What is the relationship between globalization and regionalism?
Three Waves of Globalization (Martell 2007)
The (Hyper) Globalists The Sceptics The Transformationalists
Globalism
"A state of the world involving networks of interdependence at multicontinental distances" (Keohane and Nye 2000) characterized by multi-continent networks of connections
What is Globalisation? (Held et al 1999)
"is a process (or a set of processes) which embodies a transformation in the spatial organization of social relations and transactions - assessed in terms of their extensity, intensity, velocity and impact - generating transcontinental or interregional flows and networks of activity, interaction, and the exercise of power" (Held et al 1999)
What is Globalization (Gilpin 2000)
"the increasing linkage of national economies through trade, financial flows and foreign direct investment (FDI) by multinational firms" (Gilpin 2000)
What is Globalization (Scholte 2007)
"the spread of... supraterritorial social relations" (Scholte 2007)
Lawson, George. 2010. The Rise of Modern International Order
1648 Peace of Westphalia Principle of cuius regio, eius religio ("whose realm, their religion") Starting points for international orders The rise of the West during the 19th century Pros and cons of global transformation
Antagonistic relationship between globalisation and regionalism
Antagonistic - reaction to globalization and its discontents, regions need to adopt alternative, countervailing strategies Antagonistic - stumbling block E H Carr on the 1930s
The Sceptics
Challenges Globalists Claims: Globalists too theoretical; not backed up by empirical evidence Nation-state still the most important players in global politics Not globalization but rather internationalization between states and dominated by the most powerful
Krahmann, Elke. 2003. National, Regional and Global Governance: One Phenomenon or Many?
Different levels of governance (national, regional, global) Government vs Governance "Ideal-typical poles of a continuum that differentiates centralized and fragmented authority" Eg. Norms Governance tends toward the diffusion of political authority
The (Hyper) Globalists
Globalization changes the global geopolitical game: Erodes states sovereignty, legitimacy and authority New institutions of global governance needed to manage global concerns - UN and IMF systems Homogenization of culture through technology and communications
The Transformationalists
Recovers globalist claims and calls for a qualified globalism: Important force with transformational potential; forces of globalisation are unprecedented Importance of agency behind globalization; not an inevitable process Inherent unevenness of globalization
Governing Regions and the Globe
The UN and Bretton Woods System: Bretton Woods Conference 1944 created the World Bank and IMF IMF focus on financial stability World Bank focus on post war reconstruction San Francisco Conference 1945 established the United Nations US leadership essential in both processes Neoliberal Global Governance
Relationship between globalisation and regionalism: A Stepping Stone
by helping national economies become more competitive on the world market, regionalism facilitates multilateral cooperation and greater global interdependence A Stepping Stone: complicity and the darker side of globalization
The Globe
developed in the 15th century to refer to the spherical earth; did not signify 'world scale' until the end of the 19th century
Relationship between globalisation and regionalism: Multi-layered and Complex
regional projects as part of the globalising process that both facilitates and pushes back against globalisation
Globalisation
the process of thickening globalism
