WILDLIFE FIELD BIO

nautical charts

-Graphic representation of a maritime area and adjacent coastal regions It gives information on: Depths of the water Height of land Natural features of the seabed Navigational hazards Information on tides, currents etc.

Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

-UTM system divides the surface of Earth into 60 zones (each a 6 degree band of longitude) and 20 latitude bands (using letters e.g. R, S..) -UTM system uses 2-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system

aeronautical charts

-pilots can determine their position, salf altitude, best route to a destination -radio frequences & airspace boundaries included

Type I Error (α)=

0.05 the chance of concluding that there is a difference in body mass between regions when there is not FALSE POSITIVE Ok now an alpha of .05 mean that if your stats test says your results are significant there is a 5% chance they aren't.

primary scale

1: 24,000 - primary scaled used by USGS for mapping the United States in topographic form. 1 inch on the map equals 24,000 inches in the real world, which is the same as 2,000 feet.

medium map scale

1:100,000

small map scale

1:250,000

large map scale

1:50,000

Classic BIRD

3 toes forward & 1 long toe point backward (e.g. heron)

Game bird:

3 toes forward & 1 short toe backward (e.g. turkey)

Webbed:

3 webbed toes and very short backward (e.g. duck

Magnetic North

A compass needle points to the magnetic north pole. The magnetic is west of true north. The horizontal angular difference between True North and Magnetic North is called DECLINATION.

Box or Cage Trap - Clover Trap

Also used for ungulates The frame is then removed or collapsed, the net collapses around the animal, which is then usually physically immobilized and handled.

Cat Print

Claws (usually) not visible in track Negative space U-shaped Toes rounded Asymmetrical

Canine Print

Claws visible in track Negative space X-shaped Toes more oval shaped Track is more symmetrical

Magnetic Declination

Definition: angle between magnetic north and true north

camera traps all have

Each with: Power Button Camera Lens Info Screen Operational Buttons IR Sensor

Cage Trap - Hancock Suitcase Trap

For live capturing beavers or otters Trap closes like suitcase and keeps animal inside steel cage enclosure heavy big and animal may break their teeth

Elk

Generally larger than WTD tracks

Box Trap - Culvert Trap

Has a trip plate or metal hanger, which is connected to steel rod, which releases the door Used for bears Often used for trans- and relocations

More Invasive Techniques of marking

Internal markers Transponders Tattoos Tags Branding Tissue removal

Corral Traps

Large ungulates, wild hogs and kangaroos

coordinate systems

Latitude-longitude ("Geographic") Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM

Box Traps - Havahart Types

Live box trap with 2 doors - animals can see thru like a tunnel Use for mice, voles, rats, squirrels, skunks, rabbits, raccoons, groundhogs, opossums

Box Traps - Longworth Live Trap

Live capture box trap Used to trap small mammals Consists of a nest box and a tunnel leading to it Food and nesting material is placed in nest box

Bobcat

More Rounded Toes No Claws Track often asymmetrical with longest toe equivalent to our index finger.

Feral Hogs

More rounded than deer tracks Blunted/rounded toes

Coyote

Ovate Toes and Symmetrical track

Conibear

Primarily used by fur trappers Use for mid-sized mammals - raccoons, foxes, beavers, up to coyotes, etc. Animal dies by applying extreme pressure to the head and neck area

BROWN

Relief features (contour lines)

Power of the test depends on:

Sample size Level of Significance (α) e.g. 0.05 Variance in population Effect size (true change that occurred) Efficiency of test and/or design (prob of detecting a real difference and to prevent type 2 errors)

Fox

Small claws visible large amount of negative space: x shaped

Grid North

The difference between grid north and true north is very small and for most navigation purposes can almost always be ignored. We will ignore it in this class

Box Trap - Sherman Live Trap

The most widely used small mammal live trap - shrews, mice, rats, chipmunks, flying and ground squirrels

ANABAT detectors

To identify and survey bats by their echolocation calls Converts echolocation ultrasounds signals into audible frequencies

Victor Out O'Sight Mole traps

Trap should align with the tunnel so the mole will have to pass between one set of claws before hitting the blockage

macabee gopher trap

Trap works because the gopher is frequently pushing dirt ahead of himself in his hole. The dirt pushes the trip lever, and catches him around the neck or chest.

Foot snares

Use for bears, large cats, etc.

Neck snares

Use for canids More humane than other type Animal is held like a dog on a chain

Victor snap traps

Use for small rodents e.g. mice (Museum special traps do not crush heads, in order to better preserve specimens)

triangulation

Use this method to determine approximate location of an animal during radio telemetry (we will do this part at MLBS) Or... To find your approximate location if you are lost and can identify two prominent landscape features. Orient the map to true north (see 4 above) - THIS MUST BE DONE. Locate prominent landmarks around you and find the landmarks on the map (preferably at least ~90 degrees apart from your location). Take a field bearing to the landmark (i.e. take a compass reading to that landmark - see 2 above). Draw that bearing on the map such that it intersects the landmark and flows back (180 degrees) towards you. Your position is somewhere along this line. Repeat this procedure for the other prominent landmark. The second landmark should be as close to 90 degrees from the first as possible. Your approximate position is where the two lines intersect.

Harp Traps

Used for bats; regular monitoring required

Body gripping traps - Foot Hold Traps

Used for beaver, mink, river otter, coyote, small cats (i.e. bobcats) Two jaws, 1-2 springs and trigger

Box Trap - Stephenson Type

Usually made out of wood When trap is tripped, door closes. Darkness inside reduces stress of animals Used for ungulates

GREEN

Vegetation (forrest, orchard, etc)

BLUE

Water features (lake rivers ponds ocean etc)

Rubs (intentional or unintentional

along travel routes and in areas of congregation - polished area on landscape (e.g. antler rub - deer scraping off velvet from antler)

Bed

animal spends a longer amount of time and returns repeatedly - sleeping space (canines often create perfect circles) (felines often covered) (hoofed animals lay on side- knees/ backside (well defined curve) recognizable)

Type II Error (β) =

chance of concluding no differences in body mass when there actually are differences FALSE NEGATIVE A type II error is if there are actual differences between the habitats, but you conclude that there are not, i.e a false negative

when far apart

contour lines indicate a gentle slope

when close together

contour lines indicate a steep slope

Topographic maps

contour lines show shape & elevation of an area. Lines close together indicate steep terrain, lines far apart indicate flat terrain. -portray natural and manmade features

Cetaceans-

echolocation clicks, whistles, chirps and songs

Box Trap - Tomahawk Type

for mid to large sized mammals. Chipmunk and squirrel sized up to bobcat and fox. Collapsible Adjustable trigger - trap can be used for different sizes species

harpoon traps

for moles (When mole lifts the soil to reopen its tunnel the trigger releases the coiled spring causing two sets of spikes to be driven down into the soil with great force.)

eastings

grid numbers on east-west (horizontal) axis

amplitude

height of wave- represents volume or loudness

spot elevations are

heights between contour lines, and are shown on a map as dots w/ a value besides then

clove hitch

holds timber together starting lashings knot is adjustable

. Bias describes

how far the estimated parameter like average chick survival is from the true value

contour line is drawn on map representing

imaginary line on the ground along which all points are the same elevation -indicates the vertical distance above or below a base plane -Every line counted represents a change in elevation equal to the contour interval

PIR

infared sensors- triggers by motion/heat differential when moving object differs in temperature from the environment and moves in front of the sensor

frequency

interval b/w wave peaks or troughs (hz)

first question when capturing wildlife

is it necessary to trap alternatives? less invasive methods?

RED

main roads (also some special features)

BLACK

man-made objects (buildings/ some roads/ cultural)

camera trapping sex biased b/c

many males caught on camera b/c protecting territory

Stride:

measurement from one track on one side of the body to the next placement of the same foot

bearing

measurement of directions between 2 points Azimuth bearing N=0 °S =180° E =90° W =270°

Sounds waves are longitudinal waves

medium moves back-and-forth in the same direction the sound wave is moving

northings

north-south (vertical) axis

trap success

number of trap events per night or per 100 trap nights

PIT Taps

passive integrated transpoders

Scent Station:

prepared natural substrate (raked or smoothed into surface or plot); attractants used

Track Plot:

prepared natural substrate located along existing travel route/road; smoothed plot (circular or square shape); no attractants

bowline

rescuing people sailing

calculating slope topographic map

rise/ run (change in elevation aka number of topographic lines crossed/ straight line distance b/w two points) -make sure units match!

taut line hitch

securing tents securing loads on vehicles setting up mist nets for birds

NGS primary applications

sex determination, species ID, individual ID, population estimation

Topological maps

simplified maps on a specific topic

Pitfall Traps

small mammals Use of a pit in the ground into which an animal falls and cannot escape- ground dwelling animals ; small mammals, (also herps)

The effect size

the true difference between your treatments -more likely to not be able to detect the difference between populations if the effect size is small

Track Plate

thin plate (aluminum or wooden) surfaced with artificial medium (chalk or soot etc.) - enclosed or unenclosed

Dust baths and wallows

to reduce parasites, maintain coats, scent mark an area, help remove fur during shedding (e.g. several rodent species, bison, sheep, rabbits, pigs, numerous bird species etc.)

sheet bend

tying 2 ropes together good for joining different-sized ropes

two half hitches

tying a boat to a post tying up a clothesline

square knots

tying up bundles, tying bandages, tying your shoes, joining two same sized ropes

Spectrogram

visual representation of sounds Helps