toward extension of citizenship?
?
Who are the individuals represented by SPAA? What is the basic claim to fame of each individual?
???
How was the social hierarchy of India transformed during the reign of the Guptas? A) In general restrictions against low-caste groups and women became harsher and more pervasive B) While restrictions against untouchables became more strict, women achieved greater equality during the Gupta period C) Brahmans and other upper-caste groups lost their clear social distinctiveness as Indian society became more open to social mobility D) The castes were abandoned and replaced by the tripartite system of general varnas
A
In addition to offering miraculous tales of Buddha's life, how did the monks devoted to Buddhism change its teachings in the years after Buddha's death? A) The monks equated Nirvana with heaven and stressed the salvationist qualities of the new religion B) The monks sought to downplay Buddha as a deity, attempted to limit admission to the religion to the upper-caste groups, and gained the cooperation of the brahmans C) The monks began to emphasize ritual sacrifices of animals as a means of gaining confidence of the people D) The monks ended the Buddha's emphasis on meditation and taught that all men were condemned to endless reincarnation
A
In comparison to the position of women in hunting and gathering societies, the social status of women in sedentary agricultural communities A. Declined B. Allowed them to monopolized the religious and political elites C. Stayed the same D. Improved
A
In what region was the culture of the Roman empire most continuous? A)Byzantine empire B)Sassanid empire C)small kingdoms of northern Africa D) Germanic kingdoms of northern europe
A
The greatest challenge to sedentary agriculture was a form of social organization based on intensive herding known as A. Pastoralism B. Hunting and gathering C. Civilization D. Bands
A
The period of Maurya rule in India: A) coincided with a great expansion in trade between the main centers of civilization in Eurasia and Africa B) was a period in which Buddhism was almost wiped out C) was one of the longest dynastic periods in Indian history D) broke up the substantial bureaucracy and existing postal service
A
What was the key function that assured the authority of the brahmans in southern kingdoms? A) Only the brahmans were capable of performing the rituals and sacrifices that obliged the gods to intervene in human affairs B) As the warrior elite, the brahmans controlled the military affairs of the southern kingdom C) As the commercial class of India, the brahmans were entirely responsible for the economic prosperity of the southern kingdoms D) The brahman class provided the members of all dynasties of the southern kingdoms
A
What was the status of women in the pre-imperial period in India? A) Within the family they were clearly subordinate to men, but they enjoyed greater occupational opportunities than was the case by the last centuries BC B) Women were clearly subordinate within the household and were unable to hold any occupations outside of it C) Women enjoyed great freedom within the household, but were unable to hold any occupation outside of it D) Women enjoyed equality within the household, but were restricted from reading the sacred texts
A
Which of the following represents the views of Xunzi, one of Confucius's disciples? A) Humans were by nature inclined to goodness and ought to be ruled in that fashion B) Humans were inclined to be lazy and evil and ought to be ruled by authoritarian government C) Humans ought to retreat from society and seek oneness with nature D) Government should be rigorous and based on strict laws harshly executed
A
Which of the following statement most accurately describes the nature of scientific achievement during the Hellenistic period? A) Scientific advance was most pronounced in astronomy and geography B) Scientific study was no supported by the regional dynasties after Alexander's death and generally declined C) In the fields of biology and medicine, many new advances were made D) After the third century BC, there was a renaissance of Hellenistic scientific advance that set new standards for empirical research
A
Which of the following was Rome's greatest political contribution? A) Roman law B) a bureaucracy selected through an examination system C) democracy D) centralized government
A
the term fro family descent and inheritance traced through the female line is a)matrilineal b)matrilocal c)patrilineal d)patrilocal
A
which of the following statements most accurately describes the geography of Mesoamerica? a)most of the region is desert with a small tropical zone in the sought b)from the tropical lowlands of the north the land falls again to an arid zone in the south c)Mesoamerica is a complex patchwork of zones that are divided vertically into cooler highlands, tropical lowlands and coasts, and an intermediate temperate zone d)most of the region is a flat featureless plain covered by a virtually impenetrable sod
A Mexico is a dessert- Costa Rica is tropical
Which of the emerging areas was NOT in contact with more established civilization centers and thus developed a less advanced material culture? A)Polynesia B)Northern Europe C)Japan D)Sub-Saharan Africa
A Polynesia was not part of the Indian ocean trade network
What was the chief religion of early Japan prior to the 5th century C.E.? a)Shinto b)Christianity c)Islam d)Buddhism
A Shinto is Japan's major religion at this time
which of the following statements best expresses one of the most distinctive similarities of Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations? a)both were strongly stratified with distinctive classes of nobles, priests, peasants and slaves b)both had religions that featured emphasis on preparation for and rituals relation the the afterlife c)both featured strong regional government at the expense of city-states d)neither culture was able to achieve advances in science and technology
A not B because Mesopotamia doesn't focus on afterlife
africa role in trade during the Classical period was a)that it was often in contact with other civilizations in cultures b)intermittent and indirect c)as the sole provider of slaves d)without valued and important trade goods as everyone was seeking East Asian goods
A not B because they are part of the sand roads and the indian ocean trade network
which of the following statements about early Buddhism in China is most accurate? a)the chines imposed some of their own values on Buddhism such as the importance of maintaining families and political loyalty to the state b) the Indian Buddhist who entered China separated themselves from Chines traditions and established regional communities that remained independent of the Chines state c)chines buddhism bore no resemblance to Indian Buddhism d)Daoists saw the emergence of Chines buddhism as an opportunity to overthrow the fundamental trend in China toward confucianism
A religions always synchronize with other traditions when they move into a new civilization
the creation of agricultural surpluses resulted in A)social stratification B)an industrial revolution C)matrilineal patterns of marriage D)a lack of social stratification
A surpluses=specialization=stratification
which of the following statements best describes the political philosophy of Shi Huangdi and his government? a)they wer opposed to any political philosophies other than the officially approved legalist doctrines b)the Qin government was essentially Daoist c)Shi Huangdi and his advisors followed the political philosophy of Mencius, one of Confucian's disciples d)Shi Huandgdi's government applied the concepts of many political philosophies including confucianism and Daoism
A the Qin dynasty was focused on Legalism
what was the status of buddhism in India following the fall of the Gupta empire? a)it continued to decline in the face of the Gupta preference for Hinduism and the dislike of the succeeding military rulers for Buddhist principles b)buddhism declined, but retained a presence in Indian because it was adopted by many of the Hunnic invaders c)buddhism was resurrected a sa major religion in India because it was adopted by many of the regional leaders who sought to buttress their authority d)Buddhism replaced Hinduism as the primary religion of the Indian pop
A the gupta empire was Hindu focused
Which classical civilization was first to decline? A)Han China B)Rome C)Gupta India D)they all declined at the same time
A the huns caused the collapse of all of them and the Huns were the closest to China so it happened there first
what was the roman empire's attitude toward extension of citizenship? a)unlike the republic, the empire extended citizenship to important groups outside of Rome and the Italian peninsula b)like the republic, the empire restricted citizenship to the original tribes of the city of rome c)the empire extended citizenship to the allies of the Italian peninsula, but no farther d)the citizenship of the Roman empire was actually smaller than that of the republic
A the republic was not as tolerant as the empire
How was the social hierarchy of India transformed during the reign of the Guptas? A)in general restrictions against low-caste groups and women became harsher and more persuasive B)while restrictions against untouchables became more strict, women achieved greater equality during the Gupta period C)brahmins and other upper-cast groups lost their clear social distinctiveness as Indian society became more open to social mobility D) the castes were abandoned and replaced by the tripartite system of general varnas
A women generally don't gain more rights as societies become more modern. Instead they often lose rights
Jewish Diaspora
A "scattering" of the Jewish people
Kiev
A city that linked Scandinavia and Byzantium. On the Dniper
Gathas
A collection of oral Zoroastrian works
roads
A engineering achievement that facilitated trade and communication across the land
satrapy
A form of administrative government that relies on administrators under a single emperor with centralized power
Hunter-Gatherer
A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild, foraging and hunting without significant recourse to the domestication of either plants nor animals
Royal Road
A large central stone road in the Persian Empire that connected Anatolia to Persepolis
Complex Institutions
A long lasting pattern of organization in a community
What seems to account for the decline of the cultures of southwestern North America?
A long period of drought in the 13th century
what was the nature of the economy during the Gupta period? a)the continued prosperity of the China-Rome axis allowed the continued development of international trade b)the indian economy entered a period of severe depression during which most trade and manufacturing ceased c)although the China-Rome trade axis declined, India remained the hub of the great indian ocean trading network d)technological crudity limited the ability of Indian manufacturing and agricultural productivity to expand
A or C can be either because no specific time frame is given if earlier would be C if later would be D
Pax Romana
A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.
Zoroastrianism
A religion that emerged in the Persian Empires and promoted morality and the struggle of good versus evil
Zoroastrianism
A religion that influenced the development of Christianity and Manicheaism
Gathas
A religious work made by Zarathustra that contains hymns praising Ahura Mazda
Seleucus
A ruler of Persia who encouraged Greek culture in Persian societies after Alexander's death
Seleucus
A ruler of Persia who maintained the Achaemenid form of government.
Persian Wars
A series of wars between Greece and Persia
Persian Wars
A series of wars that the Achaemenids ultimately lost.
eyes and ears of the king
A special spy unit made by Darius to quell conspiracy and oversee the actions of satraps
cosmopolitan
A word used to describe the Persian empires and the variety of people and cultures they embraced
What was the Shah-Nama?
A written history of Persia from creation to the Islamic conquests
Which of the following statements concerning the life of Buddha is NOT true? A) Buddha was born into one of the brahman clans B) Buddha was supposedly the son and heir of a local ruler C) Buddha renounced his claims to succeed his father and became a wandering holy man D) Buddha reached enlightenment while sitting under a Bo tree
A) Buddha was born into one of the brahman clans
Which of the following peoples did NOT live in the Andean region of South America? A) Hopewell B) Chavin C) Nasca D) Moche
A) Hopewell
Which of the following was not a Greek city-state? A) Istanbul B) Athens C) Sparta D) Olympia
A) Istanbul
Which of the following was NOT a change brought about during the rule of Julius Caesar? A) The Senate was abolished B) Caesar brought more Italians and other provincials into politics at the expense of old Roman families C) Caesar was named dictator for life D) Caesar named many new officials and judges
A) The Senate was abolished
Which of the following political figures at the end of the Roman republic was NOT a general? A) Tiberius Gracchus B) Marius C) Sulla D) Pompey
A) Tiberius Gracchus
Hunting and gathering bands normally consisted of groups of men and women numbering between A. 20 and 30 B. 30 and 50. C. 50 and 100. D. 100 and 500.
A. 20 and 30.
What invention of the Phoenicians exerted lasting influence in the Mediterranean region? A. A simplified trading alphabet based on Mesopotamian cuneiform B. Navigational technology such as the sextant C. New ship designs that shortened travel between Africa, Asia, and Europe D. A trade network linking Europe, Africa, and Asia
A. A simplified trading alphabet based on Mesopotamian cuneiform They devised a greatly simplified writing system with 22 letters around 1,300 B.C.E. that became the predecessor of Greek and Latin alphabets.
In densely populated Middle Eastern agricultural settlements, occupational specialization and political-military elites A. Advanced significantly B. Failed to develop C. Were retarded by the general failure of organized religion D. Remained at the level of hunting-and-gathering societies
A. Advanced significantly
Combinations of the ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that was result from human social interaction are referred to as A. Culture B. Society C. Civilization D. Social Stratification
A. Culture
Which of the following technological innovations was associated with the transition to sedentary agricultural communities? A. Digging sticks, axes, and plows B. Fire C. Wheeled vehicles D. Steel
A. Digging sticks, axes, and plows All of their tools were still very primitive, but essential to grow food and create a society. Digging sticks were used to break up soil, axes to clear out pre-existing vegetation, and plows to prepare the area for planting.
Which of the following technological innovations was associated with the transition to sedentary agricultural communities? A. Gigging sticks, axes, and plows B. Fire C. Wheeled vehicles D. Steel
A. Gigging sticks, axes, and plows
As early civilizations began to emerge, the creation of agricultural surpluses resulted in A. Heightened social inequalities B. An industrial revolution C. Matrilocal patterns of marriage D. A lack of social stratification
A. Heightened social inequalities The distribution of the food produced was based on social status, therefore heightening the already preexisting social inequalities.
How was the social hierarchy of India transfromed during the reign of the Guptas? A. In general restrictions against low-caste groups and women became harsher and more pervasive B. While restrictions against untouchables became more strict, women achieved greater equality during the Gupta period C. Brahmans and other upper-caste groups lost their clear social distinctiveness as Indian society became more open to social mobility D. The castes were abandoned and replaced by the tripartite sytem of general varnas
A. In general restrictions against low-caste groups and women became harsher and more pervasive As societies became more modern, women lost rights.
What was the "heart" of the Neolithic revolution that became the basis for the spread of human societies? A. Innovative technologies and modes of agrarian production B. Religion C. Hunting D. Architecture
A. Innovative technologies and modes of agrarian production
Which of the following statements concerning the three-field rotation system is most accurate? A. Introduced in the eighth century, the three-field rotation added acres to production by leaving only a third of the land unplanted B. The three-field system removed land from production by reserving two-thirds for fallow C. The three-field system was rapidly replaced after the eighth century by the two-field system that offered greater flexibility in terms of crop rotation D. The three-field system removed fallow fields and replaced them with nitrogen-bearing crops
A. Introduced in the eighth century, the three-field rotation added acres to production by leaving only a third of the land unplanted
What was the impact of the rise of the samurai on the peasantry in Japan? A. Japanese peasants were reduced to the status of serfs bound to the land they worked B. The samurai were critical to the development of a free peasantry on which the warriors depended for supplies of food and arms C. The creation of the samurai created a period of great social mobility in Japan during which people rapidly moved out of the peastantry and into the class of warriors D. Although separated from the warriors by rigid class barriers, the peasantry achieved greater levels of personal freedom and economic prosperity
A. Japanese peasants were reduced to the status of serfs bound to the land they worked
Which of the following was a result of the Hundred Years War during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries? A. Kings reduced their reliance on feudal forces in favor of paid armies B. An English victory at Calais would bring the conflict to final conclusion C. Mounted knights continued their dominance over foot soldiers and archers D. Major battles resulted in enormous loss of life over the course of war
A. Kings reduced their reliance on feudal forces in favor of paid armies
All of the following factors may have led to the adoption of sedentary agriculture EXCEPT A. Less labor was required for sedentary agriculture than for hunting and gathering B. Climate changes leading to changes in the grazing locations of game animals C. Climatic changes leading to changes in plant ecology D. An increase in human population
A. Less labor was required for sedentary agriculture than for hunting and gathering As a matter of fact, agriculture required more work than their previous lifestyle. While before they could just hunt once every three days or so, and gather periodically. Now they worked far more frequently to tend to their crops.
Which answer best describes the level of trade in the Abbasid empire? A. Long-distance trade with Africa, the Mediterranean, India, and China continued to flourish despite periodic interruption B. Trade with the East grew, but the Crusades eliminated the western trade routes C. Trade with Africa and the Mediterranean continued to expand, but the wars in India disrupted the eastern trade routes D. As a whole, long-distance trade along the traditional caravan routes virtually ceased during the Abbasid empire
A. Long-distance trade with Africa, the Mediterranean, India, and China continued to flourish despite periodic interruption
By about 7000 B.C.E., techniques of agricultural production in the Middle East had reached a level that A. Made it possible for the establishment of the first towns B. Made possible the establishment of huge cities C. Forced a return to hunting and gathering D. Allowed most people to engage in other occupations
A. Made it possible for the establishment of the first towns
Which of the following happened after Muhammad's death in 632? A. Many of the Bedouin tribes renounced Islam B. Islam ceased to exist until it was reestablished under the Umayyad dynasty at Damascus C. After a lengthy period of grief, the tribes selected a new leader based on the established principle of succession in the Qu'ran D. A military commander, Khalid ibn al-Walid, was chosen as a leader of Islam
A. Many of the Bedouin tribes renounced Islam
Which of the following statements best describes the early kingdoms established in northern India? A. Most of them were republics ruled collectively by a council made up of the free warrior elite B. As the warrior elite, the brahmans controlled the military affaits of the southern kingdoms C. As the commercial class of India, the brahmans were entirely responsible for the economic prosperitiy of the southern kingdoms D. The brahman class provided the member of all of the dynasties of the southern kingdoms
A. Most of them were republics ruled collectively by a council made up of the free warrior elite
In general, how did Islam spread in southeast Asia? A. Port cities were points of dissemination to other links in trading networks B. Most of southeast Asia was converted to Islam after the military victories of Qutb-ud-din Aibak C. Islam was carried to southeast Asia from China D. Trade to southeast Asia from Africa and Persia established Islamic centers on the mainland from which conversation took place
A. Port cities were points of dissemination to other links in trading networks
Compared to river valley cultures in Egypt and Mesopotamia, Chinese civilization A. Probably developed after civilizations in the Nile Valley and Mesopotamia B. Appears to have been organized along more democratic lines C. Seems to have had substantially less wealth than did Egypt and Mesopotamia D. Did not rely on heavy irrigation, as year-round water was plentiful
A. Probably developed after civilizations in the Nile Valley and Mesopotamia Mesopotamia was the first civilization to develop, then the Babylonians, later the Egyptians, and even later the Chinese.
Which of the following was Rome's greatest political contribution? A. Roman law B. A bureacracy selected through an examination system C. Democracy D. Centralized government
A. Roman law
The creation of agricultural surpluses resulted in A. Social stratification B. An industrial revolution C. Matrilocal patterns of marriage. D. A lack of social stratification.
A. Social stratification
What was the primary cultural contribution of the Muslims during the Abbasid period? A. The Muslims were able to recover and preserve the works of the ancient philosophers and mathematicians and to transmit this knowledge from one civilization to another B. The Muslims became extraordinarily adept at portraiture, focusing on depictions of Muhammad and the early Caliphs C. Although the material culture of the Abbasid period remained poor, Muslims were able to make some advances in music D. Islamic learning was necessarily unique, as there was no access to the ancient traditions of philosophy and science
A. The Muslims were able to recover and preserve the works of the ancient philosophers and mathematicians and to transmit this knowledge from one civilization to another
In addition to offering miraculous tales of Buddha's life, how did the monks devoted to Buddhism change his teachings in the years after Buddha's death? A. The monks equated Nirvana with heaven and stressed the salvationist qualities of the new religion B. The monks sought to downplay Buddha as a deity, attempted to limit admission to the religion to the upper-caste groups, and gained the cooperation of the Brahamans C. The monks began to emphasize ritual sacrifices of animals as a means of gaining the confidence of the people D. The monks ended the Buddha's emphasis of meditation and taught that all men were condemned to endless reincarnation
A. The monks equated Nirvana with heaven and stressed the salvationist qualities of the new religion
All of the following were outcomes of Justinian's wars of reconquest EXCEPT A. The permanent addition of Italy to the Byzantine Empire B. Increased tax pressures on the government C. Military successes in north Africa and Italy D. The weakening of the empire's defenses on its eastern frountiers
A. The permanent addition of Italy to the Byzantine Empire
Which of the following represents a difference between the spread of civilization in eastern and western Europe? A. The two regions produced different versions of Christianity that were culturally, as well as organizationally, separate B. Only eastern Europe developed north-south commercial ties C. Centralized government and well-organized bureaucracy was more a feature of western Europe than Eastern Europe D. Eastern Europe retained less fully the culture of the later Roman empire than did western Europe
A. The two regions produced different versions of Christianity that were culturally, as well as organizationally, separate
What was the initial response of the Umayyads to Muhammad's new faith? A. They regarded him as a threat to their wealth and power as he questioned the traditional gods of the Ka'ba B. They sought to protect him from the plot on his life by the Banu Hashim C. The Umayyads immediately accepted Muhammad as their religious and political leader and the chief power in Mecca D. The Umayyads simply ignored Muhammad as an insignificant member of a powerless clan
A. They regarded him as a threat to their wealth and power as he questioned the traditional gods of the Ka'ba
What was the central purpose of the reforms of 646 in Japan? A. To remake the Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor B. To destroy the Confucian scholar-gentry in favor of a military aristocracy C. To increase the power of the Buddhist monastic structure D. The destruction of the traditional peasant-conscript army
A. To remake the Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor
What was the difference between the Islamic invasions of India and previous incursions of the subcontinent? A. With the Muslims, the peoples of India encountered for the first time a large-scale influx of invaders with a civilization as sophisticated as their own B. With the Muslims, the peoples of India encountered for the first time an invasion from the west rather than the east C. The Muslims were rapidly able to unify all of India into a single empire D. The Muslims, unlike previous invaders, bypassed the Gangetic plain in preference for southern India
A. With the Muslims, the peoples of India encountered for the first time a large-scale influx of invaders with a civilization as sophisticated as their own
What was the status of women in the pre-imperial period in India? A. Within the family they were clearly subordinate to men, but they enjoyed greater occupational opportunities than was the case by the last centuries B.C.E. B. Women were clearly subordinate within the household and were unable to hold any occupations outside of it C. Women enjoyed great freedom withint the household, but were unable to hold any occupations outside of it D. Women enjoyed equality within the household, but were restricted from reading the sacred texts
A. Within the family they were clearly subordinate to men, but they enjoyed greater occupational opportunities than was the case by the last centuries B.C.E.
The probable cause of the decline of the Natufian Complex after 9000 BCE was A. a climate change that caused the region to become more arid. B. An invasion by "barbarians." C. A natural disaster, possibly an earthquake D. An unknown epidemic disease.
A. a climate change that caused the region to become more arid.
In densely populated Middle Eastern agricultural settlements, occupational specialization and political military elites A. advanced significantly. B. failed to develop. C. were retarded by the general failure of organized religion. D. remained at the level of hunting and gathering societies.
A. advanced significantly.
Combinations of the ideas, objects, and patterns of behavior that result from human social interaction are referred to as A. culture. B. society. C. civilization. D. social stratification.
A. culture
Which of the following facilitated the development of the first civilization? A. irrigation systems B. Supplementary hunting and gathering C. Monumental architecture D. Roads and transportation systems
A. irrigation systems
All of the following may have led to the adoption of sedentary agriculture EXCEPT A. less labor was required for sedentary agriculture than for hunting and gathering B. climate changes leading to changes in the grazing locations of game animals. C. climate changes leading to changes in plant ecology. D. an increase in human population.
A. less labor was required for sedentary agriculture than for hunting and gathering
The term for family descent and inheritance traced through the female line is A. matrilineal. B. matrilocal. C. patrilineal. D. patrilocal.
A. matrilineal.
Racial concepts of civilization were utilized to justify A. nineteenth-century imperialism B. the establishment of the Shang dynasty in China. C. the Roman Empire. D. the enslavement of conquered peoples in the ancient world.
A. nineteenth-century imperialism.
The reason that civilization appeared at an early date in the Middle East was that A. settled agriculture, dependent on irrigation systems, had emerged there. B. there was a higher concentration of humans in this region than anywhere else. C. There was no hunting and gathering societies in the region. D. It was the only region in the world to develop sedentary agriculture.
A. settled agriculture, dependent on irrigation systems, had emerged there.
Which of the following is unique to the Hindu religion compared to other major world religions?
Absence of a central founding figure
By 1500, what was the agriculture like in Americas?
Adaption to different ecological situation
Advanced Technology
Add technological innovations to existing technology; New tools and techniques to solve problems that emerged when a large group of people live together
What was Vergil's epic poem celebrating the foundation of Rome?
Aeneid
***Impact of Africa on Sub-Saharan Africa?
Africa never totally isolated from Mediterranean
Political and religious universatility in Africa
Africa never totally isolated from Mediterranean
Explain why Africa was denied their history
Africa was denied their history because of oral tradition. They passed down stories through storytelling instead of writing them down. So eventually they were slowly forgotten, and with no written history they have none. The white attitude of superiority caused much of early African artifacts and buildings to be dismissed as the work of whites, therefore leaving the Africans with nothing of their own. Lastly, much of these African artifacts was looted by treasure seekers and/or was put into vaults.
What was one of the major differences between African civilizations and other post classical societies?
African civilizations built somewhat less clearly on prior precedent than did other post classical societies.
What was one of the major differences between African civilizations and other post classical societies?
African civilizations were built somewhat less clearly on prior precedent than was the case in other post-classical societies.
hat was one of the major differences between African civilizations and other post classical societies?
African civilizations were built somewhat less clearly on prior precedent than was the case in other post-classical societies.
-Juula were...?
African traders associated with the Mali Empire.
What was the result of the conflict over the use of religious images in the Orthodox church?
After a long and complex battle, icon use was gradually restored, while the tradition of state control over church affairs was also reasserted.
Arab Muslims
After the 7th century what group posed the greatest threat to the easter frontiers of the Byzantine Empire
Greek
After the reign of Justinian what was the official language of the eastern empire
The person responsible for the Greek invasion of the Indus river valley was
Alexander the Great
The person responsible for the conquest of the Persian Empire was
Alexander the Great
What was the result of the first civil war between Ali and the Umayyads?
Ali's faction fell apart, despite their early successes, which led to an eventual Umayyad victory and assasination of Ali
the empire's conquest of the Ottoman Empire and its inclusion of all of the Middle East
All are a significance of Byzantine Empire except
the permanent addition of Rome to the Byzantine Empire
All of the following were outcomes of Justinian's wars of reconquest except
What was the Inca practice of split inheritance?
All political power and titles went to the ruler's successor, but his wealth was kept in the hands of the male descendants to support the cult of the dead Inca's mummy.
What was the Inca practice of split inheritance?
All political power and titles went to the ruler's successor, but his wealth was kept in the hands of the male descendants to support the cult of the dead ruler's mummy.
What was the religious policy of the Mongol empire under Chinggis Khan?
All religions were tolerated in his empire
What was the religious policy of the Mongol empire under Chingiss Khan?
All religions were tolerated in his empire
Which of the following statements about feudalism is most accurate?
Although it inhibited the development of strong central states, some kings were able to use feudalism to build their own power
What was the nature of the economy during the Gupta period?
Although the China-Rome trade axis declined, India remained the hub of the great Indian Ocean trading network
Tang Taizong
Ambitious and ruthless, murdered two of his brothers and pushed his father aside to take the throne of the Tang dynasty. He built a splendid capital at Chang'an. Banditry ended during his reign
What was one of the major differences between the resources available in the Americas and those in Asia and the Mediterranean?
American Indians domesticated plants whose caloric output was greater than any of the grains raised in Europe or Asia
Postal Service
An intellectual achievement used to assist the administrators of the Persian Empires
Which of the following ancient text did not serve as a spiritual guide to salvation for those who lived by it?
Analects
Which people lived in the cave dwellings at Mesa Verde?
Anasazi
Difference in political situation between Mesoamerica and Andean areas after breakup of classical states?
Andean zone had large states, but power breakdown in Mesoamerica
A religious outlook that sees many gods in many aspects of nature and uses them to help "control" and explain nature
Animism
Before Muhammads revelations, Bedouins religion was
Animism and polytheism
-Which of the following statements best describes the indigenous religion of much of sub-Saharan Africa?
Animistic religion ¹ belief in the power of natural forces personified as deities ¹ characterized much of Africa.
Which of the following was NOT a power of the papacy after 500?
Appointment of all bishops
Who are the Bedouins?
Arab camal nomads
In the earliest stages of city-state development, the poleis were largely ruled by
Aristocrats
What wa the status of artisans in Abbasid cities?
Artisans were free men who owned their own tools and who formed guild-like organizations to negotiate wages
What was the status of artisans in Abbasid cities?
Artisans were free men who owned their own tools and who formed guild-like organizations to negotiate wages.
Where were the Inca nobility drawn from?
Artistic traditions of Andean predecessors and skills of subject peoples
What was the trend of urbanization during much of the Abbasid Empire?
Artists and artisans continued achievements in architecture and art that was started in the Umayyad period.
The Vedas of Hinduism
Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century B.C.E.
What was the position of the brahmans in the kingdoms of the Ganges plain and southern India?
As educators, bureaucrats, and religious authorities, the brahmans often held more power than the members of the warrior elite who served as kings
Which of the following areas of the Byzantine Empire was not conquered by the muslims by 650 C.E.?
Asia Minor
What was the military title taken by the later rulers of Songhay?
Askia
Which pair of rulers underwent a religious conversion process that had a broad-based impact on the lands under their control?
Asoka and Constantine
As a theologian, Pope Gregory I is regarded as the successor to
Augustine
Although the Roman Republic had greatly increased the territory ruled by Rome, under the emperors even more territory was added to the empire with _____ adding more than any other ruler.
Augustus
The cultural and intellectual developments of the Roman republic came to fruition during the reign of
Augustus
What was Augustus' attitude toward the republican institutions after his establishment of the empire?
Augustus retained many of the institutions and offices of the republic, including the Senate, but took actual power in his own hands
Which of the following statements concerning Aztec religion in most accurate?
Aztec deities were normally associated with only male forms
While the position of Aztec women in many ways paralleled that of women in other civilizations at a similar stage of development, what was the significant difference between the lives of women in Mesoamerica and in the Mediterranean world?
Aztec women had to spend many more hours grinding grain for food
Who had a writing system: the Incas or the Aztecs?
Aztecs
Who were the northern nomadic people who entered central Mex. following the decline of Teotihuacan?
Aztecs
the people who succeeded the Toltecs as the rulers of central Mexico were the
Aztecs
What was the cult of the sun?
Aztecs and Incas held the sun to be the highest deity and considered the Inca to be the sun's representative on earth.
How did the literary production of Hellenistic Greek culture compare to that of the Hellenic period? A) While histories ceased to be written and the epic declined, Hellenistic Greece saw the zenith of dramatic production B) For the first time since the Homeric period, new Greek epics were widely disseminated C) Levels of literacy fell throughout the geek world, and most of the Hellenic works were lost D) Historical information was elaborated, and historical biography came into its own
B
Neanderthals probably A. Shared their belief in life after death with homo sapiens B. Mated with homo sapiens and contributed to DNA to modern homo sapiens C. Taught their intensive hunting methods to homo sapiens D. Had little impact on the development of homo sapiens
B
Rome paralleled Greece in many ways EXCEPT: A) economic structure B) the ability to establish long-lasting empire C) culture D) politics
B
The concept of civilization based on racial characteristics was A. Common among the Chinese B. Developed by thinkers in western Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries C. Never taken seriously D. Adopted by the Romans and the Greeks
B
What were the causes of the disputes that arose after 700 BC in the city-states of Greece? A) disagreement over the boundaries among the various city-states B) commercial expansion and the problems of small landowners in the new economy C) a decrease in the number of available slaves during to changes in the economy D) the imposition of a universal income tax on all Greeks
B
Which of the following statements best describes the early kingdoms established in northern India? A) Most of them were republics ruled collectively by a council made up of the free warrior elite B) Like the Greek mainland, the kingdoms were actually city-states ruled by aristocratic councils C) The early kingdoms were based on a strongly centralized monarchy with well-established bureaucracies D) Early political organization among the kingdoms amounted to little more than hunting-and-gathering tribes
B
Which of the following statements best describes the function of philosophy in Greek culture? A) It sought to devise a system of rewards and punishments in the afterworld B) It established ethical systems based on rational definition of right and wrong C) It set up ethical systems based on the struggle between the cosmic forces of good and evil D) Philosophy was largely ignored in Hellenistic society
B
Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning the Persian religion of Zoroastrianism? A) It was a polytheistic B) It featured a pantheon of male and female deities who acted very much like humans C) The righteous lived on after death in the "House of Song" D) Zoroaster saw life as a struggle between two cosmic forces of good and evil
B
Which of the following statements most accurately describes Cicero? A) He was a radical politician who supported Julius Caesar and who argued from the destruction of the republic B) He was a conservative politician who favored retention of the republic C) Cicero argued strongly for the exclusion of Greek influences from Roman culture and literature D) Cicero supported Octavian and emerged as a major figure during the early Roman empire
B
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the degree of urbanization in Han China? A) The capital at Xianyang may have numbered as many as 250,000 people, but there were few other cities B) China may have been the most urbanized civilization in the world with may large cities numbering in the thousands C) As a result of the constant warfare during the Han dynasty, few cities were able to survive D) Aside from walled agricultural complexes dominated by the regional aristocracy, there were few walled cities
B
which of the following statements concerning the geography of Africa is most correct? a)it lies in the tropics and contains mostly rain forests with the exception of the Sahara desert b)it lies mostly in the tropics but its surface is covered mainly by savannas, arid plains, and deserts. c)it lies primarily within temperate climatic zones, and consists mainly of grassy plains broken by occasional mountain ranges d)despite its location in a temperate zone, most of Africa is desert
B Africa is very diverse
Rome paralleled Greece in all of the following ways except which of the following? A)Economic Structure B)the ability to establish a long-lasting empire C)culture D)politics
B Greeks don't create a long lasting empire because they are not unified (city-states)
which of the following activities was NOT practiced by Buddhsit monks following the conversion of the Japanese? a)monks served as advisors to the emperor and regional lords b)monks stressed scriptural passages that supported rule by a strong monarch through a centralized state c)monks introduced the Chines chronicles as a model for the first histories of Japan d)monks destroyed the Shinto shrines that had existed throughout Japan
B monks were warrior like
the people responsible for the great population movement that originated in eastern Nigeria in West Africa and spread throughout the continent were the a)almoravids b)bantu c)Masai d) maori
B not A because they are Islamic not c because they are in the Sahara dessert and are Pastoralists so tend to stay in a similar area where agriculture is not possible not d because in new zealand
Which of the following statements about the Mayan culture is NOT true? A) They possessed a sophisticated calendrical system based on both a sacred cycle and the solar year B) Despite their technological sophistication, the Maya failed to develop a system of writing C) The Maya cosmos consisted of a flat Earth with dominant deities at its center and cardinal points to support the heavens D) There were numbers of city-states in Mayan civilization that engaged in virtually constant warfare
B) Despite their technological sophistication, the Maya failed to develop a system of writing
Which of the following statements most accurately describes Cicero? A) He was a radical politician who supported Julius Caesar and who argued for the destruction of the republic B) He was a conservative politician who favored retention of the republic C) Cicero argued strongly for the exclusion of Greek influences from Roman culture and literature D) Cicero supported Octavian and emerged as a major figure during the early Roman empire
B) He was a conservative politician who favored retention of the republic
Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning the Persian religion of Zoroastrianism? A) It was polytheistic B) It featured a pantheon of male and female deities who acted very much like humans C) The righteous lived on after death in the "House of Song" D) Zoroaster saw life as a struggle between two cosmic forces of good and evil
B) It featured a pantheon of male and female deities who acted very much like humans
Which of the following determined the sort of person that a soul would be attached to in its next reincarnation? A) Dharma B) Karma C) Wealth D) Mandala
B) Karma
Which of the following statements about the kingdom of Macedon is NOT true? A) Macedon lay north of Greece, but its inhabitants did speak Greek and were interested in Greek culture B) Macedonia, like mainland Greece, was divided into numerous city-states C) Macedon possessed a stronger military force after the reign of King Philip II (359-336 B.C.E.) D) Philip II began a series of military campaigns against the city-states of the Greek mainland
B) Macedonia, like mainland Greece, was divided into numerous city-states
Rome paralleled Greece in all ways EXCEPT which of the following? A) Economic structure B) The ability to establish a long-lasting empire C) Culture D) Politics
B) The ability to establish a long-lasting empire
Which of the following statements concerning the impact of Islam on sub-Saharan Africa is most accurate? A. Islam cut off north Africa from the regions of sub-Saharan Africa B. Although Africa had never been totally isolated from the Mediterranean, the spread of Islam brought large areas of Africa within the global community C. With the conversion of regions of the continent to Islam, Africa became the center of the Islamic world D. Despite widespread conversion of Africans to Islam, the continent remained outside the trading sphere of the Islamic world
B. Although Africa had never been totally isolated from the Mediterranean, the spread of Islam brought large areas of Africa within the global community
The features of the Jewish concept of monotheism influenced religious observance and tradition in the Middle East in all the following ways EXCEPT A. A more abstract notion of God that discouraged anthropomorphic representations of divinity B. An emphasis on proselytizing because of the importance Jews placed on converting non-Jews C. An emphasis on a strong, masculine creator god for protection and guidance that challenged animist notions of religious plurality D. The links between ethical and moral conduct transformed religion from a set of rituals to a way of life
B. An emphasis on proselytizing because of the importance Jews placed on converting non-Jews
Which of the following statements best describes the indigenous religion of much of sub-Saharan Africa? A. Much of sub-Saharan Africa was Christian B. Animistic religion, belief in the power of natural forces and personified as deities, characterized much of Africa C. African religion prior to the arrival of the Muslims was typified by an independent form of monotheism characterized by worship in monumental temple complexes D. Uniquely, African societies lacked religious principles prior to the arrival of the Christians and Muslims
B. Animistic religion, belief in the power of natural forces and personified as deities, characterized much of Africa
Pastoralism has NOT thrived in which of the following areas? A. The savanna zone of east and South Africa B. Australia C. Central Asia D. The Sudanic belt south of the Sahara desert
B. Australia
Which of the following regions did NOT originate an agricultural system? A. Egypt B. Australia C. The Huanghe valley of China D. The Middle East
B. Australia All three of the other River Valley civilizations were founded upon agriculture, otherwise their cities would not have been possible.
In sedentary agricultural communities, social distinction were heightened, A. And organization into distinct classes occurred B. But well-defined social stratification and class identity was nonexistent C. But there was little division of labor and occupational specificity D. But no political elites emerged
B. But well-defined social stratification and class identity was nonexistent While there were no social classes, the surplus and production of food created an unfair shift of work load. Some labored all day, while others had no agricultural or economic investment, but monopolized the civilization by decision-making. It also lead to specialization.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the degree of urbanization in Han China? A. The capital at Xianyang may have numbered as many as 250,000 people, but there were few other cities B. China may have been the most urbaized civilization in the world with many large cities numbering in the thousands C. As a result of the constant warfare during the Han dynasty, few cities were able to survive D. Aside from walled agricultural complexes dominated by the regional aristocracy, there were few walled cities
B. China may have been the most urbaized civilization in the world with many large cities numbering in the thousands
What were the causes of the disputes that arose after 700 B.C.E. in the city-states of Greece? A. Disagreement over the boundaries among the various city-states B. Commerical expansion and the problems of small landowners in the new economy C. A decrease in the number of available slaves due to changes in the economy D. The imposition of a universal income tax on all Greeks
B. Commerical expansion and the problems of small landowners in the new economy
What was the status of women during the Han dynasty? A. Women enjoyed equal status with males during the Han dynasty B. Despite the Confucian requirement for female deference to males, women had their own clearly defined roles in the family and could sometimes gain power through their sons and as mothers-in-law C. Despite the Confucian requirement for male deference to females, women had less freedom than during later dynasties D. The demeaned status of women meant that they were at the whim of their sons and sons-in-law, who often mistreated them
B. Despite the Confucian requirement for female deference to males, women had their own clearly defined roles in the family and could sometimes gain power through their sons and as mothers-in-law
The concepts of civilization based on racial or biological differences was A. Well established in the early Chinese dynasties B. Developed by thinkers in western Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries C. Adopted by the Romans and the Greeks D. Never taken seriously
B. Developed by thinkers in western Europe in the 18th and 19th centuries
How did the introduction of feudal monarchy into England compare to the political experience of France? A. English feudal monarchy developed more gradually and slowly in response to the improving economy B. English feudal monarchy was introduced abruptly after 1066, while French feudal monarchy developed more slowly C. French feudal monarchy arose almost immediately in the tenth century as a result of the defeat of the Normans D. France failed to develop feudal monarchy until the fifteenth century
B. English feudal monarchy was introduced abruptly after 1066, while French feudal monarchy developed more slowly
Which of the following was utilized in the Inca Empire, but NOT by the Aztecs? A. A semi-divine emperor B. Extensive use of colonization C. Use of local rulers in exchange for recognition of sovereignty D. Identification of the nobility with the administrative and military functions of the state
B. Extensive use of colonization
In what way did footbinding serve to diminish the independence of Chinese women by the end of the Song era? A. Because footbinding could only be afforded by the elite, poorer women were assigned to a lower social status B. Footbinding sufficiently crippled women to effectively confine their mobility to their household C. As footbinding was required in order to practice certain professions, Chinese women found that occupational alternatives were diminished D. Footbinding, although considered socially attractive, was condemned by Neo-Confucians who used the practice as a means of relegating Chinese women to subordinate roles
B. Footbinding sufficiently crippled women to effectively confine their mobility to their household
How did the literary production of Hellenisitic Greek culture compare to that of the Hellenic period? A. While histories ceased to be written and the epic declined, Hellenistic Greece saw the zenith of dramatic production B. For the first time since the Homeric period, new Greek epics were widely disseminated C. Levels of literacy fell throughout the Greek world, and most of the Hellenic works were lost D. Historical information was elaborated, and historical biography came into its own
B. For the fist time since the Homeric period, new Greek epics were widely disseminated
Which of the following represents the views of Xunzi, one of Confucius's disciples? A. Humans were by nature inclined to goodness and ought to be ruled in that fashion B. Humans were inclined to be lazy and evil and ought to be ruled by authoritarian government C. Humans ought to retreat from society and seek oneness with nature D. Government should be rigorou sand based on strict laws harshly executed
B. Humans were inclined to be lazy and evil and ought to be ruled by authoritarian government
Catal Huyuk, one of the early agricultural communities, was located A. in Egypt. B. in southern Turkey. C. in the Jordan River Valley. D. in the Huang-he River Valley.
B. In southern Turkey.
Which of the following statements best describes the function of philosophy in Greek culture? A. It sought to devise a system of rewards and punishments in the afterworld B. It established ethical systems based on rational definitions of right and wrong C. It set up ethical systems based on the struggle between the cosmic forces of good and evil D. Philosophy was largely ignored in Hellenic society
B. It established ethical system based on the rational definitions of right and wrong
What was the Aztec view of history? A. They believed in a linear view of history dedicated to the premise of Aztec superiority for eternity B. Like other Mesoamerican peoples, the Aztecs believed in a cynical pattern of repetitive destructions of the world C. Unlike other Mesoamerican peoples, the Aztecs rejected the cynical view of history for a more modern historical view based on the history of their empire D. Because they lacked a calendar system, the Aztecs had no formal historical viewpoint
B. Like other Mesoamerican peoples, the Aztecs believed in a cynical pattern of repetitive destructions of the world
The term for young men going to live with their wives' families is A. matrilineal. B. matrilocal. C. Patrilineal. D. Patrilocal.
B. Matrilocal.
Most human societies in the Paleolithic Age consisted of A. Urbanized civilizations B. Small groups of hunters and gatherers C. Sedentary agricultural groups D. Cave-dwelling bands
B. Small groups of hunters and gatherers Early Paleolithic peoples hunted big game and gathered fruits and berries, producing enough food to support their small band but not enough for a society.
Most human societies in the Paleolithic Age consisted of A. Urbanized civilizations B. Small groups of hunters and gatherers. C. Sedentary agricultural groups. D. Cave-dwelling bands.
B. Small groups of hunters and gatherers.
Which of the following best explains why Islam was readily adopted by rulers within the Sudan? A. They were all conquered by overwhelming Muslim armies and forcibly converted to Islam B. The Muslim concept of a ruler who united civil and religious authority reinforced traditional ideas of kingship C. The Muslim concept of religious equality allowed rulers to dispose of the traditional clans and lineages of Africa D. As a monotheistic religion, Islam was much like the traditional religions of Africa
B. The Muslim concept of a ruler who united civil and religious authority reinforced traditional ideas of kingship
Which of the following might be considered the most significant transformation brought about by the Abbasids' rise to power? A. The final defeat of the Byzantine empire B. The admission of the Mawali as full members of the Islamic community C. The destruction of absolutism within Islamic government D. The destruction of Sunni influences within Islam
B. The admission of the Mawali as full members of the Islamic community
The victory of the Minamoto marks the beginning of what period in Japanese history? A. The centralized Confucian bureaucracy B. The feudal age C. The Onin wars D. The Tokugawa Shogunate
B. The feudal age
Which of the following is NOT considered to have developed from or been accelerated by cuneiform and other types of writing? A. Facilitation of the keeping of commercial records B. The organization of elaborate political structures C. Formalized legal systems D. The reduction in social stratification
B. The organization of elaborate political structures Scribes became higher on the social pyramids than others, and one of their main functions, along with merchants, was to help keep commercial records for the purpose of organizing trade and property ownership.
Pope Gregory the Seventh decreed the practice of investiture invalid. What was investiture? A. The practice whereby aristocrats dressed in bishops' robes and attempted to rule in their place B. The practice of state appointment of bishops C. The practice of trying clerics in secular courts D. The state's power to tax clergy
B. The practice of state appointment of bishops
Less is known about the Harappan civilization or that of the Indus Valley than the Sumer and Egypt because A. The Harappan and Indus Valley civilizations were not geographic centers of a continuous culture lasting millennium B. The writing of the Indus Valley and Harappan civilizations has never been deciphered C. They were less secure from nomadic incursions and invasions and therefore conquered and destroyed early on D. Neither of these civilizations developed a system of writing until almost the end of their duration
B. The writing of the Indus Valley and Harappan civilizations has never been deciphered We don't know much about these civilization for various reasons - including the inability to decipher the writing system - so therefore less is known about this society than about Egypt or Mesopotamia.
In sedentary agricultural communities, social distinctions were heightened, A. and organization into distinct classes occurred. B. But well-defined social stratification and class identity was non-existent. C. but there was little division of labor and occupational specificity. D. but no political elites emerged.
B. but well-defined social stratification and class identity was non-existent.
Two of the areas where humans devised more intensive hunting and gathering patterns that permitted establishment of permanent settlements were A. the chichimec culture of Mexico and the pastoral settlement of Catal Huyuk B. central Russia and the Natufian Complex of the Jordan River Valley. C. The Natufian Complex of the Jordan River Valley and the Peruvian complex of Mesoamerica. D. central Russia an the Peruvian complex of Mesoamerica.
B. central Russia and the Natufian complex of the Jordan River Valley.
The concept of civilization based on racial characteristics was A. common among the Chinese. B. developed by thinkers in western Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries C. adopted by the Romans and Greeks D. never taken seriously.
B. developed by thinkers in western Europe in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
The greatest challenge to sedentary agriculture was a form of social organization based on intensive herding known as A. hunting and gathering B. pastoralism C. civilization D. bands
B. pastoralism
The Abbasids moved the political center of their empire to
Baghdad
The Abbasids moved the political center of their empire to where?
Baghdad
Under the Abbasid caliphate, the capital of the Islamic empire was where?
Baghdad
How did the political center of Islam change after the Mongol invasions?
Baghdad declined as a capital and was replaced by Cairo, then Istanbul (Constantinople).
How did the political center of Islam change after the Mongol invasions?
Baghdad was supplanted by Cairo to the west and soon thereafter Istanbul to the north.
Which of the following territories was always part of the Byzantine Empire?
Balkans
which of the following territories was always part of the Byzantine Empire
Balkans
Why were bananas and camels so significant in early African history? What do they represent How did they change the way people lived?
Bananas encouraged a fresh migratory surge. First domesticated in southeast Asia, bananas entered Africa by way of sea-lanes across the Indian Ocean. From Madagascar, bananas jumped to the mainland. They provided a nutritious supplement to Bantu diets and enabled them to expand into heavily forested regions where yams and millet didn't grow well. Camels could travel longer distances than horses, and after about 300 AD they replaced horses and donkeys as the preferred transport animals throughout the Sahara as well as in the deserts of central Asia.
Common cultural traits of parts of East Africa?
Bantu and Arabic
How are kin-based societies structured? How are they organized politically?
Bantu peoples governed themselves mostly through family and kinship groups. Bantu peoples usually settled in villages with populations averaging about one hundred people. Male heads of families formed a ruling council of the village. The most prominent of the Bantu families ruled over the village as chief and represented the settlement when it dealt with neighboring settlements. A group of villages made up a district, which became the principal focus of ethnic loyalties.
-What was the common cultural trait of the urbanized trading ports of the East African coast?
Bantu-based and Arabic-influenced Swahili language
What was the common cultural trait of the urbanized trading ports of the east African coast?
Bantu-based and Arabic-influenced Swahili language
what was the clan into which Muhammad was born
Banu Hashim
Clan into which Muhammad was born
Banu Hashim clan of Quraysh tribe
What emperor became renowned in the 11th century as the slayer of the Bulgars by defeating the Bulgarian kingdom and restoring Byzantine rule in the Balkans?
Basil II
Basil II
Basil the "Bulgar-Slayer", conquered an expansive kingdom in the Balkans
Which of the following statements concerning the nature of warfare among the bushi is most accurate?
Battles hinged on man-to-man duels of great champions typical of the heroic stage of warfare
What was the nature of slavery within the Abbasid social system?
Because most unskilled labor was left to the unfree, salves could be found in both the towns and countryside of the Abbasid Empire.
Which of the following statements concerning the nature of the Korean society is most accurate?
Because of the monopolization of all things Chinese by the tiny Korean elite, neither a merchant nor an artisan class developed in Korea
Why is the verticality of Andean toporaphy important in determining the nature of cultures there?
Because the Andean region is divided into micro ecologies vertically, it became important for people to control as many different vertical ecological zones as possible
-What was the function of secret societies in African culture?
Because their membership cut across lineage divisions, they acted to maintain stability within the community and diminish clan feuds.
What Arabian culture shaped Islam?
Bedouin
Which of the following cultures of the Arabian Peninsula was most signifigant the development of Islam?
Bedouin
What happened after Muhammad died in 632?
Bedouin tribes gave up islam
What are chinampas?
Beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth placed in frames made of cane and rooted in lakes to create 'floating island'; system of irrigated agricultural utilized by Aztecs.
How did the intellectual endeavors of medieval scholars differ before and after 1000?
Before 1000 scholars were limited to copying ancient texts, but after 1000 a greater synthesis of rationalism and theology was achieved.
The monastic way of life in the west was influenced greatly by the establishment of a set of rules written by
Benedict
What monk was responsible for the creation of a set of rules for Western monasteries in the sixth century?
Benedict of Nursia
***Who did not migrate to East Africa?
Berber people
Which group did NOT migrate to the coastal region of East Africa?
Berbers from North Africa
What twelfth century monk stressed the importance of mystical union with god over logic and philosophy?
Bernard of Clairvaux
what twelfth century monk stressed t he importance of mystical union with God over logic and philosophy
Bernard of Clairvaux
What were some effects of tools?
Better protection. Allowed hunterers to become masters of their enviornment, to hunt, to build. Cut up animals quickly and efficently, so they had more time for other things.
-What was the geographical location of the empire of Mali?
Between Niger and Senegal Rivers
Which of the following statements concerning entry into the Chinese bureaucracy is most accurate?
Birth and family connections continued to be important in securing high office
St Augustine
Bishop of Hippo, North African city, writings influenced Christianity with Platonism
What was the nature of pre-Islamic bedouin religion?
Blend of animism and polytheism
In which of the following ways were the Byzantine bureaucracy and the Chinese bureaucracy similar?
Both bureaucracies were open to talented commoners, not just aristocrats.
Which of the following states stood apart from the trend toward absolute monarchy in the seventeenth century and retained a parliamentary regime
Britain
What religion played a key role in the transmission of Chinese civilization to Japan?
Buddhism
what religion played a key role in the transmission of Chinese civilization to Japan
Buddhism
what was the religious preference of the Korean elite
Buddhism
What was the result of the imperial attempt by the Tang to suppress Buddhism within the Chinese empire?
Buddhism survived the repression, but in a reduced state without the political influence of the early Tang years
what was the result of the imperial attempt to suppress Buddhism within the Chinese empire
Buddhism survived the repression, but in a reduced state without the political influence of the early Tang years
What group so threatened the security of the Japanese imperial court in the 8th century that the imperial family moved to Heian?
Buddhist Monks
what group so threatened the security of the Japanese imperial court in the eighth century that the imperial family moved to Heian
Buddhist monks
Chan Buddhism
Buddhists adapt ideology to Chinese climate. Dharma translated as dao. Nirvana translated as wuwei. Limited emphasis on textual study, meditation instead.
What groups in India were most likely to convert to Islam?
Buddhists and low caste Hindus
What was the attitude of Buddhism toward the caste system?
Buddhists rejected the caste system and admitted untouchables and women as members of the faith
The Slavic kigndom that particularly pressed Byzantine territory in the Balkans after the eighth century C.E. was?
Bulgaria
The Slavic kingdom that attacked Byzantine territory in the Balkans after the 8th century C.E. was
Bulgaria
Bureaucracy of merit
Bureaucracy devised by Song Taizu that created more opportunities for individuals to seek a Confucian education and take civil service examinations. It accepted more candidates into the bureaucracy than its predecessors and provided generous salaries for those who qualified for government appointments.
What was the regional splinter dynasty that captured Baghdad in 945?
Buyids of Persia
7) Discuss the role of epidemics in the decline of the Mongol empire
By facilitating trade and communications, the Mongols also spread disease, particularly the bubonic plague. The plague erupted in SW China during the 1330s, and from there it spread throughout China and central Asia, and by the late 1340s it had reached SW Asia and Europe. The depopulation and labor shortages caused from the plague weakened the Mongolian regime.
How did the Paleolithic people transport fire?
By ligthing branches and carrying them along journies
How were the first fires created?
By nature, usually lighting.
How did the Paleolithic people create fire?
By rubbing two sticks or stones together, or rapidly turning a stick in a hole in a dry log
After the fall of Rome, the eastern half of the empire became renamed the
Byzantine Empire
Which of the following is most correctly seen as a direct descendant of the Roman Empire?
Byzantine Empire
which of the following is most correctly seen as a direct descendant of the Roman Empire
Byzantine Empire
which of the following represents a mounting pressure for change in pre-Islamic society greater
Byzantine and Sassanian control over Arabic tribes of the peninsula and Arabic migration to Mesopotamia
Hellenism
Byzantine cultural life centered on the secular traditions of
Describe the resistance of the byzantine Empire to Islamic attacks
Byzantine was resilient than Sassanian Empire, ,but still suffered the loss of Egypt, Sydria, and palestine to the Arabs
4. Trace the development of the Byzantine church to the schism. What caused the schism?
Byzantium patriarchs and Roman popes disputed the rights and powers. Each wanted to be the head of the Church. Excommunicated each other
During most of his life, Kong Fuzi or Confucius: A) served the Han emperors as their chief court adviser B) advocated abolition of the "shi" as dangerous opponents of a centralized state C) wandered searching for the ideal ruler D) remained atop a mountain in contemplative seclusion
C
How did the Mauryan empire of Chandragupta compare to the Aryan kingdoms that preceded it? A) Although called an empire, it was little more than a tribute-collecting patchwork of petty rulers B) It retained the republican aspects of the first Aryan kingdoms with elected monarchs and warrior councils C) While it did succeed in dominating most of northwestern India, it never conquered the kingdoms of southern India D) It was vastly more centralized than the preceding kingdoms with a large standing army and administrators in place of the regional lords
C
How did the classical civilizations' view of social organization differ from that of modern Western civilization? a)Classical civilizations had poorly defined groupings b)Classical civilizations felt that social mobility was critical to the well-being of the society c)Modern societies are predicated on the social mobility based on talent and the work ethic] d)Modern societies lack any kind of social groupings designed to imply status
C
In the aftermath of the Peloponnesian War, by 355 BC the political structure of Greece: A) was completely dominated by Sparta B) fell under the control of Athens and a renewed Athenian empire C) had become a kingdom ruled by Philip of Macedon D) had returned to a setting of independent, disorganized city-states
C
The Greek governments of the period immediately after 800 BC largely consisted of: A) regional kingdoms B) a unified empire under a single ruler C) city-states D) feudal vassals loosely controlled by a single ruler
C
What determined a person's place within the Indian social hierarchy? A) wealth B) position within the government C) the degree to which the occupation was considered polluting D) his religious piety
C
What economic factor weakened the hold of Buddhism on the Indian population? A) The improving status of the peasantry made them less likely to be interested in a salvantionist religion B) The untouchables were decimated by a severe famine, thus removing a class associated with Buddhism C) The failure of the Rome-China trade axis weakened the merchants, who had been one of the chief benefactors of the Buddhist monasteries D) The increasing wealth of all social classes reduced the strictness of social division within the caste system and undermined one of the attractions of Buddhims
C
What was the result of Buddhist missionary efforts during the reign of Ashoka? A) Despite major efforts, Buddhism failed to spread much beyond the Indian subcontinent B) Through the remaining Greek influence in northwestern India, Buddhism spread to the ares affected by Greek culture C) Buddhism spread to Sri Lanka and the Himalayan kingdoms and from there to central and southeastern Asia D) Buddhism's spread was limited to the pastoral nomads of the central Asia steppes
C
What was the status of women during the Han dynasty? A) Women enjoyed equal status with males during the Han dynasty B) Despite the Confucian requirement for female deference to males, women had their own clearly defined roles in the family and could sometimes gain power through their sons and as mothers-in-law C) Despite the Confucian requirement for male deference to females, women had less freedom than during later dynasties D) The demeaned status of women meant that they were at the whim of their sons and sons-in-law, who often mistreated them
C
Which of the following represents the philosophical viewpoint of Laozi? A) Humans were inclined to goodness and ought to be governed in a compassionate fashion B) Humans were inclined to be lazy and evil and ought to be governed rigorously C) Humans ought to retreat from society and seek oneness with nature D) Government ought to be authoritarian and based on strict laws harshly executed
C
Which of the following statements accurately describes a difference between classical Chinese approach to politics and the approach of Hellenic Greece to politics? A) China placed less emphasis on hierarchy and obedience to authority than did the Greeks B) Greek politics emphasized a single, centralized system of authority C) The Greeks placed more emphasis on participation and less on bureaucracy D) The Chinese lacked the bureaucracy that made democratic government in Greece possible
C
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the territorial expansion of the Han dynasty? A) The Han were unable to expands their territories due to constant wars with the rulers of the states B) The Han actually lost territories to the raids of the Xiongnu and other nomadic invaders C) The Han temporarily defeated the Xiongnu and dramatically expanded Chinese territory to the east and south D) The Han were able to expand their territories by conquering the Gupta civilization of India
C
Which of the following was NOT a teaching of Buddha? A) The moment we are born we begin to die B) Attachments to impermanent things of the world are the source of suffering C) The road to enlightenment begins with ritual sacrifices to the gods D) Once enlightenment is attained, the individual is released from suffering
C
what was significance of the Japanese adoption of Chines script? a)the Japanese were able for the first time to develop iron metallurgy b)the Japanese were able to conquer the Chines c)the Yamato were able to build a true bureaucracy and establish their control over vassal clan heads d) the adoption of chinese script made it easier for the Chines to conquer japan
C
What determined a person's place within the Indian social hierarchy? A)wealth B)position within the government C)the degree to which the occupation was considered pollution D)his religous piety
C A is kind of right but you would only have more power in your specific class not anywhere outside of that
What was the cause of the deteriorating condition of the peasantry in later Han China? a) A lengthy drought that caused failure of the crops b)The growth of slavery following the introduction of Buddhism c)The growing power of the great landholders to tax leading to growing serfdom d)Confucian acceptance of the enslavement of the small farmers
C This same thing always happens in China
what was the Roman imperial government's attitude towards Christianity? a)the Roman government systematically persecuted Christians on a constant basis until the 4th century C.E. b)the roman government embraced Christianity as the official state religion in the 2nd century C. E. c)while some emperors chose to persecute the Christians, persecution was not constant d)there were no persecutions of the Christians as the official policy of the Roman empire was religious toleration
C because it was never the state religion it was one of many religions in the empire
How did the gupta empire compare in terms of political organization to the Maurya empire? a)their domains were not nearly as large, nor ddi they exercise such centralized control over the petty states b)the gupta empire was much larger than the Mauryan and also more centralized c)the gupta empire was based on the concept of linked city states unlike the republican basis of the mauryan empire d)the gupta emperors possessed a much more professionalized bureaucracy on the model of the chinese scholar gentry
C gupta empire was decentralized not a because Gupta was slightly bigger than Gupta
Which of the following is NOT a Buddhist challenge to the authority of the Brahmins? A)the Buddha favored introspection and self-mastery over ritual and sacrifice b)the Buddha rejected the Vedas as divinely inspired teaching c)the Buddha rejected both karma and reincarnation d)the Buddha rejected the lifestyles of the brahmins based on worldly power and authority
C it is not a challenge to the Brahmins
how did the topography of the Andean region influence the development of civilization? A)the unsuitability of the Andean region for any form of agriculture limited the development of civilizations there B)the existence of pastoral nomadism in the Andean region led to an impermanent population base, as on the fringes of Asian and Mediterranean civilizations C)the arid coastal valleys demanded irrigation, and this spurred population growth and social complexity leading to the development of civilizations as in the early river-valley civilizations of Asia and the Middle East D)the many flat plain provided ample opportunities for widespread development of sedentary agricultural communities
C not A because there are some forms of agriculture not none
Which of the following was NOT one of the regional dynasties that were established after Alexander's death? A) Ptolemies B) Antigonids C) Abbassids D) Seleucids
C) Abbassids
Which of the following statements concerning the comparison of developments in the Americas with that of other classical civilizations is true? A) No civilizations emerged in the Americas that were in any way comparable to those of Asia and the Mediterranean B) American civilizations lacked the systems of writing and the urbanism found in other civilizations C) American civilizations did display some parallels with developments in Asia and north Africa D) American civilizations paralleled the classical elements of Asia and the Mediterranean almost exactly
C) American civilizations did display some parallels with developments in Asia and North Africa
Which of the following was NOT a Mesoamerican civilization? A) Zapotecs B) Olmecs C) Anasazi D) Toltecs
C) Anasazi
Which of the following was NOT a Greek philosopher? A) Plato B) Socrates C) Aristophanes D) Aristotle
C) Aristophanes
Which of the following descriptions of Greek politics after 800 B.C.E. is NOT accurate? A) Greek politics was usually localized B) Rule by aristocrats was most characteristic, but periods of tyranny were also important C) During much of its formative period, Greece was dominated by the Persians D) The Greeks sketched a dynamic version of democracy
C) During much of its formative period, Greece was dominated by the Persians
Which of the following offices and institutions was NOT part of the Roman republic? A) Senate B) Consuls C) Kings D) Tribunes
C) Kings
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the geography of Mesoamerica? A) Most of the region is a desert with a small tropical zone in the suth B) From the tropical lowlands of the north the land falls again to an arid zone in the south C) Mesoamerica is a complex patchwork of zones that are divided vertically into cooler highlands, tropical lowlands and coasts, and an intermediate temperate zone D) Most of the region is a flat featureless plain covered by a virtually impenetrable sod
C) Mesoamerica is a complex patchwork of zones that are divided vertically into cooler highlands, tropical lowlands and coasts, and an intermediate temperate zone
After 13 years of civil war, who succeeded Julius Caesar?
C) Octavian
Which of the following was NOT a reform instituted by Augustus during the early empire? A) Revising the law to strengthen family stability B) Banning mystery religions C) Replacing the traditional Roman ceremonies with new rituals emphasizing the cult of Isis D) Instituting moral reforms
C) Replacing the traditional Roman ceremonies with new rituals emphasizing the cult of Isis
Which of the following characteristics of the Mayan calendar was different from other Mesoamerican calendrical systems? A) Recurring cycles of different length B) Cycles of 52 years were rearded as sacred C) The "long count" created a fixed date of origin--3114 B.C.E. D) Belief in great cycles of creation and destruction of the universe
C) The "long count" created a fixed date of origin--3114 B.C.E.
Which of the following was NOT a Buddhist challenge to the authority of the brahmans? A) The Buddha favored introspection and self-mastery over ritual and sacrifice B) The Buddha rejected the Vedas as divinely inspired teaching C) The Buddha rejected both karma and reincarnation D) The Buddha rejected the lifestyles of the brahmans based on worldly power and authority
C) The Buddha rejected both karma and reincarnation
Which of the following statements accurately describes a difference between classical Chinese approach to politics and the approach of Hellenic Greece to politics? A) China placed less emphasis on hierarchy and obedience to authority than did the Greeks B) Greek politics emphasized a single, centralized system of authority C) The Greeks placed more emphasis on participation and less on bureaucracy D) The Chinese lacked the bureaucracy that made democratic government in Greece ossible
C) The Greeks placed more emphasis on participation and less on bureaucracy
Which of the following was NOT a teaching of Buddha? A) The moment we are born we begin to die B) Attachments to impermanent things of the world are the source of suffering C) The road to enlightenment begins with ritual sacrifices to the gods D) Once enlightenment is attained, the individual is released from suffering
C) The road to enlightenment begins with ritual sacrifices to the gods
Which of the following statements best describes the position of the brahmans in the early Aryan kingdoms of northern India? A) Brahmans dominated al aspects of life as tutors of the princes and advisors to the king B) Brahmans were excluded from the Aryans society in general C) The warrior elites were careful to keep the power of the brahmans in check and fostered a healthy skepticism of their religious powers D) The rulers of the kingdoms were themselves brahmans who practiced a variety of rituals intended to maintain their centralized control over their kingdoms
C) The warrior elites were careful to keep the power of the brahmans in check and fostered a healthy skepticism of their religious powers
Which of the following was NOT a Greek architectural style? A) Corinthian B) Doric C) Theban D) Ionian
C) Theban
Which of the following statements concerning American contacts with the Old World prior to the fifteenth century is correct? A) There are Old World artifacts, Japanese pottery, that have been discovered in Peruvian urban cultures B) There is nothing to suggest any contact with European or Asian civilizations C) There is circumstantial evidence, similarities in pottery design, similar plants, that suggests contact, but no physical evidence of any kind D) American writing systems can be directly associated to Chinese ideographical systems
C) There is circumstantial evidence, similarities in pottery design, similar plants, that suggests contact, but no physical evidence of any kind
Which of the following statements best describes the political change that took place in many, but not all, Greek city0states by 500 B.C.E.? A) Bost abandoned aristocratic government in favor of centralized monarchies B) There was no observable change, as the institutions and personnel of government remained much as they were in 800 B.C.E. C) There was a growing spirit of loyalty to the community rather than to individuals, democratization of military service, and a greater commitment to public service D) All poleis banned the aristocracy from further participation in the affairs of the city-states and initiated truly democratic governments
C) There was a growing spirit of loyalty to the community rather than to individuals, democratization of military service, and a greater commitment to public service
How did the Aztecs view the cultural achievements of the Toltecs? A. As barbarians who lacked culture B. As slaves, fit only for conquest C. As the givers of civilization D. As heretics, who practiced forbidden religion
C. As the givers of civilization
Agricultural systems in the Middle East, China, and the Americas were all A. Based on the same grains: wheat and barely B. Based on a combination of domesticated plants and animals C. Based on different domesticated plants in each region D. Dependent on pastoral forms of social organization
C. Based on different domesticated plants in each region While most all of them revolved around wheat and barely, due to some locational differences some groups had different staples. For example, groups living in the Andes grew potatoes.
The emergence of sedentary agriculture A. Occured simultaneously in various places and spread around the world B. Began only in the savannahs of West Africa C. Began in the Middle East first, but developed independently in other areas D. Arose in the river valleys of the Huanghe and Yangtze
C. Began in the Middle East first, but developed independently in other areas In the Middle East, the development of agriculture may have begun as early as 10,000 B.C.E., gaining ground rapidly after 8,000 B.C.E. However, agriculture, including rice civilization, soon developed independently in China.
The Greek governments of the period immediately after 800 B.C.E. largely consisted of A. Regional kingdoms B. A unified empire under a single ruler C. City-states D. Feudal vassals loosely controlled by a single ruler
C. City-states
Which of the following represents the philosophical viewpoint of Laozi? A. Humans were inclined to goodness and ought to be governed in a compassionate fashion B. Humans were inclined to be lazy and evil and ought to be governed rigorously C. Humans ought to retreat from society and seek oneness with nature D. Government ought to be authoritarian and based on strict laws harshly executed
C. Humans ought to retreat from society and seek oneness with nature
Which of the following was NOT a likely contribution by females to hunting and gathering bands? A. Application of Medicinal Plants B. Giving birth to maintain the size of the band C. Hunting game D. Gathering of food for basic substinence
C. Hunting game
Following the fall of Rome, where was the center of the post-classical West? A. In the former Roman colony of Spain B. In Italy, particularly in Rome C. In the central plain of northern Europe: France, the Low Countries, and southern and western Germany D. Greece
C. In the central plain of northern Europe: France, the Low Countries, and southern and western Germany
What were the primary exports of the Byzantine empire? A. Food products B. Raw materials, such as metal ores from Asia Minor C. Luxury products such as silk, cloth, and carpets D. The empire produced little of significance and was almost exclusively an importer of goods
C. Luxury products such as silk, cloth, and carpets
What was Muhammad's teaching with respect to the revelations of other monotheistic religions? A. Muhammad accepted the earlier Christian revelations, but rejected completely any influence from Judaism B. Muhammad accepted the earlier Judaic revelations, but rejected completely any influence from Christianity C. Muhammad accepted the validity of earlier Christian and Judaic revelations and taught that his own revelations were a final refinement and reformation of the earlier ones D. Muhammad stressed that only his own revelations had merit and that others were works of the devil
C. Muhammad accepted the validity of earlier Christian and Judaic revelations and taught that his own revelations were a final refinement and reformation of the earlier ones
What accounts for the success of the First Crusade? A. The overwhelming military superiority of western military technology B. The contemporary emergence of the Christian Seljuk Turks in Baghdad C. Muslim political fragmentation in the element of surprise D. The support and cooperation of the Jewish community of the Holy Land
C. Muslim political fragmentation in the element of surprise
The rise of farming took place in the A. Paleolithic Era B. Bronze Age C. Neolithic Era D. Iron Age
C. Neolithic Era
Given the location and subject matter of Paleolithic cave paintings, it is likely that the early art served A. To relieve the otherwise drab interiors of caves B. As maps to locate game herds. C. Religious or ritual purposes. D. To indicate the limited level of thinking of Paleolithic men and women.
C. Religious or ritual purposes.
The transformation that was most responsible for moving humans toward civilization was the A. Smelting of metals such as copper B. Growth of towns and cities C. Rise of agriculture D. Rise of specialized classes
C. Rise of agriculture With agriculture, human beings were able to settle in one place and focus on particular economic, political, and religious goals and activities.
Which of the following was the result of the fall of the Roman empire? A. Despite the collapse of classical Mediterranean the basic cultural unity of the region was retained B. The collapse of the Roman empire led to cultural regression throughout the region of Mediterranean civilization C. Rome's fall split the unity of the Mediterranean lands that had been won through Hellenistic culture and then the Roman empire D. Rome's fall was devastating in its eastern half, but the culture of the western regions was fundamentally unaffected
C. Rome's fall split the unity of the Mediterranean lands that had been won through Hellenistic culture and then the Roman empire
What monumental sculptures did the Olmec civilization produce? A. Manioc B. Calendars C. Stone heads D. Stone hands
C. Stone heads Olmec statuary often involved giant sculpted heads featuring some distinctly African features. We still do not know how they were able to move such heavy stones.
Which of the following statements concerning the Tatar invasion of Russia is most accurate? A. Tatar control of Russia lasted for four decades B. The Tatars used Russia as a springboard for their successful invasion of western Europe C. Tatar supervision did not destroy Russian Christianity of a native Russian aristocracy D. The Tatars rapidly devised a closely supervised local administration for the Russian cities
C. Tatar supervision did not destroy Russian Christianity of a native Russian aristocracy
Which of the following statements accurately describes a difference between classical Chinese approach to politics and the approach of Hellenic Greece to politics? A. China placed less emphasis on hieracrch and obedience to authority than did the Greeks B. Greek politics emphasized a single, centralized system of authority C. The Greeks placed more emphasis of participation and less of bureaucracy D. The Chinese lacked the bureaucracy that made democratic government in Greece possible
C. The Greeks placed more emphasis of participation and less of bureaucracy
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the territorial expansion of the Han dynasty? A. The Han were unable to expand their territories due to constant wats with the tulers of the states B. The Han actually lost territories to the raids of the Xiongnu and other nomadic invaders C. The Han temporarily defeated the Xiongnu and dramatically expanded Chinese territory to the east and south D. The Han were able to expand their territories by conquering the Gupta civilization of India
C. The Han temporarily defeated the Xiongnu and dramatically expanded Chinese territory to the east and south
How did the emergence of Buddhism in China affect Daoism? A. Daoism merged with Buddhism to create a single religious movement B. Daoism rapidly disappeared following the appearance of Buddhism C. The appearance of Buddhism led to greater formalization of Daoist doctrine and more efforts to reach the common people D. Daoism became an illegal religion and the Chinese state moved rapidly to suppress various Daoist rituals, particularly those dealing with magic and healing
C. The appearance of Buddhism led to greater formalization of Daoist doctrine and more efforts to reach the common people
Which of these was an innovation of the Abbasid court with respect to women? A. The expansion of the Harem B. The legislation of multiple marriages for women C. The creation of Islamic nunneries D. Legislation against concubinage and prostitution
C. The creation of Islamic nunneries
What common economic factor weakened the hold of Buddhishm on the Indian population? A. The improving status of the peasantry made them less likely to be interested in a salvationist religion B. The untouchables were decimated by a severe famine, thus removing a class associated with Buddhism C. The failure of the Rome-China trade axis weakened the merchants, who had been one of the chief benefactors of the Buddhist monasteries D. The increasing wealth of all social classes reduced the strictness of social division within the caste system and undermined one of the attractions of Buddhism
C. The failure of the Rome-China trade axis weakened the merchants, who had been one of the chief benefactors of the Buddhist monasteries
Which of the following statements about the population of the Americas is most true? A. The population of the Americas is easy to calculate B. North America was more densely populated than Mesoamerica or the Andes C. The population of the Americas was nearly the same as that of contemporary Europe (not including Russia) D. The early 20th century estimate of 8.4 million still seems the most accurate
C. The population of the Americas was nearly the same as that of contemporary Europe (not including Russia)
Which of the following was NOT a teaching of Buddha? A. The moment we are born we begin to die B. Attachments to impermanent things of the world are the source of suffering C. The road to enlightenment begins with ritual sacrifices to the gods D. Once enlightenment is attained the individual is released from suffering
C. The road to enlightenment begins with ritual sacrifices to the gods
Given the location and subject matter of Paleolithic cave paintings, it is likely that the main purpose of the art was A. To relieve the otherwise drab interiors of caves B. To be used as maps to locate game herds C. To be used for religious or ritual purposes D. To indicate the limited level of thinking of Paleolithic men and women
C. To be used for religious or ritual purposes By the later Paleolithic period, people had developed rituals to lessen the fear of death and created cave paintings to express a sense of nature's beauty and power.
During most of his life, Kong Fuzi or Confucius A. Served the Han emperors as their chief court advisor B. Advocated abolition of the "shi" as dangerous opponents of a centralized state C. Wandered searching for the ideal ruler D. Remained atop a mountain in contemplative seclusion
C. Wandered searching for the ideal ruler
The concept of "barbarians" A. Was strictly a Chinese idea B. Was only developed in 19th-century European culture C. Was commonly used to distinguish between cosmopolitan urban-focused cultures and nomadic peoples D. Was dropped in modern cultures
C. Was commonly used to distinguish between cosmopolitan urban-focused cultures and nomadic peoples Barbarians was a word invented by the modernized to describe somebody "uncivilized" or "inferior," and was used for many different groups of people, including Germanic warriors, the Huns, and the Mongols.
In hunting-and-gathering bands, labor A. Was shared equally by all members of the group B. Fell entirely to dominant males within the group C. Was divided according to gender D. Fell entirely to females within the group
C. Was divided according to gender Often times, the men would go out to hunt the game while the women stayed back and collected berries and fruits or watched the children.
How did the Mauryan empire of Chandragupta compare to the Aryan kingdoms that preceded it? A. Although called an empire, it was little more than a tribute-collecting patchwork of petty rulers B. It retained the republican aspects of the first Aryan kingdoms with elected monarchs and warrior councils C. While it did succedd in dominating most of nothwestern India, it never conquered the kingdoms of southern India D. It was vastly more centralized than the preceding kingdoms with a large standing army and administration in place of the regional lords
C. While it did succedd in dominating most of nothwestern India, it never conquered the kingdoms of southern India
How did contact with the Muslim world affect the African slave trade? A. Because of the Muslim emphasis on equality of all believers, early Muslim rulers suppressed slave trade B. Slavery was unknown in African society until the Muslims introduced it C. With the Muslim conquests of north Africa commercial penetration to the south, slavery became a more widely diffused phenomenon and the slave trade developed rapidly D. Despite the Muslim acceptance of slavery and its widespread use in Islamic society outside of Africa, Muslims generally refused to accept black slaves
C. With the Muslim conquests of north Africa commercial penetration to the south, slavery became a more widely diffused phenomenon and the slave trade developed rapidly
In hunting and gathering bands, labor A. was shared equally by all members of the group. B. Fell entirely to dominant males within the group. C. was divided according to gender. D. fell entirely to females within the group.
C. was divided according to gender.
Although many emperors who followed Augustus in the Julio-Claudian dynasty were able individuals, many were not, arguably the worst of these was
Caligula
The office of the political and religious successor of Muhammad was called?
Caliph
What was the political of Calvanism
Calvanists sought the participation of all believers in church administration, which had the political implications of encouraging the idea of a wider access to government
Muhammad
Came from family of merchants. Founded Islam. Believed he was the final prophet. Learned of Christianity and Judaism from merchants. Believed Gabriel the archangel told him he was god's prophet. Wrote the Koran. Forced out of Mecca to Medena.
In the process of military expansion, Rome's chief rival in the western Mediterranean was
Carthage
Which North African city-state did the Romans twice defeat in the 3rd century B.C.E.?
Carthage
Early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; had a larger population and a greater degree of social stratification than other urban cultures at the time
Catal Huyuk
by 600 CE, an early civilization was beginning to take shape in
Central America
What Frankish monarch was able to establish a substantial empire in 800?
Charlemagne
Which culture is associated with the "First Horizon" in Andean civilization?
Chavin
The most poweful of the Andean states between 900 and 1465 following the decline of Tihuanaco and Huari was
Chimor
. Explain China's view of itself as the "Middle Kingdom."
China considered itself the center of the world. China considered themselves to be the strongest and most advance country in the world. They forced surrounding countries to bow down to them and considered surrounding states as "vassal" states.
Shang Civilization
China's first dynasty almost 2000 BCE
SHORT-ANSWER: In what ways did the Chinese empire during the Tang-Song era depart from the previous developments in Chinese culture?
Chinese empire became more culturally active and went towards more progressive changes in religion, economies, etc.
following the assertion of Vietnamese independence from China in the tenth century, what aspects of Chinese culture were retained by the Vietnamese rulers
Chinese family organization
which of the following Chinese cultural traits was NOT introduced into Vietnam following the Han conquest of 111 BC
Chinese insistence on the nuclear family
which of the following statements concerning urbanization in China during the Tang-Song era is most accurate
Chinese urbanization mushroomed during the Tang-Song era with a higher proportion of the population living in cities than that found in any other contemporary civilization
Which of the following statements concerning urbanization in China during the Tang-Song era is most accurate?
Chinese urbanization mushroomed during the Tang-Song era with a higher proportion of the population living in cities.
Which of the following was NOT a method employed by Kubilai Khan to maintain the separation of Mongols and Chinese?
Chinese were forbidden to serve at any level of the Mongol administration
4) How did the Mongols come to conquer China? What elements were key to their success?
Chinggis Khan himself conquered northern China by fighting off the Jurchens from 1211-1234. Khubilai Khan extended Mongol rule to southern China after defeating the Song in 1276 and establishing the Yuan dynasty in 1279
What was the impact of the Crusades on Islam?
Christians adopted military techniques, words, scientific learning, and Arabic numerals among other things
What was the impact of the Crusades on the Christian West?
Christians adopted military techniques, words, scientific learning, and Arabic numerals among other things.
Hagia Sophia
Church of Holy Wisdom, most notable construction during the rule of Emperor Justinian
What are kivas?
Circular pits used for ceremonial purposes in Anasazi culture
What form of government was the basis for the imperial structure of the Aztecs during their first settlement in the valley of Mexico?
City states
Cordoba
City where Al-Marwani was from.
Mecca
City where Muhammad was born.
In the period shortly after the arrival of the Aztecs in the valley of Mexico, what was the nature of the political organizations of the region?
City-Sates
In the period shortly after the arrival of the Aztecs in the valley of Mexico, what was the nature of the political organization of the region?
City-states
The Greek governments of the period immediately after 800 B.C.E. largely consisted of
City-states
Which of the following practices was NOT adopted a feature of the Russian Orthodox Church?
Clerical celibacy
What frankish king was responsible for the conversion of his people to christianity in ored to gain a vague domination over the Franks?
Clovis
What were the causes for the disputes that arose after 700 B.C.E. in the city-states of Greece?
Commercial expansion and the problems of small landowners in the new economy
SHORT-ANSWER: Compare/Contrast Inca and Aztec empires in terms of political administration
Compare: Each has emperor supported by nobility - Militaristic ruling - Tribute system Contrast: Inca Empire more integrated - Aztec's had city-states - Inca's relied on state redistribution of goods - Aztecs were open to trade
SHORT-ANSWER: Compare/Contrast Chinese empire under Tang and song dynasties
Compare: well-organized societies - reflected on Buddhism and Daosim -foreign trade flourished Contrast: Song dynasty lasted longer - Song has military setbacks - Song's economy expanded - Tang ruled more land
The Islamic Umma was...?
Concept of community of the faithful that transcended clan boundaries
The Romans were the first people to use ________ on a massive scale in their buildings.
Concrete
Which of the following developments was not a result of the improved economy of the High Middle Ages?
Conflicts between peasants and landlords became rare, if they did not disappear completely.
从 。。。出來
Cong2 ... Chu1lai2
从学校 出來， 先上 Malcolm X 路
Cong2 xue2xiao4 chu1lai2, xian1 shang4 Malcolm X lu4
What was the nature of the Aztec administration of subject territories?
Conquered territories were often left relatively unchanged under their old rulers as long as they recognized Aztec supremacy and paid tribute.
The capital of the Byzantine Empire and its commercial center was located at?
Constantinople
The fourth crusade was manipulated by merchants in venice, who turned it into an attack on
Constantinople
the Fourth Crusade was manipulated by merchants in Venice, who turned it into an attack on
Constantinople
which of the following statements concerning urbanization within the Byzantine Empire is most correct
Constantinople controlled the economy and grew to enormous size, but other cities were relatively small
The capital of the Byzantine Empire and its commercial center was located at
Constantinople.
***Great Zimbabwe was NOT...?
Constructed by Arabs who traded with Bantu
Political form of Congo?
Construction of small states under the king
With Alexander's death, the Greek influence within the regional dynasties
Continued as Greeks moved into government jobs and merchant positions
How did the spread of Christianity affect the polytheistic religions already extant in northern Europe?
Conversion produced a religious amalgam of Christianity and beliefs in magic and supernatural spirits.
who used astronomical observation and mathematical calculation to disprove the Hellenistic velief that the earth was the center of the universe
Copernicus
Which of the following was a common problem for all three of the Eurasian classical civilizations? A)Total loss of all elements of civilization B)Outside invasions by nomadic pastoralists C)Failure of the agricultural systems D)Internal rebellion of peasants
Correct answer-B Explanation- Huns caused the collapse of all of the Eurasian classical civilizations
How did the Aztecs view history?
Cyclical pattern of repetitive destructions of the world
What two missionaries were responsible for the creation of a written script for Slavic language?
Cyril and Methodius
what two missionaries were responsible for the creation of a written script for Slavic language
Cyril and Methodius
The Slavic alphabet created by Orthodox missionaries to the Slavs is called?
Cyrillic alphabet
The person responsible for the creation of the unified Persian Empire around 550 B.C. was
Cyrus the Great
According to Confucius, for what reason should superior men rule? A) to enrich their families and earn distinction B) to establish glory of the emperor C) to establish the glory of the regional aristocracy D) to serve society as a whole
D
Chinese art during the Han classical period: A) concentrated on the development of monumental sculpture B) was uninspired and generally or poor quality, due to the Chinese concentration on the sciences C) was most advanced in the area of painting D) was largely decorative often reflecting the geometric precision of Chinese calligraphy
D
Lifestyles of intensive hunting and gathering groups living in permanent locations remained precarious because A. They remained vulnerable to attacks from nomadic groups B. They failed to develop better shelters of more secure supplies of food C. They failed to increased the size of hunting and gathering bands D. They were dependent on particular animals and plants that could disappear if changed in climate occurred
D
Shi Huangdi: A) promoted Confucian philosophy by appointing scholars to serve as legal advisers within his court B) attempted to alleviate the harsher aspects of Legalist political philosophy by implementing reforms proposed by his royal council C) believed in the essential goodness of humans and urged humane behavior on the part of his officials, insisting that they oversee the moral welfare of his empire D) worried so much about controlling ideas in the Qin state that he proposed the burning of all books other than Legalist tracts and a few other official volumes
D
The Neolithic Revolution caused the population of humans to A. Abandon hunting and gathering as a means of subsistence B. Decline as fewer people were needed to produce more food C. Stay the same as few people because sedentary D. Increase from eight million to 60 or 70 million
D
The agricultural revolution allowed which of the following transformations of human culture to take place? a)spread fo regularly cultivated fields b)domestication of animals c)development of towns d)all of the above
D
The famous Great Wall of China was built under which ruler? A) Liu Bang B) Wang Mang C) Confucius D) Shi Huangdi
D
What statement about Greek architecture is the most accurate? A) Greek architecture lacked almost entirely any monumental building B) Most Greek monumental building was executed in bricks of standardized form with little, if any, decoration C) Greek monumental architecture was almost entirely decorative and had no utilitarian purpose D) Greek monumental architecture, often square or rectangular in shape and decorate with columns, was intended for a variety of public uses
D
What was Augustus' attitude toward the republican institutions after his establishment of the empire? A) Augustus modeled the empire of the republic, retaining the full authority of the republican institutions B) Augustus totally revised the government and eliminated all of the institutions and offices of the republic C) Augustus retained the office of consul and tribune but eliminated the Senate as a meaningful part of the empire D) Augustus retained many of the institutions and offices of the republic, including the Senate, but took actual power in his own hands
D
What was the status of women during the Han dynasty? a)women enjoyed equal status with males during the Han dynasty b)despite the Confucian requirement for female deference to males, women during the Han had more freedom than during later dynasties c)despite the confucian requirements for male deference to females, women had less freedom than during later dynasties d)the demeaned status of women was represented by their inability to share in family property
D
Which of the following statements about homosexuality in Greek culture is most accurate? A) Homosexuality in Greek culture was strictly forbidden as a societal taboo B) Homosexual relationships often appeared between young people and their mentors, particularly among males C) Homosexuality was so widely practiced among the Greeks that it detract from their devotion to marriage and the household D) Homosexuality was permitted in most parts of Greek society except among the Spartans where it was strictly forbidden among the military citizen
D
Which of the following statements most accurately compares the Greek religion to that of the Indian and Chinese civilization? A)greek religion was a vastly more sophisticated belief based on moral precepts and a strong attachment to an afterlife B)greek religion was more strongly spiritual than either the Indian or Chines religions C)the greeks failed to develop religion of any kind D)greek religion was derived from a belief in the spirits of nature elevated into a complex set of Gods
D
Which of the following statements most accurately compares the Greek religion to that of the Indian and Chinese civilizations? A) Greek religion was a vastly more sophisticated belief based on moral precepts and a strong attachment to an afterlife B) Greek religion was more strongly spiritual than either Indian or Chinese religion C) The Greeks failed to develop a religion of any kind D) Greek religion was derived from a belief in the spirits of nature elevated into a complex set of gods
D
Which of the following statements most accurately reflects Alexander's plans for his new empire? A) He planned to transplant Greek culture in Persia while at the same time wiping out all trace of Eastern culture B) He planned to transplant Asian cultural and political institutions to Greece while at the same time wiping out all traces of Hellenic culture C) As a Macedonian, Alexander disdained both Greek and Asian culture as effeminate and planned to impose Macedonian cultural values in all his domains D) Alexander wanted to combine Greek culture with Asian culture to create a new, Hellenistic culture
D
Which of the following was a result of the period of the political confusion following the fall of the Zhou dynasty? A) Chinese civilization failed to produce another dynasty for centuries B)The Shi ceased to play a significant role in Chinese government C) Feudalism became the dominant form of political organization in Chinese society D) Philosophers sought to find ways to end the conflict and create more permanent and unified political systems
D
how did Greek and Chinese civilization differ? a)the chines forms of political organization were generally less centralized than those of Greek civilization b)the chinese were unable to develop sophisticated philosophical systems of thought c)the greeks were unable to develop sophisticated philosophical systems of thought d)the greek forms of political organization were generally less "tidy" than those of Chinese civilization
D
how did the change in the agricultural economy affect the balance of political power at the end of the Roman empire? a)it gave political power to the landlords but weakened the hold of the emperor b)small independent farmers were able to restore their political influence at the expense of the central government C)the emperors were able to establish almost absolute political control because of the failure of the large landholders d)the reduction in the number of slaves weakened the large landholders who lost political influence to both the central government and the small independent farmers
D
the rationalization for the overthrow of the Shang based on the principle of divine judgment was called a)Tian's justice b)Judgement of the gods c)the Divine Wind d)the Mandate of Heaven
D
which of the following most accurately describes Confucius? A)an active administrator and advisor b)a religious teacher similar to the Jewish prophets and Buddha c)Emperor d)a social philosopher obsessed with the need for order and harmony
D
which of the following was NOT a result of the imperial expansion of the Roman republic? a)new trade and wealth enriched the upper classes and opened a gulf between rich and poor b)it became increasingly difficult to manage rome's balanced republican constitution c)slavery increased d) central Italy became increasingly devoted to the commercial production of grain
D
why was the organization of the Christian church stronger in the western half of the Roman empire? a)there were many more Christians there than in the eastern half of the empire b)christianity began and enjoyed its initial success in the western half of the empire c)the western emperors were more focused on spreading christianity through the use of the sword d)the church was more centralized in the west, eventually in the person of the pope
D
Wich of the following is NOT a similarity between Christianity and Buddhism? a)Both developed an important monastic movement b)Both stressed the possibility of an afterlife c)both accepted the existence of holy men who built up spiritual merits that could be tapped by other believers d)both placed great emphasis on church organization and structure
D Christianity does- Buddhism doesn't
which of the following was NOT an impact of the Greek invasion of northwestern India a)ut stimulated trade between Indian and the west b)greek astronomical and mathematical ideas entered India c)indian religious philosophy impacted the Stoics and mystery religions of western civilizations d)a centralized greek state was created that dominated the Indus river valley for four centuries
D India wasn't conquered and all of the other things happened when Greek invaded
Which of the following was not typical of the transmission of Chinese culture to Japan? A)Transmission by merchants B)transmission by students C)transmission by buddhist monks D)transmission by military conquest
D Japan was never conquered before we conquered them (Matthew Perry)
which of the following statements about the Indian Ocean Trade Network, in the 5th century, is NOT true? a)there were diasporatic communities of merchants living in most civilizations connected with the trade routes c)Rome was an important trade partner d)Chines products drove all trade as they were the most deftly manufactured
D because China did not drive all trade just most
which philopshopher said, "I take no action and the people are reformed. I enjoy peace and the people become honest. I do nothing and people become rich. I have no desires and people return to the good and simple life"? a)Confucius b)buddha c)christ d)Laozi
D not B because Buddha takes action and Doaism is supposed to take no action
What was the attitude of Roman imperial administration to local governments within the empire? A) local governments were replaced by military garrisons directly responsive to the central government B)local governments were replaced by professional bureaucrats formally trained at imperial universities C)local governments were handed over to relatives of teh imperial family who ruled as vassals of the empire D)local governments were granted considerable autonomy, and in some cases whole kingdoms were preserved
D not C because there would not be enough relatives of the family to rule all of Rome
what was the source of domesticated animals in africa? a)africans domesticated cattle, horses, goats, and sheep native to the continent b)most large mammals of Africa were unsuitable for domestication and African agriculture was largely without a pastoral element c)cattle, sheep, goats, and the camel were introduced to Africa from the western mediterranean d)cattle, sheep, goats and the camel were introduced from western Asia
D not a because horses were not native to Africa not b because the Bantu were pastoralists not C because camel are not from the western Mediterranean
Which of the following statements about mobility within the social heiarchies of the classical civilizations is NOT correct? a)Chinese social organization offered limited opportunities for social advancement through the university and examination system b)Mediterranean social organizations emphasized aristocracy but recognized the importance of acquired wealth c)Of the three classical civilizations, Roman social organization offered the most opportunity for mobility d)India's caste system offered some opportunity for mobility in the sense that the status of entire castes occasionally rose and fell in the social order
D not true because jatis move but not entire castes
According to Confucius, for what reason should superior men rule? a)To enrich their families and earn distinction b)To establish the glory of the emperor c)To establish the glory of the regional aristocracy d)To serve society as a whole
D the point of Confucius is to have your place in society and know it and not go away from it and not A because Confucian is not about wealth and distinction
What goods did the people of the savanna trade between the forest zone of the south and the Mediterranean A)Iron to the forest zone in return for ivory B)horses to the forest zone in return for iron tools C)camels, sheep, and goats to the forest zone in return for food practice D)salt to the forest zone in return for gold
D there were no horses there and they already have food products
Which of the following was NOT an impact of the Greek invasion of northwestern India? A) It stimulated trade between India and the West B) Greek astronomical and mathematical ideas entered India C) Indian religious philosophy impacted the Stoics and mystery religions of Western civilizations D) A centralized Greek state was created that dominated the Indus river valley for four centuries
D) A centralized Greek state was created that dominated the Indus river valley for four centuries
Which of the following was NOT a disadvantage for Americans when they eventually did come in contact with other civilizations? A) A simple material culture poor in metallurgical and weapon-making skills B) A lack of large mammals as a protein source and a power source C) An isolation from diseases common to Europeans, thus lack of immunities D) A failure to develop sophisticated political systems
D) A failure to develop sophisticated political systems
Which of the following statements most accurately reflects Alexander's plans for his new empire? A) He planned to transplant Greek culture in Persia while at the same time wiping out all traces of eastern culture B) He planned to transplant Asian cultural and political institutions to Greece while at the same time wiping out all traces of Hellenic culture C) As Macedonian, Alexander disdained both Greek and Asian culture as effeminate and planned to impose Macedonian cultural values in all his domains D) Alexander wanted to combine Greek culture with Asian culture to create a new, Hellenistic culture
D) Alexander wanted to combine Greek culture with Asian culture to create a new, Hellenistic culture
Which of the following statements concerning Andean ayllus is most correct? A) Ayllus only existed on the more primitive social units typical of early Andean civilization B) All members of an ayllu were regarded as social equals with equal access to community property C) Members of an ayllu practiced marriage endogamy-- they married outside their kinship group D) All members of an ayllu traced descent from a common ancestor
D) All members of an ayllu traced descent from a common ancestor
Which of the following were not developed in the Americas? A) The wheel B) The plow C) Iron D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Which of the following groups were NOT excluded from participation in the Athenian democracy of the fifth century B.C.E.? A) Women B) Foreigners C) Slaves D) Aristocrats
D) Aristocrats
Which of the following was NOT a result of the imperial expansion of the Roman republic? A) New trade and wealth enriched the upper classes and opened a gulf between rich and poor B) It became increasingly difficult to manage Rome's balanced republican constitution C) Slavery increased D) Central Italy became increasingly devoted to the commercial production of grain
D) Central Italy became increasingly devoted to the commercial production of grain
Which of the following statements most accurately describes Greek architecture? A) Greek architecture lacked almost entirely any monumental building B) Most Greek monumental building was executed in bricks of standardized form with little, if any, decoration C) Greek monumental architecture was almost entirely decorative and had no utilitarian purpose D) Greek monumental architecture, often square or rectangular in shape and decorated with columns, was intended for a variety of public uses
D) Greek monumental architecture, often square or rectangular in shape and decorated with columns, was intended for a variety of public uses
Which of the following statements most accurately compares the Greek religion to that of the Indian and Chinese civilizations? A) Greek religion was a vastly more sophisticated belief based on moral precepts and a strong attachment to an afterlife B) Greek religion was more strongly spiritual than either the Indian or Chinese religions C) The Greeks failed to develop a religion of any kind D) Greek religion was derived from a belief in the spirits of nature elevated into a complex set of gods
D) Greek religion was derived from a belief in the spirits of nature elevated into a complex set of gods
Which of the following heritages of the Mediterranean classical civilization had the least impact on successive western civilizations? A) Traditions of science and philosophy B) Political theory and definitions of citizenship C) Christianity D) The dominant Greco-Roman religion
D) The dominant Greco-Roman religion
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the Roman imperial attitude toward religion? A) The empire required all citizens to follow the state rituals and banned all other forms of religion B) The empire quickly moved away from the traditional religious ceremonies and adopted the mystery rituals of the cult of Isis as the state religion C) From 30 C.E. to 324 C.E. the oficial imperial policy was toleration of all religions regardless of their teachings D) The empire tolerated most religions whose members were willing to give at least formal acceptance of the traditional state religion and the cult of the emperors
D) The empire tolerated most religions whose members were willing to give at least formal acceptance of the traditional state religion and the cult of the emperors
The agricultural revolution allowed all of the following transformations in human culture to take place EXCEPT A. The spread of regularly cultivated fields B. The domestication of animals C. The development of towns D. A decline in specialized artists and craftsmen
D. A decline in specialized artists and craftsmen The agricultural revolution allowed people to settle, therefore ensuring more permanent towns, and with that fields and farming.
During the Neolithic Revolution, agriculture was tied to social change in which of the following ways? A. Agricultural productivity discouraged occupation specialization B. Agricultural surpluses led to an early form of socialism in which the extra food was allocated equally to each family C. Agriculture required more work leaving little time to spare on art and literature D. Agricultural productivity encouraged social stratification and the formation of elites based on political and religious groups
D. Agricultural productivity encouraged social stratification and the formation of elites based on political and religious groups
Which of the following most accurately reflects Alexander's plans for his new empire? A. He planned to transplant Greek culture in Persia while at the same time wiping out all traces of Eastern culture B. He planned to transplant Asian culture and political institutions into Greece while at the same time wiping out all traces of Hellenic culture C. As a Macedonian, Alexander disdained both Greek and Asian culture as effeminate and planned to impose Macedonian cultural values in all of his domains D. Alexander wanted to combine Greek culture with Asian culture to create a new, Hellenistic culture
D. Alexander wanted to combine Greek culture with Asian culture to create new, Hellenistic culture
The agricultural revolution allowed which of the following transformations in human culture to take place? A. Spread of regularly cultivated fields B. Domestication of animals C. Development of towns D. All of the above
D. All of the above
By the late Paleolithic Age, humans had colonized A. All of the continents of the Eastern Hemisphere. B. Africa, Europe, and Asia. C. All of the continents except Australia. D. All of the continents except Antarctica.
D. All of the continents except Antarctica.
By the late Paleolithic Age, humans had colonized A. All of the continents of the Eastern Hemisphere B. Africa, Europe, and Asia C. All of the continents except Australia D. All of the continents except Antartica
D. All of the continents except Antartica Paleolithic people had migrated from Africa to Europe, Asia, the Americas, and Australia.
Which of the following was NOT an advantage gained from the domestication of animals? A. Expanded choice of materials for clothing B. Materials for boats C. Additional sources of protein D. Animal power for farming
D. Animal power for farming
Which of the following was NOT an advantage gained from the domestication of animals? A. Expanded choice of materials for clothing B. Materials for boats C. Additional sources of protein D. Animal power for farming
D. Animal power for farming Not only did animal skins provide clothing, other parts of the animal was also used to create things, and the animals meat and dairy provided protein that had never been available to their diet before the domestication.
What was Augustus' attitude toward the rebulican institutions after his establishment of the empire? A. Augustus modeled the mpire on the republic, retaining the full authority of the republican institutions B. Augustus totally revised the government and eliminated all of the institutions and offices of the republic C. Augustus retained the office of consul and tribune, but eliminated the Senate as a meaningful part of the empire D. Augustuts retained many of the institution and offices of the republic, including the Senate, but took actual power in his own hands
D. Augustuts retained many of the institution and offices of the republic, including the Senate, but took actual power in his own hands
In comparison to the position of women in hunting-and-gathering societies, the social status of women in sedentary agricultural communities A. Improved B. Stayed about the same C. Allowed them to monopolize the religious and political elites D. Declined
D. Declined With the development of agriculture came the emergence of patriarchy. This is likely because first off, in Hunter-Gatherer communities, women didn't have as many babies, just because it wasn't realistic. When they gained the resources, that was all women were supposed to do. Also, in nomadic tribes, the women would often gather the grains and vegetables while the men would hunt. This meant there was no one breadwinner, and therefore if the man abused his wife there was the option to be independent and leave. This all changed with agriculture.
Which one of the following is NOT considered a reason for the decline of the Harappan civilization after about 1,500 B.C.E.? A. Massive flooding B. Migrations by a cattle-herding people, perhaps the Indo-Europeans, probably challenged the control of the priestly group C. Environmental changes were likely a greater problem, with excessive forest-cutting leading to the creation of desert conditions and saltier soils D. Earthquakes and tsunamis
D. Earthquakes and tsunamis While massive flooding was a major issue, an equally as great contribution to the fall of Harappa is the migration of Indo-Europeans to that region. Not only did they challenge their political and religious leaders, but they also greatly depleted the once fertile vegetation.
Which of the following statements most accurately compare the Greek religion to that of the Indian and Chinese civilizations? A. Greek religion was a vastly more sophisticated belief based on moral precepts and a strong attatchment to an afterlife B. Greek religion was more strongly spiritual than either the Indian or Chinese religions C. The Greeks failed to develop a religion of any kind D. Greek religion was derived from a belief in the spirits of nature elevated into a complex set of gods
D. Greek religion was derived from a belief in the spirits of nature elevated into a complex set of gods
In the aftermath of the Peloponnesian War, by 355 B.C.E. the political structure of Greece A. Was completely dominated by Sparta B. Fell under the control of Athens and a renewed Athenian empire C. Had become a kingdom ruled by Philip of Macedon D. Had returned to a setting of independent, disorganized city-states
D. Had returned to a setting of independent, disorganized city-states
Which of the following developments was NOT a key ingredient of early Middle Eastern civilization? A. The existence of specialized non-farming producers B. The existence of non-farming political and religious elites C. Crafts such as pottery and metalworking D. Heavy reliance on pastoralism
D. Heavy reliance on pastoralism
Which of the following represents the most advanced stage of human evolution? A. Homo Erectus B. Australopithecus Africanus C. Homo Habilis D. Homo Sapiens Sapiens
D. Homo Sapiens Sapiens Homo Sapiens Sapiens possessed several traits that distinguish them from other less advanced forms. For example, thumbs, upright stature, sense of vision, and language.
Which of the following is the most advanced stage of human evolution? A. Homo Erectus B. Homo Africanus C. Homo habilis D. Homo sapiens
D. Homo sapiens
The transformations associated with the agrarian revolution occurred A. Only in the Middle East, the area where agriculture was first initiated B. Only in Africa, the area where humans first developed C. Only in the Eastern Hemisphere D. In all of the world where civilizations emerged
D. In all of the world where civilizations emerged The Agarian Revolution marked a period of change not only in the populations' diet, but also in the complexity of their social system and politics. One might also argue it altered their religious outlook. For example, the Summerian people believed in harsh gods due to their unpredictable Tigris-Euphrates River that made farming near impossible, therefore jeopordizing their lifestyle.
The Neolithic revolution caused the population of humans to A. Decline as fewer people were needed to produce more food B. Stay the same as few people became sedentary C. Abandon hunting and gathering as a means of subsistence D. Increase from 8 million to 60 or 70 million
D. Increase from 8 million to 60 or 70 million The Neolithic Revolution is marked by the cultivation of crops and the domestication of certain animals. Because there was a surplus in food, they could support a larger population. It especially helped that now they had access to milks and grains, because it allowed a Mother to raise a child of about three or four and a newborn at the same time.
People referred to as barbarians were often A. Members of urbanized cultures B. Members of hunter-gatherer bands C. Sedentary agriculturalists D. Pastoral Herdsmen
D. Pastoral Herdsmen
Which of the following was a result of the period of political confusion following the fall of the Zhou dynasty? A. Chinese civilization failed to produce another dynasty for centuries B. The Shi ceased to play a sigificant role in Chinese government C. Feudalism became the dominant form of political organization in Chinese society D. Philosophers sought to find ways to end the conflict and create more permanent and unified political systems
D. Philosophers sought to find ways to end the conflict and create more permanent and unified political systems
The famous "Great Wall of China" was built under which ruler? A. Liu Bang B. Wang Mang C. Confucius D. Shi Huangdi
D. Shi Huangdi
Which of the following issues was a cause for the split between the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches after 1054? A. The Orthodox church's lack of bishops B. The insistence of the patriarch of Constantinople on supremacy within church councils C. The absence of monasticism in Roman Catholicism D. The Roman Catholic practice of requiring celibacy for its priests
D. The Roman Catholic practice of requiring celibacy for its priests
While the position of Aztec women in many ways paralleled that of women in other civilizations at a similar stage of development, what was the significant difference between the life of women in Mesoamerica and in the Mediterranean world? A. Women in Mesoamerica participated fully in the military B. There was no polygamy practiced in Mesoamerica C. Aztec women were unable to inherit or pass property on to heirs D. The limited technology of Mesoamerica confined women to many more hours of grinding grain for food
D. The limited technology of Mesoamerica confined women to many more hours of grinding grain for food
What made possible the rapid revival of empire under the Tang? A. The abandonment of Confucianism in favor of the more widely practiced Buddhism B. The brevity of the period of political dislocation C. The willingness of the Tang to abandon traditional approaches to the government D. The preservation in the many kingdoms of the Confucian traditions that had been central to Chinese civilization
D. The preservation in the many kingdoms of the Confucian traditions that had been central to Chinese civilization
The lives of intensive hunting-and-gathering groups living in permanent locations remained precarious because A. They failed to improve their technology for hunting or for storage B. They failed to increase the size of the hunting and gathering bands C. They became increasingly vulnerable to attacks from nomadic groups D. They were dependent on particular animals and plants that could disappear if changes in the climate occured
D. They were dependent on particular animals and plants that could disappear if changes in the climate occurred This is accurately displayed with the depletion of nomadic groups as the Ice Age ended.
Along which river did the first civilization emerge? A. Persian Gulf B. Huang-he C. Nile D. Tigris and Euphrates
D. Tigris and Euphrates
According to Confucius, for what reason should superior men rule? A. To enrich their families and earn distinction B. To establish the glory of the emperor C. To establish the glory of the regional aristocracy D. To serve society as a whole
D. To serve society as a whole
Chinese art during the Han classical period A. Concentrated on the development of monumental sculpture B. Was uninspired and generally of poor quality, due to the Chinese concentration on the sciences C. Was most advanced in the area of painting D. Was largely decorative often reflecting the geomentric percision of Chinese calligraphy
D. Was largely decorative often reflecting the geomentric percision of Chinese calligraphy
Shi Huangdi A. Promoted COnfucian philosophy by appointing scholars to serve as legal advisers within his court B. Attempted to alleviate the harsher aspects of Legalist political philosophy by implementing reforms proposed by his royal council C. Believed in the essential goodness of humans and urged humane behavior on the part of his officials, insisting that they oversee the moral welfare of his empire. D. Worried so much about controlling ideas in the Qin state that he proposed the burning of all books other than Legalist tracts and a few other official volumes.
D. Worried so much about controlling ideas in the Qin state that he proposed the burning of all books other than Legalist tracts and a few other official volumes.
In comparison to the position of women in hunting and gathering societies, the social status of women in sedentary agricultural communities A. improved. B. stayed about the same. C. allowed them to monopolize the religious and political elites. D. declined.
D. declined.
The transformations associated with the agrarian revolution occurred A. only in the Middle East, the area where agriculture was first initiated. B. only in Africa, the area where humans first developed. C. only in the Eastern Hemisphere. D. in all of the world where civilizations emerged.
D. in all of the world where civilizations emerged.
The Neolithic revolution caused the population of humans to A. decline as fewer people were needed to produce more food. B. stay the same as few people became sedentary. C. abandon hunting and gathering as a means of subsistence. D. increase from 8 million to 60 or 70 million.
D. increase from 8 million to 60 or 70 million.
The transition to sedentary agriculture is reffered to as A. the Paleolithic revolution B. The Bronze Age revolution C. the Mesolithic revolution. D. The Neolithic revolution.
D. the Neolithic revolution
Lifestyles of intensive hunting and gathering groups living in permanent locations remained precarious because A. they failed to develop better shelters or more secure supplies of food. B. they failed to increase the size of the hunting and gathering bands. C. they remained vulnerable to attacks from nomadic groups. D. they were dependent on particular animals and plants that could disappear if changes in the climate occurred.
D. they were dependent on particular animals and plants that could disappear if changes in the climate occurred.
Under the Umayyads, the political center of Islam shifted to
Damascus
The authors suggest that the mystery religions of Greece, which offered a more spiritual approach to religion, paralleled the role of what philosophical approach in China?
Daoism
the Chinese government accepted Daoism for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
Daoists believed that nobles were holier than peasants
Which of the following best decribes political patterns on the Indian subcontinent in the classical era 1000 BCE to 600 CE?
Decentralized rule by local princes punctuated by Maurya and Gupta periods of unification
Status of women in Abbasid times?
Declined in part as a result of the growing cultural influence of the conquered populations such as the Persians
Which of the following was NOT one of the major themes or cults of Aztec religion?
Deities devoted to contemplation and salvation
Where was the capital of the Islamic kingdom established after 1206 on the Gangetic plain?
Delhi
The Athenian empire of the fifth century B.C.E. grew from an alliance of city-states called the
Delian League
What does "Hellenism" mean?
Derived from the Greek
Sasanids
Descendants of the Achaemenid rulers
What was the impact of the Portuguese arrival on the trading patterns of the east African coast?
Despite great effort to shift the focus of trade into their hands, the Portuguese were never able to control trade on the northern Swahili coast.
Which of the following statements concerning the society and economy of the warlord of shogun era in Japanese history is most accurate?
Despite political chaos, improvements in agricultural techniques and incentives led to occupation of previously uncultivated areas
Which of the following was NOT an eventual impact of the development of neo-Confucian schools of thought?
Destruction of the mandarins
The caste position and life path determined by a person's birth was called one's
Dharma
***Agriculture in Mali?
Difficulties of soil, dought, no technology, farmers could barely provide food
Agriculture in Mali?
Difficulties of soil, dought, no technology, farmers could barely provide food
The origin of the split between Shia and Sunnis was indicative of what?
Disagreements over who would become caliph
What was the political result of the wars that destroyed the Ashikaga Shogunate?
Division of Japan into 300 little states under the daimyos
Which of the following was true for ALL of the early agricultural systems?
Domestication of perenial plants in each region
What was the social impact of the Mongol conquest on Russia?
Due to the crushing burden of tribute paid to Mongols and princes, the Russian peasantry was reduced to serfdom
the first kingdoms in Africa below the Sahara showed the influence of
Egypt and Hellenism
Eight Fold Path
Eight steps to end suffering and attain enlightenment according to Buddhist tradition.
The emperor responsible for the initial construction of Constantinople was?
Emperor Constantine
Darius
Emperor who allowed the Jews to return to Jerusalem and rebuild it.
Xerxes
Emperor who had trouble maintaining the cultural tolerance of the empire and dealt with rebellions in Egypt and Mesopotamia
Xerxes
Emperor who publicly supported Zoroastrianism and allowed it to flourish in the Achaemenid empire
Darius
Emperor who set up flexible laws and a tax system
Darius
Emperor who set up the satrap system
What country achieved feudal monarchy prior to the end of the Middle Ages?
England
How did the introduction of feudal monarchy into England compare to the political experience of France?
English Feudal monarchy was introduced abruptly following 1066, while French Feudal monarchy developed more slowly.
How did the introduction of feudal monarchy into England compare to the political experience of France?
English feudal monarchy was introduced abruptly following 1066, while French feudal monarchy developed more slowly.
the aftermath of the scientific revolution spilled over into a new intellectual movement in the eighteenth century called the
Enlightenment
The period of political disorder and chaotic warfare that followed the Qin-Han era is referred to as the
Era of Division
the period of political disorder and chaotic warfare that followed the Qin-Han era is referred to as the
Era of Division
-What was the most important Christian kingdom in Africa?
Ethiopia
What was the most important Christian kingdom in Africa?
Ethiopia
The group that first ruled the Romans were the
Etruscans
Who did the Abbasid Empire carry out long distance trade with?
Europe (Italy)
What was the impact of the Crusades on the Christian West?
Europeans copied Muslim weapons (damascene swords), techniques of fortifications (castles), Muslim physicians, etc.
what was the nature of the material culture of bedouin society?
Except in the sedentary agriculture communities of the south, there was little art or agriculture and the chief foucuse of cultural creativity was oarl poetry
Problem with African Trade?
Exchange raw for manufactured products and did not develope technology
Which of the following was utilized in the Inca empire, but NOT by the Aztecs?
Extensive use of colonization
True or False: Bureaucrats were trained to be literate, but lacked the formal training in Greek classics and philosophy in the Byzantine bureaucracy.
False
True or False: Northern political units rapidly dominate the political sophistication of civilization areas in Asia and North Africa.
False
True or False: The permanent addition of Rome to the Byzantine Empire is and outcome of Justinian war on reconquest.
False
True or False: The reconquest of Gaul was a positive contribution by Justinian.
False
True or False: The significance of the Byzantine Empire included the empire's conquest of the Ottoman Empire and its inclusion of all the Middle East.
False
Which choice best describes the position of women in classical Athens in terms of divorce and property rights as compared to women in classical Roman society? Greek women had
Far fewer rights
The Shiite claim to legitimacy rests on the direct connection to Muhammad through his daughter
Fatimah
What important technological, industrial and commercial innovations occurred during this period?
Field system, Grand Canal, metallurgy
The Huns
Fierce warriors from Central Asia- First invaded southeastern Europe and then launched raids on nearby kingdoms
Song Taizu
First Song dynasty emperor who reigned from 960-976 CE. He focused his rule on civil administration, industry, education, and the arts rather than on military affairs. Inaugurated bureaucracy of merit.
***Why was caliph uthman disliked?
First caliph chosen from Muhammads early enemies
In what ways was the culture of Kievan Russia an extension of the Byzantine Empire
First, they developed an Orthodox church that was dominated by the state. They also venerated icons and had a similar artistic emphasis on architecture and religious images. Both states were based on divinely authorized power of monarch. There was also the codification of laws. But, Kiev was unable to duplicate the Byzantine government in the sense that there was no comparable trained bureaucracy.
religious practices that are incubent on all Muslims are called?
Five Pillars of Faith
Which of the following statements concerning Chingiss Khan's early life is most accurate?
Following his father's death, he was abandoned by many followers and captured by a rival tribe
Cleneal celibacy
Following practices not adopted as a feature of Russian orthodox church
In what way did foot-binding serve to diminish the independence of Chinese women by the end of the Song era?
Foot-binding sufficiently crippled women to effectively confine their mobility to their household.
What were the Ridda wars?
Fought to suppress rival prophets and to restore unity of Islam
Describe Tenochtitlan.
Founded circa 1325 on marshy island in Lake Texcoco; became center of Aztec power; joined Tlacopan and Texcoco in 1434 to form a triple alliance that controlled most of the central plateau of Mesoamerica.
What was the impact of expansion and conquest on the Aztec social system?
From a loose association of clans, Aztec society became a highly stratified society
What was the impact of expansion and conquest on the Aztec social system?
From a loose association of clans, Aztec society became a stratified society
What was the impact of expansion and conquest on the Aztec social system?
From a loose association of clans, Aztec society became a stratified society.
By the middle of the 9th century, what aristocratic family exerted exceptional influence over imperial affairs at the Japanese court at Heian?
Fujiwara
8. What was the importance of gender and age grades in the sub-Saharan African societies?
Gender largely determined work roles: workers with special skills were mostly men (leather tanning, iron working); both men and women participated in the planting and harvesting of crops, and women also tended to domestic chores and took primary responsibility for child rearing. African society made a place for age groups that included all individuals within a given community born within a few years of one another. Members of age grades performed tasks appropriate for their level of development, and they often bonded with one another to form tight circles of friends and political allies. Age grades crossed the lines of family and kinship.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the reason why Luther picked up widespread support among the German elite
German princes who turned Protestant could increase their independence from the emperor, seize church lands, and control the church in their territories
Romans regarded the Germans as barbarians because
German society was illiterate and Germans did not live in cities
What Sudanic kingdom declined in 1076, making way for new political organizations in the region?
Ghana
During the 11th century, what new architectural style featuring pointed arches and flying buttresses became dominant in western Europe?
Gothic
What state represents the development of Bantu concepts of kingship and state building?
Great Zimbabwe
Which of the following statements concerning Great Zimbabwe is NOT correct?
Great Zimbabwe was constructed by Arab Muslims who were trading with the Bantu residents of the region
Darius
Greatest Persian Emperor and grandson of Cyrus
compare greek and rome political structures
Greece had a democracy while Rome had a republic and then an empire with a senate and emperor
Starting with the region of Justinian, what was the official language of the Eastern empire?
Greek
What was the technological innovation that aided the Byzantine Empire in withstanding the Muslim siege of Constantinopole in 717?
Greek fire
What is stoicism?
Greek philosophy of logic and reason
From the reign of Justinian, the official language of the eastern empire was
Greek.
-Specialists who mastered the oral traditions of the Malinke and by knowing the past were considered excellent advisors to the kings were called
Griots
-was the social and political function of the griots?
Griots mastered the oral traditions of the Malinke and by knowing the past were considered excellent advisors of kings.
What was the social and political function of the griots?
Griots mastered the oral traditions of the Malinke and by knowing the past were considered excellent advisors of kings.
In the aftermath of the Peloponnesian War, by 355 B.C.E. the political structure of Greece
Had returned to a setting of independent, disorganized city-states
Pilgrimage to Mecca is called what?
Hajj
Who was the great Carthaginian general during the Second Punic War?
Hannibal
Which ancient civilization fits the description : *Constructed multistory structures * Arose near the Indus River *Disappeared for reasons that remain unclear
Harappan
what was Harsha's religious policy
Harsha remained steadfastly loyal to Hinduism and suppressed the few remaining Buddhist monasteries in his empire
The 1001 Nights describes the extravagant behavior of the Abbasid caliph
Harun al-Rashid
following the decline of Songhay, smaller states developed east of Maliand Songhay among which people?
Hausa
Why did Vladimir I prefer Orthodox Christianity to Roman Catholicism?
He believed that Roman Catholicism implied papal interference, while Orthodoxy embraced the control of the church by the state.
Which of the following is TRUE regarding Caliph al-Mahdi and the problem of the succession in the Abbasid dynasty?
He failed to resolve the problem of dynastic succession with disastrous results.
1)What does the story of Guillaume Boucher represent? How does it fit in with the Mongol strategies for Eurasian integration?
He represents one of the thousands of foreign born individuals who became permanent residents of the Mongol capital at Karakorum because of their special talents. This fits into the resettlement actions by the Mongols.
8) Who was Tamerlane, and what was his legacy?
He was born in 1336 near Samarkand; took Chinggis Khan as his model; united Turkish nomads in Khanate of Chaghatai; ruled through tribal leaders; appointed overlords in the territories he conquered; died in 1405 while leading his army east to invade China.
Describe caliph al-Mahdi and the problem of succession in the Abbasid dynasty.
He wavered between his sons on whom should succeed. Allowed his wives and concubines to be involved in palace life.
What tactic on the field of battle was employed most frequently to Chinggis Khan's forces?
Heavy cavalry attacks on the flanks
Byzantine cultural life centered on the secular traditions of what?
Hellenism
One of the major political differences between Hellenic Greece and Hellenistic kingdoms was that
Hellenistic government centered on military empires rather than city-states, even though the latter continued to exist
Belisarius
Helped Justinian achieve military gains in north Africa and Italy
Chapter 7 dates the beginning of Byzantine history with the accession of
Heraclius in 610
How did the Muslim conquerors of Sind treat the Hindu and Buddhist residents of the region?
Hindus and Buddhists were treated as dhimmis or "peoples of the book."
How did Hinduism respond to the challenge of Islam?
Hindus placed a greater emphasis on the devotional or bhaktic cults of gods and goddesses such as Shiva and Vishnu
What political unit attempted to retain the title of emperor following the disintegration of the Carolingian Empire by the tenth century?
Holy Roman Empire
Who seems to have written the Iliad and the Odyssey?
Homer
The humanoid species that emerged as the most successful at the end of the Paleolithic period
Homo Sapien
Pyramids
Huge stone tombs with four triangle-shaped walls that met in a point on top
The central figure of the cult of human sacrifice and the most sacred deity of the Aztecs was...
Huitzilopochli
the central figure of the cult of human sacrifice and the most sacred deity of the Aztecs was
Huitzilopochtli
Deitys worshiped by Aztecs?
Huitzilopochtli, Tonatiuh, Tlaloc
Which of the following statements concerning Italian humanism is most accurate
Humanists focused on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor
Which of the following were the most venturesome sailors in the classical world
Huns
Means of obtaining food by human species prior to the adaptation of sedentary agriculture; normally typical of band social organization
Hunting and Gathering
The religious controversy over the use of religious images in worship that broke out in the eighth century was called the?
Iconoclastic controversy
The mythos of Greek culture was established by the wide acceptance of two great poems, the
Iliad and Odyssey
Legalism
In Chinese history, Legalism was one of the main philosophic currents during the Warring States Period- A philosophy of focusing on the text of written law to the exclusion of the intent of law, elevating strict adherence to law over justice, mercy and common sense
Why did the great mammal herds of the Americas diminish and in some cases disappear entirely?
In addition to climatic change, they may have been hunted to extinction
How was the social hierarchy of India transformed during the reign of the Gupta?
In general restrictions against low-caste groups and women became harsher and more pervasive
Seljuk Turks
In the 11th century, the group of people who seized most of the Asiatic provinces of the Byzantine Empire was the
What was the primary difference in the political situation between the Mesoamerican and Andean zones following the breakup of the classical states?
In the Andean zones a number of relatively large states continued to be important, rather than the breakdown of power that was typical of Mesoamerica.
What was the primary difference in the political situation between the Mesoamerican and Andean zones following the breakup of the classical states?
In the Andean zones, a number of relatively large states continued to be important, rather than the breakdown of power that was typical of Mesoamerica
Which of the following statements concerning the relationship of the imperial court to the provincial military elite is most accurate?
In the absence of an imperial military force, law and order broke down, leading both the emperor and high officials to hire provincial lords and their military retainers.
Tribes of nomadic warriors that provided the foundation for post-Harappan civilization in India originally settled
In the foothills of the Himalaya Mountains
-was the institution of slavery viewed in Muslim society?
In theory slavery was seen as a stage in the process of conversion of pagans to Islam.
How was the institution of slavery viewed in Muslim society?
In theory, slavery was seen as a stage in the process of conversion of pagans to Islam.
Both bureaucracies were open to talented commoners, not just aristocrats
In which of the following ways were the Byzantine bureaucracy and the Chinese bureaucracy similar
The image of the Inca Empire as a carefully organized sysem in which every community collectively contributed to the whole and the state regulated the distributions of the resources on the basis of need is referred to as..
Inca Socialism
The modern image of the Inca empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole and the state regulates the distribution of resources on the basis of need is referred to as..
Inca socialism
the image of the Inca empire as a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole and the state regulated the distribution of resources on the basis of need is referred to as
Inca socialism
What was the Inca practice of split inheritance?
Incan practice of passing down power and titles to one successor, but dividing land among all male descendants in order that they support his mummy
The geographic factors presented here led to the development of which highly complex and distinctive civilization by the year 600 CE? *Fertile river valleys *Isolating mountain ranges *Dependable monsoon weather patterns
Indian
Which civilization's decline was most likely due to drastic environmental change?
Indus
The "Demographic Transition" is often associated with what change in society?
Industrialization
Which of the following was NOT a strength of Byzantine cultural life?
Innovative literary forms
Caravanserais
Inns offering lodging for caravan merchants as well as food, water, and care for animals
What accounted for the downfall of Songhay?
Invasion by a Moroccan Muslim army equipped with firearms followed by internal revolts
What accounted for the downfall of Songhay?
Invasion by a Moroccan Muslim army equipped with firearms, following by internal revolts
Which term deals with the appointing of church officials?
Investiture
Zoroastrianism was removed from world history as a major force by
Islam
What was the relationship between Islam and the indigenous religions of Africa?
Islam accommodated pagan practice and belief in the early stages of conversion, because rulership and authority was still based on the ability to intercede with local spirits.
***How did Islam expansion aid in trade creation is SouthEast
Islam expanded to India and Southeast Asia provided religious trust bond between regions and converted city rulers
How did the expansion of Islam aid in the creation of international trade on the east African coastline?
Islam expanded to India and southeast Asia providing a religious bond of trust between those regions and the converted rulers of the cities of east Africa.
How did the expansion of Islam aid in the creation of international trade on the east African coastline?
Islam expanded to India and southeast Asia, providing a religious bond of trust between those regions and the converted rulers of the cities of east Africa.
How did Islam and Hinduism differ?
Islam is monotheistic and about equality under Allah. Hinduism is polytheistic and has a caste system which promotes inequality.
To what extent did Islam successfully penetrate the populations of east Africa?
Islam penetrated very little into the interior among the hunters, pastoralists, and farmers, and even the areas near the trading towns remained relatively unaffected
How did Islam and Hinduism differ?
Islam stressed the egalitarianism of all believers, while Hinduism embraced a caste-based social system
how did Islam and Hinduism differ
Islam stressed the egalitarianism of all believers, while Hinduism embraced a caste-based social system
What was the relationship between Islam and the indigenous religions of Africa?
Islam was able to accommodate pagan practices and beliefs in the early stages of conversion
What was the nature of Islamic religion that developed in Southeast Asia?
Islam was infused with mystical strains and tolerated traditional beliefs and rituals.
What was the most critical cultural advance as a result of the increased contact between Muslims and Indian civilization?
Islamic civilization was enriched by the skills and achievements of another great civilization.
What was the impact of the Crusades on Islam?
Islamic society was only slightly impacted in the long run.
Which of the following descriptions of Pure Land Buddhism is NOT accurate?
It appealed to upper class Chinese
What was the Ka'aba?
It began as a center of trade and emerged as a focal point of prayer.
How did the Hindu doctrine of dharma impact Indian society?
It fostered the formation of rigid social and economic groups
What was the difference in the military organization of Byzantine and western Roman Empires?
It recruited armies from the middle east, not barbarian troops
What was the impact of the Seljuk conquest of Baghdad on the Abbasid Empire?
It restored the ability of the empire to meet the challenges of Egypt and the Byzantine Empire
5. Where and how did Islam spread to sub-Saharan Africa? How was it different from north African and SW Asian Islam? Why?
It served as more of a supplement rather than replacement to sub-Saharan traditional religions. Women were able to have casual conversations with men other than their husbands, and they went about in public dressed only in loincloths.
In general, how did Islam spread in southeast Asia?
It spread quite well through peaceful contact and voluntary conversion.
What were the factors in the decline of the Byzantine Empire
It started with a series of external threats; Turkish invasion seized Asiatic portions of the empire. This caused a reduced food supply and tax base of the Empire. Growing economic and political power of Western Europe led to inroads on Constantinople's economic position. Western crusades temporarily conquered the capital. There was a rise of independent Slavic kingdoms challenging the Byzantine authority. And lastly, in 1453 Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople.
Which of the following statements concerning the ulama is most accurate?
It stressed an increasingly restrictive conservatism within Islam, particularly with respect to scientific inquiry.
What was the nature of the economy of the Abbside period?
It was a period of general prosperity typified by urban growth and the restoration of Afro-Euasiam trade axis
What was the nature of the economy of the Abbasid period?
It was a period of general prosperity typified by urban growth and the restoration of the Afro-Eurasian trade axis.
Following Chingiss Khan's death, what was the provision for the administration of the empire?
It was divided into four regional kingdoms, or khanates, ruled by his sons and grandsons
What was the significance of foot binding?
It was mainly for the rich who considered it a sign of wealth and beauty to have small feet. The crescent shaped feet had somewhat of an erotic significance to the Chinese.
Which of the following is NOT true of slavery in the Islamic world?
It was not based on ethnicity (check me on this).
7. In what ways was Kilwa a good example of a Swahili city-state?
It was one of the busiest city-states in on the east African coast. They erected multistory stone buildings. It was a thriving city with many stone buildings and mosques. Residents imported cotton and silk textiles as well as perfumes and pearls from India and also Chinese porcelain. They exported large amounts of gold every year.
What was the basic structure of the Roman household?
It was strictly patriarchal, but women enjoyed greater freedom of action than in Greek, Chinese, or Indian civilization
Which of the following statements concerning the manorial system is not true?
It was technologically sophisticated.
Where was the greatest concentration of urbanization after 10th century Europe?
Italy and the Low Countries
Where was the greatest concentration of urbanization after the tenth century in Europe?
Italy and the Low Countries
Where was the greatest concentration of urbanization after the tenth century?
Italy and the Low Countries
SHORT-ANSWER: How did Japanese importation of Chinese culture differ from that of Vietnam or Korea?
Japan maintained its own independence while Vietname and Korea were subject to china's influence and became more of its "shadow".
What was the impact of the rise of the samurai on the peasantry in Japan?
Japanese peasants were reduced to the status of serfs bound to the land they worked
what was the impact of the rise of the samurai on the peasantry in Japan
Japanese peasants were reduced to the status of serfs bound to the land they worked
Early walled urban culture site based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern Israeli-occupied West Bank near Jordan River
Jericho
Who ruled Medina prior to Muhammads flight there?
Jewish and Bedouin clans
Christianity emerged as a reform movement within what religion?
Judaism
Theodora
Junstinian's wife, ambitious strong-willed disciplined, acted as Justinian's advisor
What Eastern emperor was responsible for the attempted restoration of a united Roman Empire after 533?
Justinian
what Eastern emperor was responsible for the attempted restoration of a united Roman Empire after 533
Justinian
The African traders associated with the Mali Empire were called
Juula
***Religious shrine that focuses on annual truce in pre islamic Mecca was _____.
Ka'ba
The religious shrine that was the focus of an annual truce in pre-Islamic Mecca was the
Ka'ba
Where was the capital of the Mongol empire under Chinggis Khan?
Karakorum
What were the benefits of fire?
Kept them warm. Allowed them to cook food, which was easier to digest, so they had more time for other things. Brought people together and created a sense of community. Clear out brush or undergrowth. Protected them from animals,because it drove them away.
What russian city profited most from Mongol invasion?
Kiev
All of these peoples and states contributed to the destruction of the Byzantine Empire EXCEPT the:
Kievan Rus
basic social group of the Bedouins?
Kin related clan groups
Scandinavia
Kingdom of Kiev in southern RUssia was established by traders from
4. Compare and Contrast the Kingdom of Kongo and the Kingdom of Ghana
Kongo was a central African state that began trading with Portuguese around 1500 and used the slave trade. Its rulers converted to Christianity. It was one of the more prosperous of the Congolese states, and it engaged in trade networks involving copper, raffia cloth, and nzimbu shells from the Atlantic Ocean. It came to embrace mucho of the modern-day Republic of the Congo and Angola. Kongo's government consisted of the king and officials; beneath the kings and officials were six provinces administrated by subordinate officials; within the districts, villages ruled by chiefs provided local government. It was perhaps the most tightly centralized of the early Bantu kingdoms. Local currency based off cowries. Ghana was a kingdom in west Africa during the 5th through 13th centuries whose rulers eventually converted to Islam; its power and wealth was based on dominating trans-Saharan trade. Principal state at the time of the Muslims' arrival; situated between the Senegal and Niger rivers; most important commercial site in west Africa because of economic development and surging trade throughout the eastern hemisphere; controlled and regulated gold trade.
Which of the following statements concerning the Korean bureaucracy under the influence of China is most accurate
Korea established a Confucian examination system on the Chinese model, but admission to the bureaucracy was determined almost exclusively by birth rather than test scores.
The Mongol commander in the thirteenth century campaigns against the Song was Chinggis Khan's grandson,
Kubilai Khan
-What was typical of the African societies not affected by either Islam or Christianity?
Lack of writing system
5. What eventually led to the fall of Byzantium?
Land was concentrated in the hands of wealthy land owner. The government collected less taxes from them, constant war with the Persians, and peasant uprising.
What was agriculture like in 1500?
Largely diffused throughout the Americas, not always in sdentary agricultural communities
A series of cave paintings discovered in France in 1940, which probably served a ritualistic or religious purpose for the Paleolithic people who created them
Lascaux Paintings
What was Yaroslav?
Last of the great Kievan monarchs; issued legal codification based on formal codes developed in Byzantium
Which of the following statements concerning leadership in Mongol society is most correct?
Leaders were elected by free males and held in office for as long as they could keep it
Ulama
Learned officials. "people with religious knowledge".
Wang Anshi, a prime minister in the 1070s and 1080s attempted to reform Song government on the basis of what Confucian school of thought
Legalism
The first Song emperor restored the unity of China EXCEPT for what northern dynasty?
Liao
Which of the following statements concerning urbanization in the Byzantine Empire is not accurate?
Like China, the Byzantine Empire was heavily urbanized with many cities numbering more than 100,000.
Which of the following statements concerning the nature of the Korean society is most accurate
Like the Chinese, a wealthy merchant class arose in Korea, but according to Confucian dictates it never achieved high social status
Difference between life of women in Mesoamerica and in Mediterranean world?
Limited technology confined Mesoamerican women to many more hours grinding grain for food
Li Bo
Lived from 701- 761 CE. Chinese poet during the Tang dynasty. Most popular poet of the Tang era. Wrote light, pleasing verses celebrating life, friendship, and especially wine. Drowned while he was drunk.
Du Fu
Lived from 712- 770 CE. Chinese poet during the Tang dynasty. Often considered to be the greatest Chinese poet. Wrote about beauty of natural world and about chaos of the 8th century.
Which animal was found in the Andean region?
Llamas
the monarch most associated with absolute monarchy was
Louis XIV of France
Which of the following reasons suggests why common people supported the Lutheran Reformation
Lutheranism sanctioned money-making and other earthly pursuits more wholeheartedly than did traditional Christianity
What descendant of a Turkish slave dynasty in Afghanistan led a series of expeditions into India in the eleventh century? What was the purpose of the expeditions?
Mahmud of Ghazni He wanted to spread Islam as well as acquire India's wealth.
What staple crop of American agriculture was domesticated in central Mexico by 4000 B.C.E.?
Maize
***What part of empire was Songhay first part of?
Mali
-What kingdom arose in the Sudan following the decline of Ghana in 1076?
Mali
Songhai was originally part of which African empire?
Mali
Songhay was originally dominated by which African empire?
Mali
What was the nature of urbanization within the Mali Empire?
Mali possessed "port cities" along the Niger River such as Jenne and Timbuktu which flourished both commercially and culturally.
which of the following statements concerning the social organization of the Malike people is most accurate?
Malike society was divided into three groups, clans of freemen, people devoted to religion, and specialist and trade men
Juula
Malinke merchants; formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali empire; eventually spread throughout much of West Africa
Which of the following statements concerning the social organization of the Malinke people is most accurate?
Malinke society was divided into three groups, clans of freemen, people devoted to religion, and specialists and tradesmen.
In addition to ending the Abbasid dynasty at Baghdad, the Mongol assault also resulted in the decline of the
Mameluks in Egypt
The Mongols were defeated in 1260 at Ain Jalut by the
Mamluk dynasty of Egypt
What was the staple crop developed in the lowland areas of South America, particularly in the Amazon basin?
Manioc
What happened after Muhammad's death in 632?
Many of the Bedouin tribes renounced Islam.
How did the Aztecs view marriage and the family?
Marriages arranged between lineages, virginity important before marriage, nobles polygamous, peasants monogamous; older women train girls to be ready for marriage, weaving skills important, work in the fields and household, could inherit property and pass it on, political and social life subordinate to men
who is generally credited with initiating the Protestant Reformation in 1517?
Martin Luther
Family descent and inheritance traced through the female line
Matrilineal
What culture emerged during the Mesoamerican Classic period in tropical lowlands of Mexico and Guatemala?
Mayas
What was the Umayyad sponse to Muhammad's migration to Medina and subsequent success there?
Mecca and Medina went to war, resulting in the eventual victory of Muhammad and the Medina clans
The Hijra (Hegira) refers to the Prophet Muhammad's move from
Mecca to Medina
What was the primary difference in the political situation between the Mesoamerican and Andean zones following the breakup of the classical states?
Med. small states had power in Andean zone large states continued to be important.
What two social groups that suffered low status under the Confucian social system benefited most from the Yuan administration?
Merchants and artisans
Record Keeping
Method of writing to keep track of important rituals
The post classical period in Western History between the fall of the Roman Empire and the 15th century is referred to as the?
Middle Ages
the post-classical period in Western history between the fall of the Roman Empire and the fifteenth century is referred to as the
Middle Ages
What accounts for the migration of Homo sapiens to North America?
Migrant hunters probably followed large game animals
How did the classical civilizations' view of social organization differ from that of modern Western civilization?
Modern societies are predicated on social mobility based on talent and the work ethic
What was the status of Mongolian women during the Yuan dynasty of China?
Mongol women remained relatively independent, refused to adopt the practice of foot-binding, and retained their rights in property
What was the status of Mongolian women during the Yuan dynasty of China
Mongolian women lost status as they fell under the social apparatus of the Confucian ideology
What group captured Baghdad in 1258?
Mongols
What group of peoples was responsible for the conquest of Kievan Russia after 1236?
Mongols (Tatars)
Which of the following was NOT a characteristic of American civilizations during the post classical period?
Monotheistic practices
Because of the Byzantine influence on Russian civilization, which city made the claim to being the world's "third Rome"?
Moscow
what Russian city profited most from the Mongol invasion
Moscow
Which of the following is the most accurate satement about ancient Roman trade routes?
Most trade routes were focused around the Mediterranean Sea
Which of the following statements concerning the economies of Africa is NOT correct?
Much of the region lacked a market economy and was based on self-sufficient agricultural units.
What was Muhammad's teaching with respect to the revelations of other monotheistic religions?
Muhammad accepted the validity of earlier Christian and Judaic revelations and taught that his own revelations were a final refinement and reformulation of ealier ones.
What was Muhammad's teachings with respect to the revelations of other monotheistic religions
Muhammad accepted the validity of earlier Christian and Judaic revelations and taught that his own revelations were a final refinement and reformulation of earlier ones
What was Muhammad's teaching with respect to the revelations of other monotheistic religions?
Muhammad accepted the validity of earlier Christian and Judaic revelations and taught that his own revelations were a final refinement and reformulation of earlier ones.
What in Muhammad's background may have influenced his acceptance of monotheism?
Muhammad came into contact with many monotheists during long distant trading expeditions.
Describe Muhammads flight to Medina.
Muhammad fled from Mecca with 1/4 of the cities population
which of the following statements concerning Muhammad's flight to Medina is NOT correct
Muhammad fled from Mecca with nearly one quarter of the city's population
Which of the following statements concerning Muhammad's flight to Medina is NOT correct?
Muhammad fled from Mecca with nearly one quarter of the city's population.
Which of the following statements concerning Muhammad's flight to Medina is not correct?
Muhammad fled from Mecca with nearly one quarter of the city's population.
which of the following statements concerning Muhammad's flight to Medina is not correct?
Muhammad fled from Mecca with nearly one quarter of the city's population.
Who was the commander of the first Islamic incursion into the Sind in 711?
Muhammad ibn Qasim
What was the essential dispute within Islam over the succession to the Prophet
Muhammad never specified a principle succession. Immediate successors were elected from first converts to Islam. Plus, there was much debate following the murder of Uthman and the selection of Ali. Shias supported only family as ruler. Umayyad established a hereditary dynasty after the defeat and death of Ali.
Who was the ruler associated with the transition from raiding to the establishment of an Islamic empire in the Indian subcontinent?
Muhammad of Ghur
The Umayyads felt threatened by all of the following developments EXCEPT
Muhammad's destruction of the Ka'ba
the Umayyads were threatened by all of the following developments EXCEPT
Muhammad's destruction of the Ka'ba
According to Islamic traditions, the Quran was compiled from what?
Muhammad's revelations from Allah
The Schism between the Catholic and the Orthodox churches was due to all of these issues EXCEPT
Muslim influence on the Orthodox branch of Christianity
What accounts for the success of the First Crusade?
Muslim political divisions Element of surprise
What accounts for the success of the First Crusade?
Muslim political fragmentation and the element of surprise
What was the most critical cultural advance as a result of the increased contact between Muslims and Indian civilization?
Muslims adopted the Indian system of mathamatical notation.
Which of the following statements concerning the Yuan social order is most accurate
Muslims and central Asian allies ranked below the Mongols
Which of the following statements concerning the Yuan social order is most accurate?
Muslims and central Asian allies ranked directly below the Mongols
***Cultural contribution of Muslims?
Muslims recovered and preserved works of ancient philosophers
What was the impact of the Crusades on Islam?
Muslims showed little interest in things on the Christian West.
Pre-agricultural culture; located in present-day Israel, Jordan, and Lebanon; practiced the collection of naturally present barley and wheat to supplement game; typified by large settlement sites
Natufian Complex
A species of the genus Homo that disappeared at the end of the Paleolithic period
Neanderthals
-Which of the following statements concerning political and religious universality in Africa is most accurate?
Neither universal states nor universal religion characterized Africa, but both Christianity and Islam did find adherents in Africa.
Which of the following statements concerning political and religious universality in Africa is most accurate?
Neither universal states nor universal religion characterized Africa, but both Christianity and Islam did find adherents in Africa.
The succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture, 8500-3500 B.C.E.
Neolithic Revolution
Many Greek philosophers gained large numbers of Roman adherents and shared several tenets, but the one that was instrumental in influencing Christian theology was
Neoplatonism
Nara
New Chinese capital in Japan.
in which of the following ways was the medieval West NOT like other civilizations
New religious beliefs accompanied the spread of civilization
What happened when Aztecs rose to power?
New ruler with supreme powers, uncreasing dominance of nobility, expansion of power and bounderies, highly urbanizaed society
Urbanization of Mali?
Niger River (Timbuktu) that flourished commercially and culturally
The Buddhist state of enlightenment is called
Nirvana
3) Discuss the military organization, techniques, and strategies of these Asian nomads. How did these abilities make their military so formidable?
Nomadic militaries were organized into large confederations under a khan; authority extended through tribal elders; they had exceptionally strong cavalries with great mobility and speed. Few armies were able to resist their mobility and discipline; the nomads were able to make quick retreats if needed.
Seljuqs
Nomadic people from central Asia that take control of the muslim empire. They rule through the Sultan
Which of the following was NOT a common trait of early civilization?
Nomadism
The Vikings settled the area in Europe known today as:
Normandy
***What african region converted first?
North Africa
What region of Africa was first converted to Islam by 700 C.E.?
North Africa
Which of the following does NOT represent a similarity between the spread of civilization in eastern and western Europe
Northern political units rapidly dominated the political sophistication of civilization areas in Asia and North Africa
The Augustan system of government is known as the early empire or Principate because
Octavian ruled as first citizen
Hierarchical
Of, relating to, or arranged in a hierarchy
Why did Marvin Harris call the Aztecs a "cannibal kingdom", in other words why did the cannibalism start?
Old World human sacrifice replaced by animal sacrifice but they never did change over
What was the name of the first toolkit?
Oldewan
The first civilization to arise in Mesoamerica was that of the
Olmecs
Identify four major literary figures from the Abbasid Empire.
Omar Khayyan Firdawsi Sa'di Ibn Khaldun
Seleucus
One of Alexander the Great's generals who established the Seleucid Empire
Who was Jacque Coeur?
One of Europe's most extraordinary merchants, demonstrated the opportunities and risks of new forms of trade
An Lushan
One of the Tang dynasty's foremost military commanders who mounted a rebellion and captured the capital at Chang'an and the secondary capital at Luoyang in 755.
Cuneiform
One of the first written languages known: A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia.
What was the nature of citizenship within the Umayyad Empire?
Only Muslim Arabs were first-class citizens of this great empire
***Nature of citizenship within Umayyad Empire?
Only muslim Arabs were first class citizens of this great empire
What did Aztec kin groups do?
Organized military units and labor units, distributed land, maintained schools and temples
The name normally given to the form of Christianity that emerged in the Byzantine Empire was
Orthodox Christianity
the name normally given to the form of Christianity that emerged in the Byzantine Empire was
Orthodox Christianity
The Athenian practice of exiling potential threats to the democratic structure of the city-state was called
Ostracism
the crusaders attacked the conquered Constantinople, temporary establishing a Western kingdom there
Outcome of Western crusades of 1204
To what extent did Islam penetrate East Africa?
Outside clans converted for trade
The Inca ruler associated with the first creation of the Inca Empire in 1438 was...
Pachacuti
The Old Stone Age Ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by the use of stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence
Paleolithic Age
A nomadic agricultural lifestyle based on herding domesticated animals; tended to produce independent people capable of challenging sedentary agricultural societies
Pastorlism
List four groups that revolted against Abbasid rule.
Peasants Gangs Vagabonds Shi'a sects
Between 610 and 1071, the major secuity threats to the Byzantine empire came from
Persia, then the Muslim Arab armies that absorbed the Persian Empire and streamed into North Africa
What was the primary written language of the later Abbasid court?
Persian
what was the primary language of the later Abbasid court
Persian
Seleucids
Persian Dynasty that disputed with satraps and eventually fell to their rebellion
Parthians
Persian Dynasty that had increased the strength of average horses which resulted in armored cavalry
Cambeses
Persian Emperor who was the son of Cyrus and conquered Egypt
What was the result of the civil wars following the death of al-Rashid?
Personal armies (often with slaves) were built up as a result of disputes over succesion
The Greek alphabet was adapted from the
Phoenicians
which of the following is not among th "five pillars" of Islam?
Pilgramage to Medina
Which of the following is NOT among the "five pillars" of Islam?
Pilgrimage to Medina
Which of the following is NOT among the five pillars of Islam?
Pilgrimage to Medina
What was the Greek word for city-state government?
Polis
What was the major difference between Medina and Mecca
Political dominance in Medina was ocntested between a number of Jewish and bedouin tribes.
Major difference between Medina and MeccA?
Political dominence in Medina contested with number of Jew tribes
What opponent did Julius Caesar defeat in order to take control of the republic?
Pompey
Who ordered the first crusade?
Pope Urban II
In general, how did Islam spread in southeast Asia?
Port cities were points of dissemination to other links in trading networks
In general, how did Islam spread in southeast Asia?
Port cities were points of dissemination to other links in trading networks.
What was the staple crop of people in the highland regions of South America?
Potatoes
Which example from the classical world best characterizes the principle of cultural diffusion?
Preference for silk garments among the Roman elites
luxury products, such as silk, cloth and carpets
Primary exporte of Byzantine Empire
Cultural and intellectual developments in Rome reached their pinnacle during the
Principate
What was Isaac Newton's work published in 1687 that drew various theories together into a framework of natural laws
Principia
What was the Andean principle of inheritance?
Property rights within ayullus and among nobility passed in both male and female lines; women pass to daughters, men pass to sons
Zarathustra
Prophet and creator of Zoroastrianism
Which Greek scientist suggested that the earth was at the center of the universe?
Ptolemy
What were Rome's conflicts with Carthage for control of the western Mediterranean called?
Punic Wars
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the nature of the Japanese government following the death of Yoritomo?
Real power rested in the Hojo family, who manipulated the Monamoto shoguns, who in turned claimed to rule in the name of the emperor at Kyoto
Which of the following political practices remained continuous from the period of the Republic into the period of the Roman Empire?
Recruitment of local elites in recently conquered areas to represent the interests of the imperial center
What was the initial response of the Umayyads to Muhammad's new faith?
Regarded him as a threat to their wealth and power as he questioned the traditional gods of the Ka'aba
What was the initial responce of the Umayyads to Muhamad's new faith
Regarded him as a threat to their wealth since he questioned the gods of ka'ba
Which policy did both Roman and Han armies tend to implement upon taking control of a foreign land?
Relative autonomy for cooperative local elites
Which of the following lists the major developments of Western civilization in proper sequence
Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, absolute monarchy, Enlightenment
what are characteristics of a classical civilization as defined by the authors
Represent the formation of new instutions and ideas that would reverberate in later history.
changes in trade
Responsible for the development of a merchant capitalism
1. What elements did Byzantium inherit from the Roman Empire that helped it survive?
Roads, communication, lines of authority, and imperial instiutions
Which of the following civilizations afforded the greatest degree of citizen input into government policy?
Roman
What was Rome's greatest political contribution?
Roman law
The Rape of Lucretia explained the end of the
Roman monoarchy and the founding of the Republic
which of the following statements concerning the intellectual activity of the medieval West prior to the eighth century is most accurate
Roman scholars achieved more during this period than their Islamic counterparts
What was the major difference between Roman and Greek architectural forms?
Rome abandoned monumental architecture almost entirely for buildings of smaller scale
Sasanids
Ruling Dynasty of Persia that fell to the Islamic Empire
Parthians
Ruling Dynasty that fell from investing too much power into the satraps
The first king of Kievan Russia was
Rurik
What was the most important "stepchild" of the Byzantine civilization?
Russia
Which of the following regions eventually converted to Orthodox Christianity?
Russia
What was the extent of Western European influence in Kievan Russia?
Russia's religious culture and social and economic patterns developed separately from Western Europe's.
***The grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara that served as a point of exchange between the forests of the south and North Africa was called the
Sahel
The key figure in creating an alliance between the Carolingian family, the papacy, and Benedictine monasticism was
Saint Boniface
Who was the Muslim leader responsible for the reconquest of most of the territories belonging to the Christian Crusaders?
Saladin
Who was the Muslim leader responsible for the reconquest of most of the territories belonging to the Christian crusaders?
Saladin
Who was the Muslim leader responsible for the reconquest of most of the territories belonging to the Christian crusaders?
Salah-ud-Din (Saladin)
The kingdom of Kiev in southern Russia was established by traders from
Scandinavia
Madrasas
Schools for higher education
What group successfully captured Baghdad in 1055?
Seljuk Turks
The political and theological faction within Islam that recognized only Ali and the descendants of the family of Muhammad as rightful rulers was called
Shi'a
List four major reasons for the decline of the Abbasid dynasty by the ninth century AD/CE.
Shi'a revolts and assassination attempts against Abbasid officers Increased power of royal advisers Social unrest of mercenaries Weakening agricultural economy
The political and theological faction within islam that reconized only Ali and the desendents of the family of Muhammad as rightful rulers was called
Shi'a.
An intermediate form of ecological adaptation in which temporary forms of cultivation are carried out with little impact on the natural ecology
Shifting Cultivation
The spread of Islam to southeast Asia was delayed until the fall of what Buddhist trade empire?
Shrivijaya
What were the primary exports of the Byzanitne Empre?
Silk, Spice,Cloth, and Carpets.
what kingdom was successful in establishing a unified and independent government in Korea
Silla
Specialized Workers
Skilled workers who specialize in one area; development of skills in a specific kind of work (specialization)
Which of the following prominent Greeks exercised practical political leadership?
Solon
Which of the following statements concerning the Mongol conquest of Song China is most accurate
Song China proved one of the toughest areas for the Mongols to conquer, taking from 1235 to 1279 to subdue
-Sunni Ali was responsible for the creation of what African Empire?
Songhay
The prepoderance of evidence would suggest that human settlement reached which of the following regions most recently?
South America
Which of the following regions was not affected by islam during its early history (prior to 750 C.E.)?
South America
The victor in the Peloponnesian War was
Sparta
What accounts for the disruption of the agricultural economy of the Abbasid Empire?
Spiraling taxation, the destruction of the irrigation works, and pillaging by mercenary armies led to destruction and abandonment of many villages.
The label "Paleolithic" sometimes serves as a substitute for what name?
Stone Age
What monumental sculptures did the Olmec civilization produce?
Stone heads
In what region was the influence of Islam most profound?
Sub-Saharan Africa
Islam means
Submission
What does Islam mean?
Submission
Sects of Islam
Successors were called caliphs. The different sects were the Shia sect and Suni sect.
Where was Islam most profound?
Sudan and Swahili Coast
Which of the following statements concerning the Sudanic states of Mali and Songhay is most accurate?
Sudanic states had territorial core areas in which the people were of the same ethnic background, but their power extended over subordinate communities
Who were the Sufi's and what was their significance to world history
Sufi was the development of Islamic mysticism, less emphasis on emotional religious experience. Sufis served as healers and were similar to the wandering men of other religions. They were key figures in the expansion of Islam to South and Southern Asia. They carried Islam to port cities, where it was spread to other regions. Sufis had a less rigorous emphasis on strict interpretation of tests and laws they also incorporated indigenous religious beliefs.
What groups were most responsible for the conversion of Indians to Islam?
Sufis
Sui Yangdi
Sui Yangdi linked the canals through China. His investment in the Grand Canal paid off for more than 1,000 years. His construction projects served China well over a long term, but their dependence on high taxes and forced labor generated hostility towards his rule. In 618 a disgruntled ministers assassinated Yangdi and brought the Sui dynasty to an end
Prior to Julius Caesar's appointment as "Dictator for Life" only one other Roman had been appointed to that position without traditional 6 month term, and he was
Sulla
In order which these empires or civilizations emerged was
Sumerian, Shang, Roman, Han
-Which of the following monarchs was referred to as Mali's "Lion Prince?"
Sundiata
What monarch is credited with beginning Malinke expansion and creating the Mali Empire?
Sundiata
What ruler was responsible for the creation of the Songhay Empire?
Sunni Ali
what ruler is responsible for the creation of songhay empire?
Sunni Ali
What was the religious affiliation of the Seljuk Turks?
Sunni Islam
The theological and political faction that supported the Umayyad concept of succession within Islam were the
Sunnis
Theological and political factions that supportted Umayyad concept of succession within Islam were the....
Sunnis
Which of the following groups did NOT revolt against Abbasid rule?
Sunnis
which of the following groups did NOT revolt against Abbasid rule
Sunnis
In which of the following Japanese periods was Chinese cultural influence most significant
Taika
What were the reforms enacted in 646 that intended to thoroughly incorporate Chinese culture and political structure into Japanese society
Taika
Life in the imperial court at Heian was described in what Japanese novel?
Tale of Genji
SHORT-ANSWER: Explain the decline of Buddhism in the later Tang and Song dynasties.
Tang: Emperor ordered destruction of Buddhist monasteries and temples, saw Buddhism as an alien threat Song: merged with Confucianism and Taoism
which of the following statements concerning the Tatar invasion of Russia is most accurate
Tatar supervision did not destroy Russian Christianity or a native Russian aristocracy
What accounts for the disruption of the agricultural economy of the Abbasid Empire?
Taxation to support the mercenary troops Pillaging of peasant villages Flood, famine, and violent assault
What city did the Aztecs establish ca. 1325 on a marshy island in Lake Texcoco?
Tenochtitlan
What was the capital of the Aztec empire?
Tenochtitlan
what city did the Aztecs establish ca. 1325 on a marshy island in Lake Texcoco
Tenochtitlan
What civilization did the Toltecs succeed in central Mexico?
Teotihuacan
What was the major ceremonial and political center of the central Mexican highlands during the Mesoamerican Classic period?
Teotihuacan
What belief did the conversion of Germanic kings create among Western religious leaders, particularly the pope?
That the Church was superior to the secular rulers
What was the attitude of the Abbasids toward the institution of slavery?
The Abbasid elite demanded growing numbers of both male and female slaves for concubines and domestic service.
What was the difference between the Abbasid Empire and the Umayyad Empire
The Abbasids introduced greater formalism and more bureaucratic structure featuring the Wazirs. They also originally based on claims of a descent from family of the prophet, they were shia. Abbasids incorporate Mawali or non-Arab converts into full citizenship and participation. Also, their capital was Baghdad in Persia. The Umayyad's were Sunni and they only had a Muslim Arab first class. The Dhimmis had to pay a tax. They shift center to Damascus.
what was the nature of the abbasid government
The Abbasids outdid the Umayyads in establishing an absolutist government symbolized byt the governtment symbolized by the growing powers of the wazirs and the sinister presence of the executioner
What was the difference or advancement from the Oldewan Toolkit to the Acheulean?
The Acheulan produceded flakes which were bigger chips, that could be used to speed up the butchering, skinning, cutting, or digging process.
After the seventh century, what group posed the greatest threat to the eastern frontiers of the Byzantine Empire?
The Arab Muslims
What was the nature of the Aztec economy
The Aztec state redistributed many goods received as tribute and there was a specialized merchant class
What culture found in the Arabian peninsula was most significant in shaping the developement of Islam?
The Bedouins
The puritanical reform movements of the Almoravids and Almohadis arose among what groups of people in Africa?
The Berbers, native desert dwellers of North Africa
Why were the Buddhists vulnerable to the restoration of brahmanic authority?
The Buddhist monks became increasingly isolated from the rest of the Indian population
Which of the following statements concerning the resistance of the Byzantine Empire to Islamic attacks is most accurate?
The Byzantine Empire was more resilient than the Sassanian Empire, but still suffered the loss of Egypt, Syria, and Palestine to the Arabs.
Battle of Manzikert
The Byzantine vs. the Muslim Turks. The Muslims invaded Anatolia. Battle marks the start of the decline of the Byzantine Empire
What proved to be the most damaging attack on Buddhism's popularity with the people during the early Tang dynasty?
The Confucians' successful campaign to convince the emperor that the Buddhist monastic establishment represented an economic threat
Boethius's most famous work was entitled
The Consolation of Philosophy
Which of the following was a result of the Crusades?
The Crusades helped to open the West to new cultural and economic influences from the Middle East.
Mithradates
The Great Parthian ruler and conqueror
How did Greek and Chinese civilization differ?
The Greek forms of political organization were generally less "tidy" than those of Chinese civilization
Alexander the Great
The Greek king who invaded and captured the Persian Empire
Thermopylae
The Greek pass in which 300 Spartans held off the entire Persian army for 3 days
associated with the concept of "Inca socialism"?
The Inca empire was a carefully organized system in which every community collectively contributed to the whole and the state regulated the distribution of resources on the basis of need.
Who conquered the Chimu state in 1465?
The Incas
Dar al Islam
The Islamic Empire.
Gothic Migrations
The Migration period, also called the Barbarian Invasions or German: Völkerwanderung (wandering of the peoples), was a period of human migration that occurred roughly between the years 300 to 700 CE in Europe, marking the transition from Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. These movements were catalyzed by profound changes within both the Roman Empire and the so-called 'barbarian frontier'. Migrating peoples during this period included the Goths, Vandals, Bulgars, Alans, Suebi, Frisians, and Franks, among other Germanic and Slavic tribes.
Which of the following was a major change in the administration of China under the Mongols?
The Mongols discontinued the use of the examination system to keep the scholar-gentry from gaining too much power
Why was Islam so readily adopted by rulers within the Sudan?
The Muslim concept of a ruler who united civil and religious authority reinforced traditional ideas of kingship
-Why was Islam so readily adopted by rulers within the Sudan?
The Muslim concept of a ruler who united civil and religious authority reinforced traditional ideas of kingship.
What was the primary cultural contribution of the Muslims during the Abbasid period?
The Muslims were able to recover and preserve the works of the ancient philosophers as well as transmit ideas and culture from one civilization to another.
Neolithic
The New Stone Age from circa 8500 to 4500 BCE: The period of the Stone Age associated with the ancient Agricultural Revolution(s)
Paleolithic
The Old Stone Age from circa 750,00 to 500,000 years BCE to 8,500 years BCE: The period of the Stone Age associated with the evolution of humans and the development of minor tools
What was the name of the war between Sparta and Athens?
The Peloponnesian Wars
Sasanids
The Persian Dynasty that overthrew and succeeded the Parthians
Sasanids
The Persian Dynasty that promoted Zoroastrianism and persecuted others
Xerxes
The Persian Emperor who launched a full scale invasion of Greece with the largest force known at that time
Which of the following regions was NOT one of the important points of cultural contact between Africa and Islam?
The Persian Gulf
Mithradates
The Persian King who took power from the Seleucids and rebuilt the Persian Empire under Persian rule
Cyrus
The Persian leader who overthrew the Medic King and took power
Which of the following issues was a cause for the split between the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches after 1054?
The Roman Catholic practice of requiring celibacy for its priests
The position of the Sadducees in Palestine during the 1st century CE
The Sadducees believed that interpretation of religious law was for the temple priesthood
1054
The Schism. When the Christian church split into Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox
In the eleventh century, what group of people siezed most of the Asiatic provinces of the Byzantine Empire?
The Seljuk Turks
What group successfully captured Baghdad in 1055?
The Seljuk Turks
The political and theological faction within Islam that recognized only Ali and the descendents of the family of Muhammad as rightful ruler was called this
The Shi'is
Song
The Song dynasty reimposed centeralized imperial rule late in the tenth century. It survived 3 centuries (960- 1279 C.E.) but never built a powerful state. Song rulers mistrusted military leaders, and placed too much emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and the arts than on military affairs
How did the Song empire compare to the Tang?
The Song empire was smaller in territorial extent than the Tang empire
Which of the following statements concerning the Sufi movement within Islam is most accurate?
The Sufi movement incorporate mysticism with a trend toward evangelism.
Which of the following statements concerning the Sufi movement within Islam is most accurate?
The Sufi movement incorporated mysticism with a trend toward evangilism.
Describe the Sufi movement within Islam.
The Sufis were an Islamic sect that seek a personal relationship with Allah. It was a response to the impersonal, abstract divinity portrayed in the Qur'an.
What was the religious affiliation of the Seljuk Turks?
The Sunnis
Which of the following statements concerning the extent of the Tang empire is most accurate?
The Tang built an empire that was far larger than the Han, an empire whose boundaries in many directions extended beyond the borders of modern China
What was the attitude of the Tang emperors toward the Confucian scholar-gentry?
The Tang supported the rebirth of the Confucian scholar-gentry, often at the expense of the aristocracy.
What was the fictional account of life at the court of the Caliph al-Rashid?
The Thousand and One Nights
What was the relationship between the Toltecs and their predecessors in central Mexico?
The Toltec adopted many cultural features from their predecessors to which they added a strong military ethic and human sacrifice.
Which of these comparisons between the Turkic expansion and the Mongol one is most accurate?
The Turkic expansion covered less territory, failed to increase trade, and provide no internal peace
What clan was reponsible for the foundation of Mecca?
The Umayyad clan
What was the Umayyad attitude to other religions?
The Umayyads displayed tolerance towards the religions of dhimmi peoples.
why was the construction of the Grand Canal necessary
The Yangtze River valley was becoming the major food-producing region of China by the late Tang era
Why was the construction of the Grand Canal necessary?
The Yangtze River valley was becoming the major food-producing region of China by the late Tang era.
Which of the following did NOT occur as a result of the Aztec rise to power?
The abandonment of human sacrifice
satraps
The administrators of the Persian government
23
The amount of satraps in the Persian Empire
How did the topography of the Andean region influence the development of civilization?
The arid coastal valleys demanded irrigation, and this spurred population growth and social complexity leading to the development of civilizations as in the early river-valley civilizations of Asia and the Middle East
What was the immediate impact of the imperial move to Heian?
The aristocracy was restored to counterbalance the power of the Buddhist monasteries and took over most of the positions in the central government
Between 800 and 1500 as the frequency and intensity of contact with the outside world increased, which of the following had the most significant impact on sub-Saharan Africa?
The arrival of Islam
Between 800 and 1500, as the frequency and intensity of contact with the outside world increased, what was the most significant impact on sub-Saharan Africa?
The arrival of Islam
Which of the following statements concerning the status of women in the Tang-Song era is most accurate?
The assertion of male dominance within the family was especially pronounced in the thinking of the neo-Confucian philosophers
Marathon
The battle in which the Persian wars were won and where a race receives it's name from
Advanced Cities
The birthplaces of the first civilization and the center of trade for a larger area; A large group of people living together
What is Tula?
The capital city of the Toltec; when it was destroyed, the civilization ended
Constantinople
The capital of the Byzantine Empire and its commercial center was located at
Persepolis
The capital of the Persian empire built by Darius
What was Cuzco?
The city served as a stronghold of the empire as well as an important trading hub
2) How did the geography of central Asia affect the development of nomadic cultures? How did these people adapt to their environment? What advantages did their adaptations give them?
The climate was an extreme climate, hot and cold, wet and dry. It is an area of ice, desert, forest, and mountains--with bitter winds, dust, and poor soil. The nomads adapted by becoming migratory animal herders. Because of these adaptations, the nomads became involved in long-distance trade with sedentary peoples
Which of the following is NOT a reason for the decline of the Abbasid dynasty by the ninth century C.E..?
The collapse of the cities in the Islamic heartland
Islam quickly expanded through military means but why were Sufi missionaries so successful later on?
The combined deep deep personal devotion to Islam with a tolerace for regional culture.
Which important idea is credited to intellectuals of the Gupta Empire?
The concept of zero
By what means was conversion of sub-Saharan Africa carried out? Given the geographical location of those African states most affected by Islam what were the most important points of contact between African and Islamic societies? What does this suggest about the nature of Islamic conversion
The conversion of sub-Saharan Africa was carried out by traders and merchants rather then by conquest. There were three points of entry: the Atlantic Ocean, the Sahel, and the Indian Ocean. The Sudanic States just south of the Sahara and the Swahili coast were most affected by Islam. This indicated primary importance of the Indian ocean trade routes and commercial trade routes connection the Sahel to the Mediterranean although some early evidence of military penetration of sub-Saharan Africa from the Mediterranean.
Why did Justinian's reconquest of the western Roman Empire fail?
The costs associated with conquering and defending the vast western empire were too great
What was the primary reform enacted during the reign of the first Sui emperor?
The creation of the Grand Canal
Ahura Mazda
The creator and ruler of the universe and is the force of good
Why did the Mongols not pursue the conquest of western Europe?
The death of Khagan Ogedei in Karakorum precipitated a struggle for the succession involving the khan of the Golden horde
What determined a person's place within the Indian social hierarchy?
The degree to which the occupation was considered polluting
Agriculture
The deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance or economic gain.
Which of the following was NOT a reason for the early expansion of Islam beyond Arabia?
The desire to convert new populations to Islam
In addition to the destruction of the Abbasid political capital at Baghdad and the weakening of the Muslim military strength, what significant impact did the Mongol conquest have on the Islamic heartland ?
The destruction of cities from central Asia to the shores of the Mediterranean devastated the focal points of the Islamic civilization.
What was the political result of the Vietnamese drive to conquer regions south of the Red River basin?
The division of the Vietnamese into two kingdoms with capitals at Hue and Hanoi
Tang
The dynasty started after a rebel leader seized Chang'an soon after Sui Yangdi's death. The dynasty survived for almost 300 years (618-907 C.E.). Tang rulers organized China into a powerful, productive, and prosperous society
Constantine
The emperor responsible for a surge in construction in Constantinople was
Roman Empire
The empire that pressured Parthian and Sasanid rule
The decline of the "Intermediate Horizon" in Andean civilization coincided with what event in Mesoamerican civilization?
The end of the Classic period
What changes occurred during the Abbasid period with respect to women?
The establishment of the harem.
Which of the following statements concerning the agricultural economy of Mali is most accurate?
The farmers of Mali were barely able to provide the basic foods that supported the imperial states.
Rurik
The first king of Kievan Russia
Achaemenid
The first ruling dynasty of Persia
satrapy
The form of government made by Darius and continued throughout the course of the Persian Empires
Angra Manyu
The god of evil and vice in Zoroastrianism
What was the status of merchants in the southern kingdoms of the Ganges plain?
The great wealth amassed by merchants allowed them to win a prominent place in the Indian social hierarchy
What was the function of the griot in sub-Saharan African culture?
The griot is a musician, a sage and a unifier - one of the key figures in African society; a member of a caste of professional oral historians in the Mali Empire.
What was the attitude of the Abbasids toward the institution of slavery?
The growing wealth of the Abbasid elite demanded slaves. They were used for domestic service, education, etc.
Hellenism
The ideals and principles that spread from Greece through much of the ancient world. Much of its influence such as philosophy, athletics, and architecture penetrated the Middle East.
How did the administration of al-Rashid set a trend for subsequent Abbasid rulers?
The increasing power of royal advisors from Persia (Jafar from "Aladdin")
What caused the flight of the Song dynasty from its capital in Northern China?
The invasions of the Jurchens who has formed the Qin Kingdom
What was the outcome of the western crusade of 1204?
The loss of Constantinople.
Alexander the Great
The man that overthrew the Achaemenid Dynasty
Cyrus
The man who began the Achaemenid Dynasty of Persia
Alexander the Great
The man who destroyed Persepolis
Alexander the Great
The man who started Hellenistic culture in Egypt and the Persian Empire
What was the most significant of the transformations brought by the Abbasids' rise to power?
The mawali were admitted as full members of the Islamic community
Hijra
The migration.
Silk Road Trade
The most famous of the trading routes established by pastoral nomads connecting the Chinese, Indian, Persian, and Mediterranean civilizations; transmitted goods and ideas among civilization.
Orthodox Christianity
The name normally given to the form of Christianity that emerged in the Byzantine Empire was
What was the primary difference between Roman and Greek religion?
The names of the gods and goddesses were changed
After the spread of Aryan kingdoms to the Ganges river plain, how did the political organization of the new kingdoms compare to that of the older ones?
The new kingdoms were more centralized and authoritarian with hereditary monarchs and powerful brahman priests
10) What role did religion (s) play in the nomadic empires? What generalizations can you make? What are the significant differences?
The nomads spread Islam in the lands they conquered.
Caliph
The office of the political and religous successor of Muhammad was called
Roman Republic
The period from 507 to 31 B.C.E., during which Rome was largely governed by the aristocratic Roman Senate.
What was the most significant impact of the period of the Mongol rule on Russia?
The period of Mongol rule reinforced the isolation of Russia from western Europe and the developments of the Renaissance and Reformation.
Which of the following statements concerning the population of the Americas is most true?
The population of the Americas was probably close to contemporary Europe's excluding Russia.
Which of the following was a result of the conflict between the Byzantine Empire and the Arab Muslims?
The position of the small farmers in the empire was weakened as a result of heavy taxation, resulting in greater aristocratic estates.
What do the authors suggest was the principal reason for Inca conquest and expansion?
The practice of split inheritance
What accounts for the growing political dominance of Moscow under Mongol rule?
The princes of Moscow collected tribute for the Mongol khans and became the seat of the Metropolitan of the Orthodox church
Al Andalus
The prosperity of Islamic Spain. The governors were the Ummayads.
What made possible the rapid revival of empire under the Tang?
The rebuilding of the imperial bureaucracy using Confucian ideology
What was the Ka'ba?
The religious shrine that was the focus of an annual truce
Which of the following statements concerning the rise of a provincial military elite during 10th century in Japan is NOT correct?
The rise of a provincial elite corresponded to the recovery of the imperial government and its overthrow of the aristocracy of the court
Parthians
The ruling Dynasty that succeeded the Seleucids
Seleucids
The ruling dynasty established by Greeks that succeeded the Achaemenid Dynasty
Which of the following statements concerning the ethical system of early Islam is NOT correct?
The teachings of the Prophet and the Quran were not formally incorporated into a body of law.
What was the difference between the Islamic invasions of India and previous incursions of the subcontinent?
The territory remained part of the empire. (unlike Alexander) The Muslims were able to get along with the Indians for the most part, though sometimes conflict would occur for cultural and religious reasons.
what was the fictional account of life at the court of the Caliph al-Rashid
The thousand and one nights
What is the ulama? Why is it significant?
The ulama were orthodox religious scholars. They were hostile toward non-Islamic ideas and scientific thinking.
Ridda
The wars to defeat rival prophets and restore the unity of Islam were called
Why were the Sufis effective missionaries within the Indian subcontinent?
Their faith was centered around mysticism, which was a concept familiar to Buddhists and Hindus.
Which of the following was NOT a benefit of the monastic movement in western Europe?
Their political organization provided the foundation for the political order established in France, Germany, and England
The former Courtesan who was Justinian's wife and advisor was
Theodora
Christianity went from being a persecuted faith in early 4th century to being the recognized faith of the empire, this last step was the result of the action by the emperor
Theodosius, who prohibited pagan worship
-What is true concerning the universality of religion in Africa
There was no universal religion in Africa, but both Christianity and Islam found adherents.
What were common elements of African society prior to the incursion of Islam
There were many stateless societies based on tribal or clan organizations, chiefdoms. Bantu was the common languages. There was a widespread Animist religion. There was significance of class of diviners, emphasis on religious qualities of land, and veneration of the ancestors. There were many vital and local trade networks on which they exchanged raw materials for manufactured goods.
According to most archaeologists, how did Homo sapiens get to the Americas?
They crossed a land bridge from Asia during the last ice age
6) Through what means did the Mongols integrate Eurasian cultures? List and explain at least five ways they did this.
They did this through a courier network, trade, diplomatic missions, missionary efforts, and resettlement.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the status of women in bedouin society prior to Islam?
They enjoyed greater freedom and higher status then the Byzantine and Sasanian women.
Confucian, Hinduism, and Christianity had what in common?
They helped justify and preserve social inequality
How did the monks devoted to Buddhism change his teachings in the years after Buddha's death?
They offered miraculous tales of Buddha's life, equated Nirvana with heaven, and stressed the salvationist qualities of the new religion
Which of the following represents a difference between the spread of civilization in eastern and western Europe?
They produced different versions of Christianity, culturally as well as organizationally separate.
What was the nature of the Aztec administration of subject territories?
They recognized there power, fufilled obligations of labor, and paid taxes
Explain the significance of the Bantu migration
They spread their culture in three waves. First they spread the iron technology they learned from the Nok people. Second, they spread their languages. And third, they spread agriculture such as the banana plant.
How did Hinduism respond to the challenge of Islam?
They started bhaktic cults in which people would venerate whichever god or goddess they chose.
How did the Muslim conquerors of Sind treat the Hindu and Buddhist residents of the region?
They tried to treat them as "people of the book" even though their beliefs deviated from Judaism and Christianity.
5) What does the book mean when it states that most of the Mongol leaders were better conquerors than administrators? How is this evident in the various Mongol states? Were there exceptions to that rule?
They were able to rule the Mongols through control over the army, but they never established a central government for the lands they conquered. This is evident in China and Persia, where Mongol rulers were not able to ever become entirely comfortable with their role as administrators. Khubilai Khan was an exception to this rule.
How were the two chief executives (consuls) chosen?
They were elected by an annual assembly
Describe the role of mercenary armies of the later Abbasid era.
They were the "bodyguards" of the caliph Later they would be the real power behind the throne, killing five caliphs and being responsible for violent social unrest.
Why did the Aran warriors not want to convert large numbers of people to Islam?
They would have had to share their booty and would have lost tax revenue.
The leader figure in the synthesis of classical rational phiolsphy with Christian theology was a teacher at the University of Paris in the 13th century
Thomas Aquinas
the leading figure in the synthesis of classical rational philosophy with Christian theology was a teacher at the University of Paris in the thirteenth century
Thomas Aquinas
How widely distributed was the agricultural production of maize?
Thoughout Mesoamerica, South America, and North America
One-third of the land left not planted each year to increase fertility
Three-field system
In 300 C.E. the "Intermediate Horizon" was associated with the emergence of what two political centers?
Tihuanaco and Huari
What was one of the major "port" cities of the Mali Empire?
Timbuktu
Who was the Turkic nomadic leader who began a period of conquest beginning in the 1360s?
Timur-i Lang
What was the central purpose of the reforms of 646 in Japan?
To remake the Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor
What was the central purpose of the reforms of 646 in Japan?
To remake the Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emporer
Northern nomads who came into central Mexico after Teotihuacan were...?
Toltecs
The northern nomadic peoples who entered central Mexico following the decline of Teotihuacan were the..
Toltecs
What civilization did the Aztecs succeed in central Mexico?
Toltecs
What culture succeeded Teotihuacan in the central plateau of Mesoamerica?
Toltecs
What was the degree of urbanization in the southern kingdoms of the Ganges plain?
Towns appeared around the kingdoms' capitals and also as manufacturing and trading centers along the Ganges River
What groups were most responsible for the conversion of Indians to Islam?
Traders and Sufi mystics
Which emperor extended the empire to its greatest territorial dimensions?
Trajan
The transfer of a person's soul from one body to another after death is called
Transmigration
Which of the following practices was common to the Aztec and the Inca empires?
Tribute system
True or False: Constantinople controlled the economy and grew to enormous size but other cities were relatively small withing the Byzantine Empire.
True
True or False: Despite all of its difficulties, its wars with its neighbors demonstrate that the Byzantine Empire had real core strength.
True
True or False: The Byzantine Empire recruited troops within the empire by granting heritable land in return for military service.
True
True or False: There was a large and wealthy merchant class in the Byzantine Empire, but it never gained significant political power because of the power of the bureaucracy.
True
What was the impact of the Seljuk conquest of Baghdad on the Abbasid Empire?
Turkic military leaders ruled remaining portions of the empire. Purged Shi'a influence on the caliph and stopped a potential Shi'a conquest from Egypt Humbled the Byzantine Empire who wanted to regain some lost land
Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the cultural influence of the Byzantine Empire?
Ultimately, the empire's most important stepchild was Russia.
Charlemagne and Harun al-Rashid formed an alliance partially because of their shared enemy, the
Umayyad
What clan is found in Mecca?
Umayyad
what clan was responsible for the foundation of Mecca
Umayyad
What clan was responsible for the foundation of Mecca?
Ummayads
SHORT-ANSWER: how did the theological outlook of Western Europe change between 1000 and 1400?
Universities and monasteries helped bring about different philosophical ideas from Ancient Greece and Rome that centered on the individual rather that the whole/church.
What was the Roman empire's attitude toward extension of citizenship?
Unlike the republic, the empire extended citizenship to important groups outside of Rome and the Italian peninsula
What led to the downfall of the Sui dynasty?
Unsuccessful military campaigns
The caste at the very bottom of the Indian social hierarchy was the
Untouchables
What groups in India were most likely to convert to Islam? Why?
Untouchables and lower-class Hindus They liked the idea of equality among people regardless of what caste they were born into.
Essay(Ch.6&7) Describe the general economy of the later Abbasid empire. Include a comparitive evaluation of urban and rural economies.
Use your book!
Essay(Ch.6&7) What was the essential dispute within Islam over the succession to the Prophet?
Use your book!
What was the Indian name for the categories in the social order?
Varnas
These are among the most common artifacts of each early human culture, some dating back to 25,000 B.C.E., they have been used by archaeologists to help better understand gender relations in the prehistoric period
Venus Figurines
Which of the following was NOT a difference between the Viet and Chinese cultures prior to their conquest by the Han emperors
Viet tendency to extended families and clan groups
who were the invaders who disrupted the development of political institutions in the medieval West until the tenth century
Vikings
What family related to the Han emperors by marriage temporarily succeeded in overthrowing the Han in 9 C.E.?
Wang
***Ummayad response to Muhammad migration to Medina?
War broke out between Mecca and Medina and success there
how did the principals of warfare change under the daimyos?
Warfare based on spying, timely assaults, wise command and organization of massive armies replaced heroic combat
Persian Wars
Wars that arose from the rebellion of Greek city-states in Anatolia under Achaemenid rule
After his death, Buddha
Was worshipped as a divinity
What were Tambos?
Way station used by Incas as inns and storehouses; supply centers for Inca armies on move; relay points for system of runners used to carry messages.
Which of the following events disrupted Middle Eastern civilizations around 2100 B.C.E.? A. Indo-European invasions and migrations introduced new ideas and products B. Competition for trade resources led to warfare between rival kingdoms, resulting in devastation and famine C. Plagues and diseases carried by traders from Asia and Africa D. Invaders from the West arrived in large numbers, captured territories, and established their own political and religious structures
What appears to have been the Harappan attitude toward cross-cultural contact? A. Ambivalent with no knowledge of other civilizations outside south Asia B. Aggressive with active efforts to conquer and assimilate regional rivals and their innovations C. Positive as heavy involvement in trade and political contact with other civilizations promoted acceptance of external ideas D. Conservative and resistant to outside innovation
Hagia Sophia
What was a great church built in Constantine by Justinian
3. What is the theme system?
When a province is under the jurisdiction of a General who assumes responsibility of military defense and civil administration
SHORT-ANSWER:In what ways was the political impact of the Mongol conquest of Russia and the Islamic heartland similar?
When the Mongols attacked both places they left an everlasting impact and practically shattered both cultures.
there was a large and wealthy merchant class in the Byzantine Empire but it never gained significant political power because of the power of the bureaucracy
Which of the following concerning the merchant class of Byzantine Empire is the most accurate
Byzantine Empire
Which of the following is most correctly seen as a direct continuation of the Roman Empire
they produced different versions of Christianity, culturally as well as organizationally separate
Which of the following represents a difference between the spread of civilization in eastern and western Europe
most people of the Byzantine empire lived in five great cities: Constantine, Nicaea, Smyrna, Rome, and Athens
Which of the following statements concerning urbanization within the Byzantine Empire is most correct
the position of small farmers in the empire was weakened as a result of heavy taxation, resulting in greater aristocratic estates
Which of the following was a result of the conflict between the Byzantine Empire and the Arab Muslim
Bureaucracy had limited education and ability
Which statement concerning the Byzantine bureaucracy is not accurate
What was the Roman imperial government's attitude toward Christianity?
While some emperors chose to persecute the Christians, persecution was not constant
Which of the following statements most accurately summarizes the view of Deists
While there may be a divinity, its role is only to set natural laws in motion
Which was the most effective unifying force in early Indian culture
Widely practiced and similar Hindu tradition, including the caste system
-How did contact with the Muslim world affect the African slave trade?
With the Muslim conquests of North Africa and commercial penetration to the south, slavery became a more widely diffused phenomenon and the slave trade developed rapidly.
What was the status of women in the pre-imperial period in India?
Within the family they were clearly subordinate to men, but they enjoyed greater occupational opportunities than was the case by the last centuries B.C.E.
Describe women and marriage during the Abbasid era.
Wives were not as educated as slaves. They did not have as much freedom as slaves. They still had to wear veils and robes in public.
Although Byzantine society was patriarchal,
Women could inherit the imperial throne
Compare marriage and family in pre-Islamic Arabia to family and gender in the Abbasid Age
Women in pre Islamic Arabia had much more freedom. They played important economic roles. The society was matrilineal or the descent was through the female line. The women were not secluded and some even had multiple marriages. In the Abbasid Dynasty women were secluded and veiled. The society was patriarchal or the male was head of the family. They did still have multiple marriages and from these the harem was formed.
Which of the following was not true of women's experience in the Middle Ages?
Women led religious services.
Which of the following statements concerning women during the Abbasid era is most accurate?
Women often married at puberty, set at age nine.
Which of the following statements concerning the status of women during the era of the daiymos is most accurate?
Women were excluded from inheritance and treated as defenseless appendages of their warrior fathers of husbands.
Which of the following statements concerning the status of women during the era of the daimyos is most accurate?
Women were excluded from inheritance and treated as defenseless appendages of their warrior fathers or husbands
What changes occurred during the Abbasid period with respect to women?
Women were secluded from certain areas (harem). Many women became concubine slaves who were usually more educated than the caliph's wives. Upper-class women had almost no rights.
which of the following was NOT a woman who gained influence and power during the later years of the Tang dynasty
Xuanzong
Which Kievan prince issued a Russian code?
Yaraslav the Wise
Is the following statement concerning women during the Abbhasid era accurate? "Women often married at puberty, age nine."
Yes
Is the statement "Islam is a monotheistic religion" accurate?
Yes
-Which of the following regions was typified by city-state organization?
Yoruba
In 1271, Kubilai Khan changed the name of the Mongol dynasty in China to
Yuan
Who was the most prominent of the neo-Confucians during the Song era?
Zhu Xi
Magi
Zoroastrian priests who transmitted their works orally, and were mostly wiped out by Alexander the Great
polytheistic
Zoroastrianism was this kind of religion
Christianity emerged as a reform movement within what religion? A)judaism B)mithraism C)zoroastrianism D)buddhism
a
all of the following factors may have led to the adoption of sedentary agriculture EXCEPT a)less labor was required for sedentary agriculture than for hunting and gathering b)climatic changes leading to changes in the grazing locations of game animals c)climatic changes leading to changes in plant ecology d)an increase in human population
a
not only did the expansion of slavery in Rome lead to the decline of the free farmers but also it influenced the growth of a)the military b)technological development in agriculture c)a professionalized bureaucracy d)technological development in manufacturing
a
what was one of the major differences between the resources available in the Americas and those in the Mediterranean? a)American Indians domesticated plants whose caloric output was greater than any of the grains raised in Europe or Asia b)American civilization never developed the means to construct the types of monumental architecture found in other civilizations c)American civilization had greater access to animal power than did the civilizations of the Old World d)due to the difficult topography in which they developed, American civilizations did not establish sedentary agriculture
a
which animal was found in the Andean region? a)llamas b)buffalo c)horses d)sheep
a
racial concepts of civilizations were utilized to justify a)ninteenth-century imperialism b)the establishment of the Shang dynasty in China c) the roman empire d)the enslavement of conquered peoples in the ancient world
a not c because it was based on citizenship not race not d because they will enslave anyone
which of the following statements concerning the relationship of civilization and writing is correct? a)writing allowed for the keeping of complex records and the establishment of formal bureaucracies b)writing was more important to the development of civilization than sedentary agriculture c)most civilizations developed without writing d)no sophisticated civilizations developed without a system of writing
a nto d because the Mongols and Incans did it
Roman Senate
a council of wealthy and powerful Romans that advised the city's leaders
2. What was the significance of Justinian's Body of Civil Law Code?
a definitive law code that survived throughout western Europe for a long time
a "dynasty" in Chinese history was
a family that passed the imperial title from generation to generation
Great Wall
a fortification 1,500 miles long built across northern China in the 3rd century BC
Which of the following was a Confucian belief
a good society has a firm patrilineal hierarchy
Monarchy
a government in which power is in the hands of a single person who usually inherits their power
The term jihad in Islam refers to what?
a holy striving of word and deed against non-believers and against evil in the individual soul
Dunhuang
a large Buddhist community that emerged in western China during the 4th century, they built hundreds of cave temples, along with libraries of religious literature
Bulgars
a large kingdom in the Balkans conquered by Basil II
What is a Sundiata?
a leader whose exploits were the foundation of a great oral tradition; created unified state & basic rules for malinke society
Tale of Genj
a literary work from China that reflects Heian court life, composed by Murasaki Shikibu, relates the experiences of a fictitious imperial prince named Genji
Council of Nicaea
a meeting of bishops organized by Constantine to decide the doctrine of Christianity
Shogun
a military governor who ruled in place of the emperor in the Minamoto clan
Prior to Muhammad's revelations, the religion of the bedouin was
a mixture of animism and polytheism.
which of the following was NOT a belief shared by practitioners of many indigenous African religions
a moral code based on one supreme god
Following the decline of the horizon states of Tihuanaco and Huari,
a number of large states such as Chimor continued to be important.
Bronze Age
a period between the Stone and Iron ages, characterized by the manufacture and use of bronze tools and weapons
Egalitarian
a person who believes in the equality of all people
Feudalism
a political system and a social system where by a powerful lord would offer "protection" in return for "service"
Democracy
a political system in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who can elect people to represent them
Byzantine collapse and Tartar control led to
a profound disruption of eastern European social structure
Surplus
a quantity much larger than is needed
who were the ayan?
a rural landholding elite
Augustine's Confession is
a series of autobiographical essays directed toward God
Hierarchy
a series of ordered groupings of people or things within a system
which of the following was NOT typical of the challenges to typical medieval institutions in the fifteenth century?
a single imperial government replaced the fragmented political structure of the middle ages
Civilization
a society in an advanced state of social development (e.g., with complex legal and political and religious organizations)
Calendar
a system of timekeeping that defines the beginning and length and divisions of the year
Ziggurats
a temple or tomb of the ancient Assyrians, Sumerians, or Babylonians, having the form of a terraced pyramid of successively receding stories
How did Muhammad's background influence his beliefs and the early development of Islam?
a. Because Muhammad was a merchant, he had a lot of interaction with monotheistic Jews and Christians. He used their idea of monotheism in Islam, with their only being one God, Allah, instead of being polytheistic like most of the society around him.
Which of the following statements best expresses one of the most distinctive similarities of Egyptian and Mesopotamian civilizations? a. Both were strongly stratified with distinctive classes of nobles, priests, peasants, and slaves b. Both had religions that featured emphasis on preparation for and rituals relating to the afterlife c. Both featured strong regional government at the expense of city-states. d. Neither culture was able to achieve advances in science or technology
a. Both were strongly stratified with distinctive classes of nobles, priests, peasants, and slaves
2. How did the Abbasids come to power, and how did their rule differ from the Umayyads?
a. Came to power as the Umayyad dynasty came to an end, Abu al-Abbas killed off the Umayyads, b. Abbasid state was more cosmopolitan, Abbasid rulers did not show special favor for the Arab military aristocracy, not a conquering dynasty
3. What people and institutions helped promote and spread the values of Islam?
a. Muhammad, caliphs, Umayyad dynasty, Abbasid dynasty, Abu al-Abbas, the Shia, Harun Al-Rashid, Al-Andalus, Sufis, Al-Ghazali
Which of the following statements concerning the relationship of civilization and writing is correct? a. writing allowed for the keeping of complex records and the establishment of formal bureaucracies. b. Writing was more important to the development of civilization than sedentary agriculture. c. Most civilizations developed without writing. d. No sophisticated civilization developed without a system of writing.
a. Writing allowed for the keeping of complex records and the establishment of formal bureaucracies.
One of the major differences between Egyptian literary tradition and Mesopotamian literary works was a. the lack of epic literary tradition in Egypt b. the lack of an epic literary tradition in Mesopotamia c. the less pictographic nature of Egyptian writing d. the Egyptian use of clay tablets.
a. the lack of epic literary tradition in Egypt
Compare Greek religion to that of India and China.
about the same all polythesitic many gods
Muhammads teaching with respect to revelations of other monotheistic religions?
accepted them, and taught the final refinement of them.
***what was most significant of the transformations brought about by abbasid rise to power
admin of the malawi as full members of islamic community
Unlike the Umayyad Empire, the Abbasid Empire
admitted the mawali as full members of the Islamic community.
In comparison to the Umayyad, the Abbasid caliphate
adopted more of the style of Persian royal absolutism
What was the result of the civil wars following the death of al-Rashid?
al-Ma'mun's son hired mercenaries, Turkic-speaking nomads from central Asia, to protect himself from civil war.
What was al-Mahdi's attitude toward the Shi'as?
al-Mahdi wanted to reconcile with Shi'a opposition to Abbasid rule, but failed.
What can you say as a similarity of all three classical civilizations with respect to social organization?
all had distinct classes
what was the Inca practice of split inheritance
all political power and titles went to the ruler's successor, but his wealth was kept in the hands of the male descendants to support the cult of the dead Inca's mummy
which of the following statements concerning entry into the Chinese bureaucracy is most accurate
although a higher percentage of candidates received office through the examination system than during the Han dynasty, birth continued to be important in securing high office.
which of the following statements about feudalism is most accurate
although it inhibited the development of strong central states, some kings were able to use feudalism to build their own power
The stability of Byzantine government was the product of
an efficient bureaucracy
What existed in the Aztec empire, but NOT in the Inca Empire?
an extensive merchant class
which of the following existed in the Aztec empire, but NOT in the Inca empire?
an extensive merchant class
The tetrarchy was the split of Rome into halves and the creation of
anaugustus in the West and one in the East who were assisted and would be succeeded by caesars
bedouins were
arabian camel nomads
by the eleventh and twelfth centuries, what was the status of the Japanese court aristocracy
aristocratic families at the court depended on alliances with the provincial warrior elite in order to exercise any power
Which of the following groups was Not a component of bedouin society
artisans
Four Noble Truths
as taught by the Buddha, the four basic beliefs that form the foundation of Buddhism
Aztec view of cultural achievements of toltecs?
as the givers of civilization
How did the Aztecs view the cultural achievements of the Toltecs?
as the givers of civilization
how did the Aztecs view the cultural achievements of the Toltecs
as the givers of civilization
Which of the following was NOT a function of Aztec kinship groups?
assignments of people to cult groups
Many scholars in the Middle Ages
attempted to assimilate Christian faith with Greek philosophy and reason
Which of the following statements concerning Aztec religion is most accurate?
aztec deities were numerous and had different forms or manifestation somewhat like the avatars of the hindu deities
What was the significant difference between the lives of women in Mesoamerica and the Mediterranean world?
aztec women had to spend many more hours grinding grain for food
during the republican era, what was the typical attitude of the Romans toward areas conquered outside of Italy? a)residents were made full citizens of Rome b)all residents were reduced to slavery c)opponents of Roman rule were punished severely and there were repeated atrocities d)treatment of conquered territories int eh eastern mediterranean was brutal, but treatment of those in the western mediterranean resulted in grants of citizenship
b
the greatest challenge to sedentary agriculture was a form of social organization based on intensive herding known as a)hunting and gathering b)pastoralism C)civilization d)bands
b
which of the following statements concerning Hawaiian social and political organization in the 5th century Ce is most correct? a)the Hawaiians were able to form a centralized monarchy under an autocratic ruler by 700 C.E. b)Hawaiian society was essentially a society of equals with ritual authority with ritual authority being granted to a single shaman d)Hawaiian society failed to progress beyond the level of hunting and gathering band
b
which of the following was NOT a problem in the process of decline within the Roman empire? a)a series of plagues b)lead poisoning c)rising population leading to food shortages d)increasing burdens on state's budget leading to greater taxation
b Rome had internal plumbing that was made of lead pipe
What was the first river valley civilization? a. Egypt b. Sumer c. Mesoamerica d. Anatolia
b. Sumer
One of the most significant accomplishments of Hammurabi was the a. conquest of Egypt b. codification of the laws of Mesopotamia c. construction of the monumental architecture of Hattusas d. destruction of the Babylonian empire.
b. codification of the laws of Mesopotamia
Technological innovations occurring between 6000 and 4000 BCE prepared the way for civilization by a. leading to an industrial revolution. b. ensuring more consistent surpluses of food and necessary products. c. allowing the elimination of human labor in the production of food. d. removing the necessity of social stratification.
b. ensuring more consistent surpluses of food and necessary products.
The Sumerians created a more elaborate culture including the world's first heroic epic, a. the Aeneid b. the Epic of Gilgamesh c. the Iliad d. the Great Flood
b. the Epic of Gilgamesh
Why did sexual inequality exist in so many societies? a. Women had no religious roles b. The status of women reflected the value of their labor in agricultural societies c. No societies continued to practice matrilineal descent and inheritance d. There were no female rulers in ancient societies
b. the status of women reflected the value of their labor in agricultural socieites
The principle of political organization in Sumerian civilization was a. tightly controlled nation-states b. tightly organized city-states c. hunting and gathering bands d. sedentary agricultural villages
b. tightly organized city-states
***clan into with Muhammah was born
banu hashim
Wealth was the bias of social ranking in most Indian societies other than the Andean and Mesoamerican civilizations?
basic similarities underlying the variation can be seen in social structure.
Why did Justinian try to reconquer the western Roman Empire?
because he sought to revive and reconstruct wholly the old empire
What was the nature of slavery within the Abbasid social system?
because most unskilled labor was left to the unfree, slaves could be found in both the towns and countryside of the abbasid empire
what was the function of secret societies in African culture
because their membership cut across lineage divisions, they acted to maintain stability within the community and diminish clan feuds
***culture found in Arabian peninsula that shaped development of islam?
bedouin
The Arabic camel nomads were referred to as
bedouin
the Arabic camel nomads were referred to as
bedouin
which of the following cultures found in the Arabian peninsula was most significant in shaping the development of Islam
bedouin
what are characteristics of the bedouin societies
bedouin herders lived in kin-related clan groups, bedouins lived in highly mobile tent encampments, arabian society fostered strong dependence on loyalty and cooperation with kin NOT ACCUARATE Clans were commonly congregated together in larger tribal groupings
what was the nature of pre-Islamic bedouin religion
bedouin religion for most clans was a blend of animism and polytheism focusing on the worship of nature spirits
Monotheism
belief in a single God
Polytheism
belief in multiple Gods
compared to Hinduism and Buddhism, all of the following constitute distinctive (unique) features of late-Roman Christianity EXCEPT
belief that an evil life will be punished
what was the geographical location of the empire of Mali?
between Niger and Senegal rivers
in which of the following ways were the Byzantine bureaucracy and the Chinese bureaucracy similar
both bureaucracies were open to talented commoners, not just aristocrats
***Differnce between Africa and other societies?
built less clear on prior descent
warrior leaders in the tenth century in Japan who controlled provincial areas and ruled from small fortresses in the countryside were called
bushi
Sui
by 589 the house of Sui ruled all of China. Sui emperors placed enormous demands on their subjects in the course of building a strong, centralized government and also ordered the construction of palaces and granaries, carried out extensive repairs of defensive walls, dispatched military forces to central Asia and Korea, and levied high taxes. The greatest project of the Sui dynasty was the Grand Canal
agricultural systems in the middle east, china and the Americas were all a) based on the same grains wheat and barley b)based on a combination of domesticated plants and animals C)based on different domesticated plants in each region d)dependent on pastoral forms of social organization
c
the concept of "barbarians" a)was strictly a chines idea b) was only developed in the nineteenth-century European culture c)was commonly used to distinguish between cosmopolitan, urban-focoused cultures and nomadic peoples d)was dropped in modern cultures
c
what economic factor weakened the hold of buddhism on the Indian population? a)the improving status of the peasantry made them less likely to be interested in a salvationist religion b)the untouchables were decimated by a severe famine, thus removing a class associated with Buddhism c)the failure of the rome-china trade axis weakened the merchants, who had been one of the chief benefactors of the Buddhist monasteries d) the increasing wealth of all social classes reduced the strictness of social division within the caste system and undermined one of the attractions of Buddhism
c
which of the following statements concerning the original social and economic organization of the early Bantu is NOT correct? a)the depended on agriculture and fishing b) they domesticated goat sand perhaps cattle c)they lived in large temple complexes featuring monumental architecture with ceremonial purposes d)they organized their society around kinship groups
c c is not true because it was the early Bantu-but they eventually did that
how did the emergence of Buddhism in China affect Daoism? a)daoism merged with Buddhism to create a single religious movement daoism rapidly disappeared following the appearance of Buddhism c)the appearance of Buddhism led to greater formalization of Daoist doctrine and more efforts to reach the common people d)daoism became an illegal religion and the Chinese state moved rapidly to suppress various daoist rituals, particularly those dealing with magic and healing
c not a because they merged in some ways but they were still separate religions not B because it was still there- mainly the upper class retained daoism
what was the impact of the decline of classical civilizations on the major religions? A)the major religions became more regionalized in specific civilizations B)aside from the emergence of Islam, the other major religions suffered a decline C)the major world religions actually spread to new areas in which beliefs and cultural allegiances took o n new territorial patterns D)Hinduism and Daoism shared in the general decline of animist religions during the fall of the major civilizations
c religion creates stablity for people whos government has just collapsed
in hunting and gathering bands, labor a)was shared equally by all members of the group b) fell entirely to dominant males within the group c)was divided according to gender D) fell entirely to females within the group
c women gather and men would hunt
Compared to Mesopotamian civilization, Egyptian civilization was a. less stable due to many foreign incursions. b. less stable due to many political changes. c. more stable due to few foreign incursions. d. more stable due to brutal repressive measures.
c more stable due to few foreign incursions.
Which of the following was NOT produced by Kushite culture? a. Hieroglyphic writing b. Iron making c. Bronze weapons d. Strong monarchies
c. Bronze weapons
Which of the following was characteristic of the power of the pharaoh in Egyptian civilization? a. The ruler had authority limited to his own city-state b. The pharaoh's power was truncated by the lack of a formal bureaucracy c. He was regarded as a god with power to assure prosperity and control the Nile d. The pharaoh's authority was limited by independent regional governments.
c. He was regarded as a god with the power to assure prosperity and control the Nile.
Which of the following peoples successfully colonized the western Mediterranean? a. Minoans b. Hittites c. Phoenicians d. Assyrians
c. Pheonicians
The first ruler to create an empire in Mesopotamia was a. Gilgamesh of Erech b. Dumuzi of Ur c. Sargon I of Akkad d. Nebuchadnezzar of Babylon
c. Sargon I of Akkad
Which of the following statements about Sumerian religion is correct? a. The Sumerians believed in a single god who weighed all souls at death. b. The Sumerians believed in a joyous afterlife for the righteous. c. Some of the basic elements of Sumerian religion continued to have force in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. d. Sumerian religion rejected animism in favor of abstract and distant deities.
c. Some basic elements of Sumerian religion continued to have force in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.
Sumerian writing is called a. hieroglyphs b. Linear A c. cuneiform d. pictographic
c. cuneiform
What is animism? a. a massive tower b. temples with statues and painted frescoes c. the ideas that a divine force lies within natural objects d. mathematical advances
c. the ideas that a divine force lies within natural objects
One of the most permanent features of Aztec society was its organization into clans or
calpulli
what was the result of the civil wars following the deaht of al-Rashid
candidates for the throne recognized the need to build up personal armies, often of slave soldiers
Chinese art featured
careful craftsmanship and detail work
The Aztec innovation in intensive agriculture in the aquatic environments of the lake of central Mexico was the development of...
chinampas
The Aztec innovation in intensive agriculture in the aquatic environments of the lakes of central Mexico was the development of
chinampas
the Aztec innovation in intensive agriculture in the aquatic environments of the lakes of central Mexico was the development of
chinampas
What was the primary difference between Roman and Greek religion?
christianity is monotheistic while greeks were polytheistic
What form of government was the basis for the imperial structure of the Aztecs during their first settlement in the valley of Mexico?
city-states
What are calpullis?
clans in Aztec society that divided and distributed the land and provided labor and warriors
Underlying the Carolingian Renaissance was the basic conviction that
classical learning was the foundation on which Christian wisdom rested
What are some differences between the Andean and Mesoamerican civilizations?
climate and geography
The Twelve Tables of Law, approved in 450 BCE, represent the
codification of existing laws for all to see and obey
Which of the following developments was NOT a result of the improved economy of the High Middle Ages?
conflicts between peasants and the landlords became rare, if they didn't disappear altogether
Greek religion is to Greek rationalism as _________ is to Confucianism.
confucius
Rome was a crucial factor in the development of European civilization because Rome
connected Europe to the cultural heritage of the Near East
Indian Ocean Trade
connected to Europe, Africa, and China.; worlds richest maritime trading network and an area of rapid Muslim expansion.
After the collapse of Charlemagne's empire, the pattern of political life in western Europe
consisted of regional monarchies with strong aristocracies
Traditional
consisting of or derived from tradition; customary practices
What Christian officials came to hold a position not unlike that of Rome's provincial governors?
constantine romes emperor
Emperor Justinian is best remembered for his
construction of Hagia Sophia, organization of Roman laws, temporary re-conquest of western portions of the Roman empire, and putting down a serious tax revolt in Constantinople
The Romans were able to support cities with large populations due, in no small measure, to the
construction of a system of aqueducts to allow a steady supply of potable water to the cities
The Romans were a military society almost from the moment they settled in Italy because they were
continually forced to defend their own conquests against invaders
By the end of the 3rd century it became obvious that Rome's western and eastern provinces could not be
controlled by a single central government
Why were so many convents (monastic houses for women) founded during the 7th century AD
convents met a variety of social and spiritual needs for artistocratic families
***Not a reasons for early expansion of Islam past Arabia?
conversion
Clovis was the Frankish king responsible for the
conversion of his people to Christianity.
Alcuin and his associates contributed significantly to literacy even until today by
copying corrected versions of biblical texts and investing Carolingian miniscule script in the process
The myth of the Rape of Lucretia appealed to Roman patriotism by emphasing the
corruption of Etruscan morals and government
Abbasid
created by Abualabas who rebelled and destroyed the Umayyad.
Thomas Aquinas was the medieval scholar who
created the greatest synthesis of classical rational philosophy and Christian theology.
Major themes/cults of Aztec religion?
creator deities, gods of fertility, gods of warfare, agricultural cycle
the spread of Buddhism to China is an example of
cultural diffusion
The difference between the eastern and western parts of the Roman Empire in
culture, economy, and language were great and grew larger over time
if the appeal to a supernatural source of power enhanced the authority of a ruler, what was its chief drawback? a)it also strengthened the class of priests who came to dominate the royal courts b)it established that the supreme political authority was granted by the ruler's vassals c)it tied the rulers to an increasingly conservative religion in the face of aggressive demands for religious reform d)it implied that rulers who failed in their duties had lost their supernatural support and could be overthrown
d
which of the following heritages of the Mediterranean classical civilization had the least impact on successive western civilizations? a)traditions of science and philosophy b)political theory and definition of citizenship C)christianity d)the dominant Greco-Roman religion
d
which of the following was a general tendency during the spread of the world's great religions at the end of the classical period? a)the adoption of pantheons of gods b)the abandonment of formal theology c)disbelief in the existence of an afterlife d)concentration of a sing divine force as opposed to a host of divine spirits
d
what was the impact of the reassertion of HInduism under the Gupta on the caste system of India? a)the caste system was abolished b)the caste system remained important and unchanged c) the caste system was restricted to northern India d)the cast system became more complex
d Gupta had a focus on the caste system and the caste system always overtime becomes more correct
Which of the following was NOT a disadvantage for Americans when they eventually did come in contact with other civilizations? a)a simple material culture poor in metallurgical and weapon-making skills b)a lack of large mammals as a protein source and a power source c)an isolation form diseases common to Europeans, thus lack of immunities d)a failure to develop sophisticated political systems
d because they really did
What was the first African state other than Egypt to emerge? a. Minoan b. Phoenicia c. Assyria d. Kush
d. Kush
The first pharaoh of Egypt was a. Amenhotep b. Gilgamesh c. Akhenaton d. Narmer
d. Narmer
Which of the following statements best summarizes the economic differences between Egypt and Mesopotamia? a. Unlike Mesopotamia, Egypt was heavily dependent on trade b. Mesopotamian civilization had no merchant class c. Egyptian civilization had no formal writing d. Unlike Egypt, Mesopotamia was heavily dependent on trade.
d. Unlike Egypt, Mesopotamia was heavily dependent on trade.
Which of the following was NOT characteristic of Egyptian religious belief concerning death? a. construction of massive funeral monuments b. mummification c. death rituals that extended organization to the afterlife d. death rituals that consigned most members of society to endless darkness
d. death rituals that consigned most members of society to endless darkness
Which of the following is NOT a drawback to civilization? a. Aggressive behavior and warfare b. Greater inequality between men and women c. Stricter social stratification into classes or castes d. Decreased wealth and food surpluses
d. decreased wealth and food surpluses
Which of the following is NOT an accurate description of the Sumerian form of writing? a. it was done on clay tablets b. it was used to keep lists of goods and receipts. c. priests and officials developed a near-monopoly of the skill. d. it never made the transition from pictograms to phonetic symbols.
d. it never made the transition from pictograms to phonetic symbols.
The scope of Sumerian government was often more a. imperial than regional. b. republican than monarchic. c. democratic than oligarchic. d. regional than imperial.
d. regional than imperial.
The most significant contribution of the early Jewish state to Western civilization was a. its sense of a divine plan b. its use of elaborate rituals concerning death c. its emphasis on divine kingship d. the development of a strong monotheistic religion
d. the development of a strong monotheistic religion
Ziggaruts were Sumerian a. wheeled vehicles b. irrigation systems c. slaves d. towers
d. towers
Which of the following was NOT a technological innovation leading to civilization? a. wheel b. use of bronze c. writing d. use of animal bones
d. use of animal bones
under the umayyads, the political center of islam shifted to
damascus
但 or 但是
dan4 or dan4shi4
到 第一个红绿灯 往东开
dao4 di4 ye1ge4 hong2lu4deng1 wang4 dong1 kai1
During the Abbasid period, the status of women in Islamic communities
declined in part as a result of the growing cultural influence of the conquered populations such as the Persians.
On the City of God was a
defense of Christianity by Augustine in the wake of Rome's sack in 410
Which of the following was NOT one of the major themes or cults of Aztec religion?
deities devoted to contemplation and salvation
which of the following was NOT one of the major themes or cults of Aztec religion
deities devoted to contemplation and salvation
The study of population is referred to as
demography
In Arabic, caliph means
deputy
Manorialism was the system that
described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers.
what was the result of the first civil war between ali and the umayyads
despite early successes. ali's faction disintegrated leading to an ummayad victory and ali's assassination
what was the trend of urbanization during much of the Abbasid Empire
despite political disintegration and a decline in agricultural economy, towns continued to grow rapidly
which of the following statements concerning the mercenary armies of the later Abbasid era is NOT accurate
despite their tendency toward random violence, they loyally defended the Abbasid Caliphs
Although the Iconoclastic Controversy was eventually resolved, its lasting effects included the
destruction of nearly all pre-eight century religious art in the Byzantine empire
which of the following was NOT an eventual impact of the development of Neo-confucian schools of thought
destruction of the mandarins
Among the titles Augustus had been awarded; _______ was not among them
dictotorsupremus
Unlike the Romans in the western part of the empire, the eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire
did not succumb to Germanic invasions in the 5th century
City-States
different sections of land owned by the same country but ruled by different rulers (e.g. Greece)
What were some major differences between African civilizations and other post classical societies?
disparities between the technologies and ideologies of Europeans and Africans also created differences in the ways in which their societies developed
The Dead Sea Scrolls have helped historians to understand the religious climate of the 1st century CE by demonstrating the
diversity of Jewish religious practices and belief
what was the political result of the wars that destroyed the Ashikaga Shogunate
division of Japan into three hundred little states under the daimyos
What was the over-all trend of the Greek peninsula prior to Macedonian conquest?
downward
Umayyads
dynasty established after the assassination of Ali. Brought stability to the Islamic community. Allowed Arabs but taxed non-Muslims.
descirbe the political expermentation of the greek city states
each city state was under a tyranny or only had one ruler
The crisis of the early 3rd century was precipitated by the retreat from the
eastern frontier and violent tendencies of Marcus Arelius's son, Commodus
Sufis
effective Islamic missionaries, emphasized devotion to Allah above mastery of doctrine, term Sufi probably came from the patched woolen garments favored by the mystics, not concerned with the fine points of doctrine, more concerned with deepening their spiritual awareness
After a plebian rebellion in the early 5th century BCE the patricians accepted the
elected tribunes and written laws
Leo III
emperor who implemented iconoclasm
***What does "Equality before God" mean?
emphasis on equality, acceptence of social stratification
Jewish monotheism
emphasized the power and abstraction of God
if the Greek genius was politics, the Roman genius was
engineering
All of the following were functions of the merchant and artisan guilds EXCEPT?
ensuring a free market economy
the Mongol military forces were
entirely cavalry
The major lasting result of the Crusades was the
establishment of cultural and economic contacts between western Europe and Middle East
One example of how Rome transformed the world into the Roman world be that the
evolving process of Roman leaders coming from everywhere within the empire and people would settle far from their place of birth
***Nature of material culture of the Bedouin?
except in sedentary agricltural communities of the south, there was little art or architecture and the chief focus of cultural creativity was oral poetry
Bands/ Clans
extended family groups that generally lived together
What was utilized in the Inca Empire, but NOT by the Aztecs?
extensive use of colonization
Muhammad was a member of the Umayyad clan of the Quraysh tribe.
false
The capital of the Umayyad Empire was Baghdad.
false
compared to Chinese architecture, Greek and Roman architecture
featured monumental styles
relationships between members of the military elite based on a reciprocal exchange of land for military service and loyalty were called
feudalism
By what century did France achieve a complete feudal monarchy?
fifteen
When Julius Caesar adopted Octavian as his heir, Octavian had to
fight his rivals and kill his republican opponents
in what way did foot binding serve to diminish the independence of Chinese women by the end of the song era
foot binding sufficiently crippled women to effectively confine their mobility to their household
In 1434, the Aztecs
formed a triple alliance with two other cities.
Siddhartha Gautama
founder of Buddhism; born a prince; left his father's wealth to find the cause of human suffering; also know as Buddha
Jesus is the central figure in Christianity, but Paul was important as the
founder of the universal church, giving it theology and organization
***components of bedouin society
free warriors, slaves, herders, shaykhs (no artisans)
what was the impact of expansion and conquest on the Aztec social system
from a loose association of clans, Aztec society became a stratified society
Bezant
gold coin, standard currency of the Byzantine empire
How did Rome handle the administration of conquered territories?
goveners apointed to watch over them
Theocracy
government run by religious leaders
The Sahel refers to the
grassland belt at the southern edge of the Sahara that served as a point of exchange between the forests of the south and north Africa.
which of the following represents a mounting pressure for change in pre-Islamic society
greater Byzantine and Sassanian control over Arabic tribes of the peninsula and Arabic migration to Mesopotamia
Status of women in Boudin society before Islam?
greater freedom and higher status
compare use of slaves in greece and china
greece used the slaves a lot and you were a slave for either being captured or not paying debt in china slaves were the lowest class
compare greek and chineese political structures
greek had a democracy while china had a single emperor
What institutions were responsible for the regulation of apprenticeship, guarantee of good workmanship, and limitation of admission to various occupations?
guilds
The responsibility of all Muslims to make a pilgrimage to Mecca is called the
hajj
Chinese views or nature emphasized
harmony and balance
Shi Huang Di
harsh ruler who united China for the first time and used legalism in ruling (Qin China)
why did Vladimir I prefer Orthodox Christianity to Roman Catholicism
he believed that Roman Catholicism implied papal interference, while Orthodoxy embraced the control of the church by state
how did the Caliph al-Mahdi resolve the problem of succession in the Abbasid dynasty
he failed to resolve the problem of dynastic succession with disastrous results
which of the following was NOT one of the positive aspects of Chinggis Khan's imperial rule
he ordered the creation of huge pastures in northern China for the use of the Mongol clans
how did the administration of al-Rashid set a trend for subsequent Abbasid rulers
he was at the outset of his reign heavily dependent on Persian advisers, a practice that became commonplace thereafter
why was the caliph uthman disliked by so many arabs
he was the first caliph to be chosen from muhammads son in law and nephew ali
What was the significance of the god Huitzilopochtli?
he was the patron god of the Aztecs most closely associated with the cult of human sacrifice.
Distinguish between Hellenic and Hellenistic.
hellenic was classical greece before alexander the greats death and hellenistic is after that
In terms of organization, the 4th century Christian church was more defined in
hierarchical terms, with a clergy distributed among patriarchs, bishops, priests, and deacons
one of China's key economic strengths was
high levels of technological innovation
Byzantine government
highly centralized government that focused power into the emperor
The Byzantine economy in the early Middle Ages was
highly regulated, including wage and price controls
The geographic site of Rome has many advantages, including
hills that increase the defensibility of the city
Describe Greek contributions to science during the Hellenic and Hellenistic periods.
hippocrates found out that there are reasons people get sick
According to the patriapotestas provision of the Twelve Tables, a Roman father had absolute power over
his family, up to and including the power of life and death
Jerome's most lasting contribution to western Christian culture was
his translation of the Bible into Latin
The Roman's man primary duty was
honor his ancestors
Roman slaves were used for all of the following EXCEPT
household care and tutoring
Augustine's theological ideas revolved around
human sinfulness and divine omnipotence
Images of religious objects venerated as part of the religious practices of the Orthodox Church were called
icons.
Han Dynasty
imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time from 206 BC to AD 220) and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy
Yang Jian (Sui Wen Ti)
imposed tight political discipline on his state during the Sui Dynasty. He was appointed duke of Sui in northern China by a Turkish ruler. After his partron died he took the Mandate of Heaven for himself. Sent military expeditions into central Asia and southern China
Battle of Constantinople
in 1453 the city fell to the Ottoman Turks. Marks the end of the Byzantine Empire
Following the fall of Rome, where was the center of the postclassical West?
in France, the Low Countries, and Germany.
compare the roles of women in greece and china
in athens women did not have much of a role other than to bear children in sparta they had to run there family and in china they were almost not considered citizens
The Byzantine Empire began
in the 4th century C.E., with the founding of Constantinople.
The Byzantine Empire began
in the 5th century CE, with the fall of Rome; or in the 6th century CE, with Justinian's ascent to the throne
which of the following statements concerning the relationship of the imperial court to the provincial military elite is most accurate
in the absence of an imperial military force, law and order broke down leading both the emperor and high officials to hire provincial lords and their military retainers
Following the fall of Rome, where was the center of the post-classical West?
in the central plain of Northern Europe-France, the low countries, Southern and Western Germany
following the fall of Rome, where was the center of the post-classical West
in the central plain of northern Europe- France, the Low Countries, southern and western Germany
-Extent of sedentary agriculture in the Arabian peninsula?
in the far south on the Yemen and Hadramaut coasts extensive sedentary agriculture developed in ancient times
which of the following statements most accurately describes the extent of sedentary agriculture in the Arabian peninsula
in the far south on the Yemen and Hadramaut coasts extensive sedentary agriculture developed in ancient times
In what way did the expansion of the Islamic faith progress through the rest of the Arab peninsula?
in violent warfare as Islam was challanged by polytheists and the ruling elite (check me on this!)
Greek Fire
incendiary weapon compound of sulfur, lime, and petroleum
which river-valley civilization was all but completely destroyed by invasion
indus
How long did the Toltec empire last?
influenced large territory after 1,000 C.E.; declined after 1,200 C.E.
One important difference between Roman religion and Greek religion was the Roman view of the
integration of religion with Roman politics serving a pantheon that functioned more like family gods of the Roman state
The early Byzantine religion was known for its
intense interest in matters of doctrine and orthodoxy
which of the following statements concerning inter-clan relationships in bedouin society is most accurate
inter-clan violence over control of water and pasturage was common
Inter-clan relationships in Bedouin society?
inter-clan violence over control of water was common
What was the nature of trade with towns east of Africa?
international trade flourished in the urbanized ports of east Africa, including commerce with India and China
***What accounted for the downfall of Songhay?
invasion by a Moroccan Muslim army equipped with firearms
The practice of state appointment of bishops led to the
investiture controversy
the "lessons" of late Han China and the late Roman empire are that the decline of a civilization, whether temporary or permanent,
is not simply the result of attack by outside invaders
what are characteristics of the islamic ethical systems
islam stressed the dignity of all believers and the equality in their eyes of allah, islam stressed the responsibility of the wealthy and strong to care for the poor and week, a tax for the charity was an obligation
A society is almost certainly a civilization if
it has some political structure
what was the result of inter-clan rivalries
it tended to weaken the bedouin in comparison to neighboring peoples and empires
what was the principle advantage of the Islamic concept of the ummah
it transcended old tribal boundaries and made possible political unity among Arab clans
what was the nature of pre-islamic bedouin religion
it was a blend of animism and polytheism
What was the nature of urbanization with the Mali empire?
it was centered around agriculture
the Qin dynasty differed from the Zhou in that
it was more centralized
Which of the following statements about the manorial system is NOT true?
it was technologically sophisticated
what was the result of inter-clan rivalries
it weakened the bedouin in comparison to neighboring peoples and empires
Christianity emerged as a reform movement within what religion?
juddism
考试
kao3shi4
what were the basic social groups of the bedouins
kin-related clan groups
Alexander the Great
king of Macedon, conqueror of Greece, Egypt, and Persia; founder of Alexandria (356-323 BC)
which of the following states represents the development if Bantu concepts of kingship and state-building?
kingdom of Kongo
Which of the following was a result of the Hundred Years War during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?
kings reduced their reliance on feudal forces in favor or paid armies
快 上课 了
kuai4 shang4ke4 le
Difference between Incas and Aztecs?
lack of writing system
Hippodrome
large stadium adjacent to the imperial palace
from a Confucian viewpoint, the Roman Empire might have been criticized for placing too much confidence in
laws rather than trained officials
Bushido
laws that the samurais followed
Shayks were
leaders of bedouin clans.
Shaykhs are...?
leaders of the Bedouin clans
which of the following statements concerning leadership in Mongol society is most correct
leaders were elected by free males and held office for as long as they could keep it
Vassals
lesser lords who pledged their service and loyalty to a greater lord -- in a military capacity
despite major differences, Christianity, Hinduism, and Buddhism all show interest in
life after death
The position of the Pharisees in Palestine during the 1st century CE believed in
life after death and a system of individual rewards and punishments
what was the Aztec view of history
like other Mesoamerican peoples, the Aztecs believed in a cyclical pattern or repetitive destruction of the world
What was the Aztec view of history?
like other mesoamerican peoples, believed in a cyclical pattern of repetititive destructions of the world.
Compared to a Chinese nobleman, a peasant in classical China differed in all of the following EXCEPT
likelihood of literacy
Pax Romana refers to the
long period in which there were no major wars within the Roman Empire
Rome's fall can be most attributed to which of the following
lower population totals
the system that described economic and political relations between landlords and their peasant laborers was called
manorialism
Manorialism was characterized by all of these conditions EXCEPT:
manors and peasants depended on merchants for most necessities
What happend after Muhammad's death in 632?
many of the bedouin tribes renouced Islam
Empire
many territories, countries, or peoples controlled by one government (also just any territory ruled by an emperor)
The term for non-Arab Muslim converts is
mawali
Caliph
means deputy. Leader of Muslims.
Quran
means recitation. Means holy book of Islam. Revelations Muhammad received.
Islam
means submission. Signifying obedience to the rule and will of Allah. Muslim means, "one who has submitted".
what were similarities between Medina and mecca
mecca was established in an oasis, and medina was in a mountainous region. medina was engaged in long distance, caravan trade, while mecca was not. Medina was located on the western side of the arabian peninsula, which mecca was located on the persian gulf
Which of the following statements concerning the medieval economy is most true?
medieval economics was a combination of capitalistic and feudal practices
everywhere it spread, Buddhism stressed
meditation and ethical behavior
Pillar Saints
men and women who demonstrated their asceticism by standing on pillars, St. Simeon Stylite
Which of the following descriptions most accurately defines mercantilism
mercantilism held that government should promote the internal economy in order to improve tax revenues and to limit imports from other nations
which of the following were lowest in official Chinese social hierarchy(aside from the "mean people")
merchants
Christianity spread to the Balkans and Russia through
missionary activities
One of the few technological innovations of the Middle Ages was a plow that permitted deeper cultivation of the soil called the
moldboard.
after 200 CE, an increasing number of people in Asia, Europe, and North Africa began to adapt faiths characterized by
monotheism
which of the following was NOT a characteristic of American civilizations during the post-classic period
monotheism
Compared to medieval Europe in the 11th and 12th centuries, the Islamic world was
more advanced in technological sophistication, science, and philosophy
Central to Roman identity was a conservatism expressed in an unwritten code of
mosmaiorum
al Ghazali
most important of Sufis, Persian theologian, Human reason was too frail to understand the nature of Allah
Justinian's code
most important political contribution, codification of Roman law
Justinian
most important ruler of the Byzantine Empire, known as the Sleepless Emperor as he was an energetic and tireless worker
which of the following statements concerning the economics of Africa is NOT correct?
much of the region lacked a market economy and was based on self-sufficient agricultural units
The 4th century interest in 'orthodoxy' among Christian intellectuals arose from the
need to show that Christianity could withstand the philosophical scrutiny of Greek and Roman traditions
How did agriculture change in the late seventeenth century
new technology and better stock-breeding methods resulted in higher productivity
In most ways, the Mongols epitomized what type of society and culture
nomadic
Uighurs
nomadic mercenaries that were invited to help suppress the rebellion that caused the decline of the Tang dynasty
One way that the Romans were influenced by the Greeks was by
observing the many Greeks who lived in Sicily and Southern Italy
The Shiite party arose among Muslims because
of a dispute about the proper succession of caliphs in 7th century Arabia
Classical
of or characteristic of a form or system felt to be of first significance before modern times
Differentiate between the levels of social mobility of the three classical civilizations.
ok
In the early Roman Republic, Rome was technically a democracy but the Roman constitution essentially ensured
oligarchic rule
Minamoto
one of the two aristocratic clans that accumulated most of Japan's lands after the decline of Heian Japan, defeated Taira, made clan leader the shogun and made capital Kamakura
Opportunity for advancement in Islamic cultures depended on
one's ability and one's talent
what was the nature of citizenship within the umayyad empire
only muslim arabs were first class systems
hunting and gathering societies
organize rather small groups into political units
***What are stateless societies in Africa?
organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority.
Roman emperors tried to content the masses by
organizing food supplies and distribution
Andean principle of inheritance?
parallel descent, or inheritance passing in both male and female line
The roots of the papacy lie in a
passage from the New Testament Gospel of Matthew
The founder of the Ming dynasty, Ju Yuanzhang, came from what social class in China
peasantry
By 300 CE, Christians numbered no more the 5% of the population of the Roman Empire, one reason for this Diocletian's policy of
persecution of any group deemed to be subversive
Agrarian
pertaining to land or its cultivation; Ex. agrarian reform, agrarian society
The Byzantine church of Hagia Sophia was influential in the history of architecture because it
placed a massive dome on a building with a square shape
what as the major difference between medina and mecca
political dominance in medina was contested between a number of jewish and bedouin tribes
one difference between classical civilizations and river-valley civilizations was that in classical civilizations
political organizations were more elaborate
The Augustan system refers to the
political reforms instituted by Augustus and continued under his successors
Though the Roman Empire was relatively tolerant of other religions, why did Christianity pose a threat?
poor people liked it, was different than what was falseyly believed
Once Constatine I and his successor's had converted to Christianity it gained
power and was designated the only official religion by Theodosius
What tactic on the field of battle was employed most frequently by Chinggis Khan's forces
pretended flight to draw the enemy out followed by heavy cavalry attacks on the flanks
the "son of heaven" concept was designed to promote all of the following EXCEPT
priest's total control of the state
The equestrian order (Roman knights) was established when business men who did not become senators wanted
privileges
Domestication
process of changing plants or animals to make them more useful to humans
Republican Romans and democratic Athenians would have agreed that all of the following were politically important EXCEPT
proper worship of the gods.
去 书店 买书
qu4 shu1 dian4 mai3 shu1
the Socratic method emphasized the importance of
questioning
然后
ran2hou4
然后, 到了 第一个路口
ran2hou4, dao4le di4 yi1ge4 lu4kou3
Umayyads response to Muhammads new faith?
regarded him as a threat to their wealth since he questioned the gods
***African economy was NOT...?
region lacked Market economy and agricltural unitys
in the period shortly after the arrival of the Aztecs in the valley of Mexico, what was the nature of the political organization of the region
regional kingdoms
Pastoral
relating to shepherds or herdsmen or devoted to raising sheep or cattle (e.g. pastoral peoples)
one difference between classical China and the earlier Hwang Ho river-valley civilization was that in classical China
religious sacrifices were suppressed.
During the post-classical period, societies in the Americas...
remained entirely separate from those of the Old World.
During the postclassical period, societies in the Americas
remained entirely separate from those of the Old World.
What were societies like in the Americas during the post classical period?
remained entirely separate from those of the Old World.
Sedentary
remaining in one place
which of the following was NOT one of the reforms introduced by Wang Anshi in the face of conservative opposition
reorganization of university education
What were the Punic Wars fought over? Who were the opponents?
rome and carthage, the biggest power
Though Rome borrowed a great deal from Greece, in what areas was Rome an innovator?
rome invented a republic, and other achivements
How were Rome's social and economic relationships in agriculture different from that of Greece?
rome reilied on trade more thsn agriculture and they farmed more grains while the greeks farmed olives and grapes and that was lots of there income
What was the major difference between Roman and Greek architectural forms?
romes coloums were ussually only in the front while greeks were all around the structure
Pachacuti was the
ruler associated with the first creation of the Inca empire in 1438
What is an Askia?
rulers that extended the boundries of the empires, so that by the mid-16th century, Songhai dominated central Sudan
***what are ayan
rural landholding elite
Mounted troops owing loyalty to the military elite were called
samurai
Because of its base in the universities of Western Europe the dominant medieval philosophical approach was referred to as
scholasticism
because of its base in the universities of western Europe, the dominant medieval philosophical approach was referred to as
scholasticism
all of the following constituted a function of government in Han China EXCEPT
schools for peasant girls
Hellenistic society registered special advances in
science
Successors of Muhammad
sects of islam
Differnce between Andean and Mesoamerican civilizations?
sedentary agricultural systems
compared to Hinduism, Christianity is more likely to
see humans as superior to the rest of nature
As a ruler, Diocletian was known for
separating military from civilian chains of command
Agricultural laborers under the jurisdiction of aristocratic landowners were called
serfs
The Roman Empire
set up a military draft to supply the Roman legions
What was true about the African economy?
settled agriculture and iron working by post classical trade, trade handled by professionals in kinds, North Africa involved in Mediterranean and Arabic world
leaders of bedouin clans were called
shaykhs
what title was given to the military leader of the bakufu at Kamakura
shogun
which of the following statements concerning Aztec religion is most accurate
shortly after establishing their empire, the Aztecs abandoned all gods other then their patron, Huitzilopochtli
By the end of the 3rd century, the involvement of women in the church had
shrunk to the point that they were completely excluded from all positions of power
leaders of the bedouin class were called
shyayks
Prior to the establishment of Rome as the dominant state in Italy, Etruscans
skilled metal worker and artists, lived there
How did contact with the Muslim world affect the African slave trade?
slavery became a more widely diffused phenomenon and the slave trade developed rapidly
One consequence of Rome's conquests was the increased role in society played by
slaves
During the early Roman Republic, Rome expanded
slowly and extended the Latin right to many of the cities it conquered
***Political form of Karoba?
small city states
by 600, looking at the entire world, a good definition of "barbarian" would be
someone who is not part of a civilization
***not affected by islam after 600AD?
south america
Which city-state won the Peloponnesian War?
sparta!!!!!!!!
what accounts for the disruption of the agricultural economy of the Abbasid Empire
spiralling taxation, the destruction of the irrigation works, and pillaging by mercenary armies led to destruction and abandonment of many villages
Why did Inca chose to conquer and expand?
split inheritance
Who was the founder of Christianity?
st. peter or Jesus
African societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority were referred to as
stateless
African societies organized around the kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority were referred to as?
stateless
Islam Means
submission
islam means..
submission to God
Irrigation
supplying dry land with water by means of ditches, sprinklers, etc.
Emperor
supreme ruler of an empire
Economy
system by which goods and services are produced and distributed to meet people's needs
Theme system
system in which a theme (imperial province) was placed under the administrative and military control of a general
The Romans were able to support cities with large populations due, in no small measure, to the construction of a
system of aqueducts to allow a steady supply of portable water to the cities
Bureaucracy
system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials (not elected)
Which of the following represents one of Justinian's positive accomplishments?
systematizing of the Roman legal code
many African societies unaffected by either Christianity or Islam developed states without
systems of writing
Greek and Roman agriculture
tended to develop large, commercial estates
***Sudanic states of Mali and Songhay?
terribrial cores of some ethnicity, power extended
Sudanic states of Mali and Songhay
terribrial cores of some ethnicity, power extended
Adam Smith's economic theory advocated
that governments avoid regulation in favor of the operation of individual initiative and market forces
what belief did the conversion of Germanic kings create among western religious leaders, particularly the pope
that the Church had a legitimate authority separate from and superior to the secular rulers
what was the attitude of the Abbasid's towards the institution of slavery
the Abbasid elite demanded growing numbers of both male and female slaves for concubines and domestic service
after the seventh century, what group posed the greatest threat to the eastern frontiers of the Byzantine Empire
the Arab Muslims
what was the nature of the Aztec economy
the Aztec state redistributed many goods received as tribute, but there was a specialized merchant class that also handled long-distance trade in rare commodities
What people provided the most serious challenge to Byzantine authority in the Balkan peninsula?
the Bulgars
what was the difference in the military organization of Byzantine and western Roman Empires
the Byzantine Empire recruited men from the Middle East
which of the following statements concerning Byzantine military organization is most accurate
the Byzantine Empire recruited troops within the empire by granting heritable land in return for military service
Belisarius was
the Byzantine general responsible for much of the military success during Justinian's reign.
Islam spread so quickly in the 7th and 8th centuries because
the Byzantines and Persians had become exhausted by their long wars against each other
Ceremony became an important part of upper-class Chinese life because
the Chinese believe that people should restrain crude impulses
what proved to be the most damaging attack on Buddhism's popularity with the people during the early Tang dynasty
the Confucians' successful campaign to convince the emperor that the Buddhist monastic establishment represented an economic threat
-Zenj was the Arabic term for
the East African coast.
The 7th century AD was a turning point in the history of Western civilization because
the Greco-Roman world of antiquity divided into Byzantine, Islamic, and Latin Christian realms
The great church built by Justinian was
the Hagia Sophia.
How did the Incas and Aztecs compare in terms of integration of a centralized empire?
the Incas attempted to create an over-arching political state and made conscious attempts to integrate their empire as a unit, while the Aztecs did less in this regard.
in terms of integration of a centralized empire, how did the Incas and Aztecs compare
the Incas attempted to create an over-arching political state and made conscious attempts to integrate their empire as a unit, while the Aztecs did less in this regard.
What does the phrase "equality before God and inequality within the world" mean?
the Islamic emphasis on equality in the eyes of God
the Neolithic revolution occurred first in
the Middle East
Which of the following statements about the Renaissance is NOT accurate
the Renaissance failed to develop any new ideas concerning political organization
Chinggis Khan's first campaigns were directed against
the Tangut kingdom of Xi-Xia and the Qin kingdom of northern China
Chinggis Khan's first campaigns were directed against
the Tangut kingdom or Xi Xia and the Qin kingdom of northern China
What was the relationship between the Toltec and their predecessors in central Mexico?
the Toltecs adopted many cultural features from their predecessors to which they added a strongly military ethic and human sacrifice
what was the relationship between the Toltecs and their predecessors in central Mexico
the Toltecs adopted many cultural features from their predecessors to which they added a strongly military ethic and human sacrifice
Ottomans
the Turks who captured Constantinople in 1453 which marked the end of the Byzantium Empire
what was the Umayyad attitude to other religions?
the Umayyads display tolerance toward the religions of dhimmi peoples
Vietnam
the Vietnamese adapt to Chinese culture and technology. There is ongoing resentment at China's political domination. Vietnam asserts independence after Tang dynasty falls in the 10th century.
what was the Yuan policy with respect to religion during the Mongol occupation of China
the Yuan, like their ancestors, insisted on religious toleration
Which of the following did NOT occur as a result of the aztec rise to power?
the abandonment of human sacrifice
which of the following did NOT occur as a result of the Aztec rise to power
the abandonment of human sacrifice
a characteristic of the human species before the advent of civilization was
the ability to spread to various geographic settings and climate zones
Settlement
the act of colonizing or a small group of people in a sedentary position
Sustenance
the act of sustaining life by food or providing a means of subsistence
what was the most significant of the transformations brought about by the abbasid's rise to power
the admission of the mawalie as full members of the islamic community
What regions of Asia were most drawn to Chinese cultural and political models?
the agarian societies in the East and South
Which of the following was NOT a power of the papacy immediately after 500?
the appointment of all bishops
what was the immediate impact of the imperial move to Heian
the aristocracy was restored to counterbalance the power of the Buddhist monasteries and took over most of the positions in the central government
which of the following statements most accurately describes the position of the scholar-gentry under the song dynasty
the ascendancy of the scholar-gentry over its aristocratic and Buddhist rivals was fully secured in the Song era
which of the following statements concerning the status of women in the Tang-Song era is most accurate
the assertion of male dominance within the family and beyond was especially pronounced in the thinking of the Neo-Confucian philosophers
What was the nature of the Aztec economy?
the aztec state redistrubuted many goods recieved as tribute and there was a specialized merchant class
-Which of the following was NOT a belief shared by practitioners of many indigenous African religions?
the basic tenets of Coptic Christianity
In Byzantine schools, classical Greek literature was
the basis of the curriculum, with much study of the epics of Homer
Byzantium
the civilization that developed from the eastern Roman Empire following the death of the emperor Justinian (C.E. 565) until the fall of Constantinople (C.E.1453)
which of the following was NOT a reason for the decline of the Abbasid dynasty by the ninth century AD
the collapse of the cities
The Islamic Umma was
the concept of community of the faithful that transcended clan boundaries.
Which was a significant event in creating Byzantine hostility toward the Latin Christian world
the coronoation of Charlemagne as Roman emperor on Christmas Day, 800
what was the innovation of the Abbasid court with respect to women
the creation of Islamic nunneries
Cyril and Methodius were responsible for what accomplishment?
the creation of a written script for the Slavic language
what was the primary reform enacted during the reign of the first Sui emperor
the creation of granaries to relieve the threat of famine
which of the following did NOT occur as a result of the crusades
the crusaders did not always remain focused on religious goals
Why did the Mongols not pursue the conquest of western Europe
the death of Khagan Ogedei in Karakorum precipitated a struggle for the succession involving the khan of the Golden Horde
The development of regional power bases in Japan among the warrior elites of the countryside corresponded to what events in China?
the decline of the Tang dynasty
Which of the following was not a reason for the early expansion of Islam beyond Arabia?
the desire to convert new populations to Islam
the umayyads were threatened by what developments
the development of a new religion under muhammads direction, the growing power of medina, the new faith threatened to supplant the gods of the ka'ba
which of the following was NOT a sign of vitality in the medieval western culture following the Roman Empire's fall
the development of a purely secular society
What was the political result of the Vietnamese drive to conquer regions south of the Red River basin
the division of the Vietnamese into two kingdoms with capitals at Hue and Hanoi
What were the general results of the doctrinal quarrels of the early centuries
the dogmas of the Christian Church gradually became fixed
the eastern portion of the Roman empire experienced less decline than the west for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
the east resisted the spread of Christianity
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the nature of manufacturing in the later eighteenth century
the eighteenth century witnessed a rapid spread of household production of textiles and metal products, mostly by rural workers who alternated manufacturing with some agriculture
Realizing that the Roman Empire had become too large for a single ruler to control it Diocletian divided
the empire in half, trusting a junior colleague to rule the western part
the significance of the Byzantine Empire included all of the following EXCEPT
the empire's conquest of the Ottoman Empire and its inclusion of all of the Middle East
The significance of the Byzantine Empire included all of the following except
the empire's conquest of the Ottoman Empire and its inclusion of all of the Middle East.
which of the following was a critical factor in the failure of the Chinese to hold or assimilate the Viatnamese
the failure of Chinese cultural imports to make an impact on the peasantry
What caused a decline in the military reputation of the Mongol Yuan dynasty of China
the failure of expeditions against the Japanese
River Valley
the fertile land surrounding a river- the first civilizations arose near them
why did the original inhabitants of Australia not develop agriculture
the first Australians were too isolated to learn of developments elsewhere until recently
in 1733, James Kay of England introduced
the flying shuttle to automate weaving
The overall unity of the Muslim world disintegrated during the 10th and 11th centuries because of
the fractured political unity of the Islamic world exacerbated dissent and tension within Islam itself
the religious controversy over the use of religious images in worhip that broke out in the tenth century was called
the iconoclastic controversy
Daoists would disagree with Confucianists on all of the following EXCEPT
the importance of political activitiy
medieval backwardness in western Europe accounts for
the inability of the West to establish trade contacts with the larger world commercial network
What was the impact of the improved economy after the 10th century on the social system of wester Europe?
the increased pace of economic life created a less rigid structure
In general, the Christian monasticism of the 4th, 5th, and 6th centuries was a response to
the increasing worldliness of the church, the patronage of powerful families like the Merovingians, and a hunger to transform lives in accordance with the will of God
the end of the Gupta empire differed from the decline of the Roman empire in that it did not involve
the introduction of a new religion for the majority
What caused the flight of the Song dynasty from their capital in northern China
the invasions of the Jurchens who had formed the Qin kingdom
Johannes Gutenberg was responsible for
the invention of movable type in the West
the Senate of republican Rome particularly represented
the landed aristocracy
Who was Rurik?
the legendary Scandinavian who became the first king of Kievan Rus'
what accounts for the relative weakness of the Song empire
the military was subordinated to the civilian administrators of the scholar-gentry, leaving the dynasty vulnerable to nomadic dynasties on the frontier
The Torah
the most sacred text of Judaism
what was the primary cultural contribution of the muslims during the abbasid period
the muslims were able to recover and preserve the works of the ancient philosophers as well as transmit from one civilization to another
Subsistence
the necessities of life, the resources of survival
Who were the Toltecs? Where did they come from?
the northern nomadic peoples who entered central mexico following the decline of teotihuacan
Iron Age
the period following the Bronze Age; characterized by rapid spread of iron tools and weapons
the Paleolithic Age refers to
the period in which simple stone tools were developed
all of the following were outcomes of Justinian's wars of reconquest EXCEPT
the permanent addition of Rome to the Byzantine Empire
which of the following statements about the population of the americas is most true
the population estimates of the americas continuest o be revised upward
What was the principal reason for Inca conquest and expansion?
the practice of split inheritance
Pope Gregory VII decreed the practice of investiture invalid. What was investiture
the practice of state appointment of bishops
Pope Gregory VII decreed the practice of investiture invalid. What was investiture?
the practice of state appointment of bishops
What was the nature of the Russian resistance to the Mongol invasion?
the princes of Russia refused to cooperate among themselves and were routed individually
what was the nature of the Russian resistance to the Mongol invasion
the princes of Russia refused to cooperate and were routed individually
Which of the following statements concerning the impact of christianity on polytheistic religions in Western Europe is most accurate?
the process of conversion produced a religious amalgam in which beliefs in magic and supernatural spirits coexisted with Christianity
which of the following statements concerning the impact of Christianity on polytheistic religions in western Europe is most accurate
the process of conversion produced a religious amalgam in which beliefs in magic and supernatural spirits coexisted with Christianity
Foraging
the process of scavenging for food
Philosophy
the rational investigation of questions about existence, knowledge, and ethics
What was the Ka'ba
the religious shrine that was the focus of an annual truce
what was the ka'ba
the religious shrine that was the focus of an annual truce
The Qu' ran contains
the revelations sent by God to Muhammad
Seppuku
the ritual of suicide for samurais
Which of the following statements concerning the Holy Roman Emperors after the tenth century is most accurate?
the rule of the Holy Roman Emperors became increasingly hollow, because they did not build a solid monarchy from regional foundations
which of the following statements concerning the Holy Roman Empire after the tenth century is most accurate
the rule of the Holy Roman Emperors became increasingly hollow, because they did not build a solid monarchy from regional foundations
Which of the following was NOT a result of the agricultural policies of the Sui and Tang emperors
the scholar-gentry were removed as landlords
What opponent did Julius Caesar defeat in order to take control of the republic?
the sentate?
Code of Hammurabi
the set of laws drawn up by Babylonian king Hammurabi dating to the 18th century BC, the earliest legal code known in its entirety
Urbanization
the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban
Neo Confucian
the song dynasty refrains from persecuting Buddhists, but favors Confucians. It was influenced by Buddhist thought.
in addition to the Mameluk power in Egypt, why did the khan of the Ilkhan horde not follow up on the conquest of the Islamic heartland
the successor of Batu as ruler of the Golden Horde, Berke, had converted to Islam and was a potential ally of the Mameluks
Religious practice most closely associated with the state and the person of the india in andean civilization was the cult of
the sun
The religions practice most closely associated with the state and the person of the Inca in Andean civilization was the cult of
the sun
the religious practice most closely associated with the state and person of the Inca in Andean civilization
the sun
Within Islam, social mobility was encouraged because of
the teachings of Muhammad, which stressed the equality of all Muslim men
the development of agriculture caused important changes in all of the following EXCEPT
the tendency to believe in many gods
Foot binding
the tight wrapping of young girls' feet with strips of cloth that prevented natural growth of bones and resulted in tiny, malformed, curved feet, which were thought to be more attractive
In what way was the educational system of the medieval West different from that of China
the universities were not tied into a single bureaucratic system
Greek politics resembled Indian politics in
the use of military rulers
The Iconoclastic Controversy of the 8th century AD was about
the use of prohibition of images in church, where people might worship the objects
After the sack of Tula, the center of population and political power in Mexico shifted to
the valley of Mexico and the shores of a chain of lakes in that basin.
Where did the center of population and political power in Mexico shift after the sack of Tula?
the valley of Mexico and the shores of a chain of lakes in that basin.
what was the form of political organization of the yoruba people of Nigeria?
the yoruba were organized in a number of small city-states under the authority of regional kings
Which of the following was NOT a benefit of the monastic movement in western Europe?
their political organization provided the foundation for the political order established in France, Germany, and England
which of the following statements concerning the merchant class of the Byzantine Empire is most accurate
there was a large and wealthy merchant class in the Byzantine Empire, but it never gained significant political power because of the power of the bureaucracy
Serfs differed from slaves in that
they could not be bought or sold, and owned some of the land they farmed
which of the following statements most accurately describes the status of women in bedouin society prior to islam
they enjoyed greater freedom and higher status then byzantine and persian women
What was the Roman imperial government's attitude toward Christianity?
they hated it
what was the initial response of the Umayyads to Muhammad's new faith
they regarded him as a threat to their wealth and power as he questioned the traditional gods of the Ka'ba
once developed, metal tools were preferred over stone tools for all of the following reasons EXCEPT
they were easier for ordinary people to make at home
nomadic invaders often had military advantages over the armies of empires because
they were more skilled as horsemen
why did the arab warriors not want to convert large numbers of people to islam
they would have had to share their booty and would have lost tax revenues
Social organization of Mali?
three groups off free people, religious people, and tradesmen
What is mwene mutapa
title the king took
What was the significance of the Grand Canal?
to facilitate trade between northern and southern China
what was the central purpose of the reforms of 646 in Japan
to remake the Japanese monarch into an absolutist Chinese-style emperor
The Ridda wars were fought
to suppress rival prophets and to restore the unity of Islam
Umayyad attitude toward other religions?
tolerence toward them
As a Christian king responsible for ruling a Christian society, Charlemagne
took responsibility for reforming the religious life of his kingdom just as he reformed its government
Which emperor extended the empire to its greatest territorial dimensions?
trajian
Key Arabian towns like Mecca and Medina were largely extensions of the tribal cuture of the camel nomads.
true
The Muslims generally displayed tolerance toward the religions of dhimmi peoples.
true
***Social organization of Malinke people?
two sorts of people, those who were free and those who were slaves
what clan was responsible for the foundation of mecca
umayyad
qanat
underground canal used in water systems of ancient Persians
What was the function of philosophy in Greek culture?
understand life and commincate eith fundemental ideas
The Christian label for non-Christians is indicative of its
urban origin
Describe basic Greek architecture.
varied colum designs
The member of the military elite who relieved land in return for military service in the bands of the greater lords were called
vassals
Who were the scandinavian Invaders who disrupted the development of durable political institutions in the mideval west until the 10th century?
vikings
The greatest Roman Stoic, Cicero, believed that
virtue leads to happiness, and peace of mind is the highest goal
Economic reforms introduced by the early 4th century Roman empire included
wage and price controls fixed by the government
往左 一拐
wang3zuo3yi1guai3
After Rome had twice defeated Carthage, a Third Punic War was provoked by
war hawks who thought Carthage must be destroyed
what was the umayyad response to muhammad's migration to medina and subsequent success there
was broke out between mecca and medina resulting in the eventual victory of muhammad and the medina cland
Benedict's monastic rule differed from Basil's rule because it
was less austere and more moderate in its demands for monastic life
The military force of the Byzantine Empire
was recruited from peasants of the empire in return for grants of heritable land.
During the Abbasid period, slavery
was typical of unskilled occupations in the countryside and the cities.
Tambos were
way stations along roads in the Inca empire
result of inter-clan rivalries
weakened Bedouin in comparison to other civilizations
Which of the following was a result of Justinian's wars of reconquest?
weakening of the empire's defenses on its eastern frontiers with the Persians
The division between Roman patricians and plebeians was between the
wealthiest (2%) and the the rest (98%) of the people
Egypt differed from Mesopotamian civilization by displaying
well-organized, durable empires
What happened to the political structure of Greece in the aftermath of the Peloponnesian War?
went to a more aristocrat like structure
Those who ruled Rome from 96 to 180 CE were called the "Five Good Emperors" because they
were capable administrators who governed successfully
Women from wealthy Byzantine families
were generally educated at home by tutors, and some became literary figures of note
the development of writing
whelps explain why government could become more formal and bureaucratic
Caesaropapism
when a ruler not only concerns himself with secular affairs but also takes an active role in ecclesiastic affairs
What point was in dispute between the Arians and Christian orthodoxy
whether Jesus was of the same being and substance as God the Father
what was the difference between the Islamic invasions of India and previous incursions of the subcontinent
with the Muslims, the peoples of India encountered for the first time a large-scale influx of invaders with a civilization as sophisticated as their own
Which of the following statements concerning the intellectual activity of the medieval west prior to the 8th century is most accurate?
with the few literate people concentrating in monasteries, little was achieved other than copying older manuscripts
Cicero, one of the most famous Stoics of the later republic, did not believe in
withdrawal from public life
Barbarian
without civilizing influences
What groups were disenfranchised from political participation in Greece?
women and any slave or non native athens malw
which of the following statements most accurately describes the status of women in bedouin society prior to Islam
women in pre-Islamic bedouin culutre enjoyed greater freedom and higher status than those of the Byzantine and Persian Empires.
which of the following statements concerning women during the Abbasid era is most accurate
women often married at puberty, set at age nine
why were the practices of seclusion and veiling seen as essential in Islamic society
women were believed to be possessed of insatiable lust from which men had to be protected
Sumerian civilization produced the first
written law code
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