Why would she tell us a day before
End result of meiosis 2
4 haploid cells
RNA
A U G C
DNA
A, T, C, G
Anaphase 2
The sister chromatids are pulled apart from each other and move to opposite sides of the cell
Mitosis rounds of cell division
1 cell division
Meiosis rounds of cell division
2
telophase 1
2 daughter cells are formed, each daughter cell contains only one chromosome of the homologous pair.
end result of meiosis 1
2 haploid cells
How many genetic combos there are
2 the 23 power. 8 million
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46 (23 pairs)
G0 phase
A nondividing state in which a cell has left the cell cycle.
What is G1
Cell growth and perform many of their required cellular functions
Plant cells in mitosis
Cell plate
Prophase 1 (crossing over)
Chromosomes become visible; nuclear envelope breaks down; crossing-over occurs.
Metaphase 1
Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
negative control of transcription
Condition where binding of a repressor protein to a regulatory DNA sequence prevents transcription of a gene or a cluster of genes.
What is S phase
DNA replication
Central dogma
DNA-transcription-RNA-translation-protein
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm during cell division
what is interphase
G1, S, G2
what does Interphase do
Growth, DNA Replication and General cell processes
What does mitosis do?
Makes new cells for growth and repair + all the cells in your body expect sex cells
what are spindles
Microtubules that guide chromosome movement.
Mitosis vs. Meiosis
Mitosis: one division forming 2 identical cells (clones); Meiosis: two divisions forming 4 genetically different cells
homologous chromosomes
Pair of chromosomes that are the same size, same appearance and same genes.
Anaphase 1
Paired homologous chromosomes separate from each other and move toward each other sides of the cell. Sister chromatids remain together
translation
Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced. Connects base sequences to amino acid sequences
PMAT
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase > the four steps of mitosis
Messenger RNA
RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
Metaphase 2
Spindle fibers aline chromosomes at the cell equator. Each chromosome still has two sister chromatids
Telophase 2
Spindle fibers break apart, cell undergoes cytokinesis,
terminator
Spot where transcriptions ends
active repressor protein
The active repressor binds to the operator (operon) to either block or start transcription.
repressor proteins
These bind to DNA and discourage binding of RNA polymerase to start transcription- turns genes OFF
operator
Where repressor binds, stopping the transcription of that gene
Chromosomes
a condensed DNA Molecule with part ( or all) of the genetic material of an organism
Lac operon
a gene system whose operator gene and three structural genes control lactose metabolism in E. coli
operon
a group of genes that operate together
a positive control of transcription
activation of transcription; controlled by binding of activator protein when inducer is present
stomatic cells
all cells except sex cells
What are centrosomes?
an organelle near the nucleus of a cell that contains the centrioles (in animal cells) and from which the spindle fibers develop in cell division.
Chromosomes 1-22 are called
autosomes
2 types of chromosomes
autosomes and sex chromosomes
smallest unit containing human genes
body cells
What are haploids
cells that have one copy of each chromosome
What are diploids
cells with a complete set of chromosomes
G1 checkpoint
checks for cell size, nutrients, growth factors and DNA damage
animal cells in mitosis
cleavage furrow
Purpose for meiosis
create sex cells that are needed for reproduction
Alleles
different versions of a gene
Extron's
expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein
xx and xy
female to male
What is G2
growth and preparation for mitosis
Purpose for mitosis
growth, repair, asexual reproduction
inducer molecule
inactivates the repressor to turn the lac operon on
What does Meiosis do?
makes sex cells
M phase checkpoint
mitosis checkpoint to make sure spindle mechanism is secure, ready to initiate anaphase
Prophase 2
nuclear membrane breaks down, centrosomes move to opposite sides of the cell, spindle fibers assemble
Apoptosis
programmed cell death
Meiosis 1
separates homologous chromosomes ( mom sets separate from dad sets)
Introns
sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein
Gametes
sex cells
chromosomes 23
sex chromosomes
Meiosis 2
sister chromatids separate ( mom sets get split up and dad sets get split up)
polyribosome
string of ribosomes simultaneously translating regions of the same mRNA strand during protein synthesis
What are sister chromatids?
structures that contain identical copies of DNA
What is transcription?
the process of copying a sequence of DNA to produce a complementary strand of RNA to carry info outside the nucleolus to make proteins
DNA splicing
the process where the excess DNA is cut out
What are the two steps of proteins synthesis
transcription and translation
tRNA
transfer RNA; type of RNA that carries amino acids to the ribosome
Crossing over
when homologous pairs line up opposite of each other at the equator of the cell, parts of the chromatids can become twisted around each other
Promoter
where RNA polymerase attaches,, signaling the start of the gene