winter term final exam anatomy
60) Color vision relies primarily on___________. A. cones B. rods
a
18) The sciatic nerve arises from which plexus? A. cervical B. sacral C. lumbar D. brachial
b
3. As veins become larger, blood speed A. decreases B. increases C. stays the s
b
30) The tapered, conical portion of the spinal cord is the A. cauda equina. B. conus medullaris. C. filum terminale. D. coccygeal nerve.
b
32) Lateral gray horns are located only in which sections of the spinal cord? A. cervical B. thoracic C. sacral D. coccygeal
b
39) The primary role of the cerebellum is to manage A. input from the cerebrum. B. input from the spinal cord related to proprioception. C. output to the cerebrum.
b
16. Systolic blood pressure minus diastolic blood pressure is the A. pulse pressure. B. mean arterial pressure. C. atrial pressure. D. venous return.
a
17) Which disease is caused by the same virus that causes chickenpox, and produces a painful rash that follows the dermatome?. A. Shingles B. Measles C. Polio D. Rabies
a
17. During ventricular systole (contraction), the volume of blood in the ventricles A. is decreasing. B. is increasing. C. remains the same.
a
18. Hemopoiesis refers to A. production of formed elements in the bone marrow. B. breakdown of red blood cells. C. production of plasma. D. clumping of red blood cells.
a
59) What area of the brain takes until about age 25 to mature? A. Limbic system B. Prefrontal cortex C. Brainstem D. Auditory cortex
b
59: Viscosity means: A. speed of flow of a liquid B. measure of resistance to flow of a liquid C. resistance of the entire cardiovascular system D. the color of a liquid
b
6) The enzyme acetylcholinesterase A. binds to acetylcholine receptors. B. breaks down acetylcholine in the synapse. C. causes release of acetylcholine. D. blocks acetylcholine receptors.
b
6. Normally, which chamber pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs? A. right atrium B. right ventricle C. left atrium D. left ventricle
b
64. The area where capillaries, arterioles and venules merge together is called the: A. venous system B. capillary bed C. venous bed D. continuous system
b
8. The first heart sound heard through a stethoscope (S1) is associated with A. atrial contraction. B. closure of the AV valves C. blood moving through the aorta. 2 D. closure of the semilunar valves.
b
31. The superior border of the heart is called the A. apex B. septum C. base D. roof
c
33) CSF is located between A. dura mater and the vertebrae. B. the dura mater and the skull. C. arachnoid mater and pia mater.
c
35) The denticulate ligaments A. carry sensory signals into the spinal cord. B. surround fascicles inside a nerve. C. prevent excess lateral movement of the spinal cord
c
36: An ECG measures: A. cardiac output B. blood pressure C. electrical events in the heart D. stroke volume
c
37: The QRS complex represents: A. relaxation of the ventricles B. contraction of the atrium C. contraction of the ventricles
c
38) The primary somatosensory area is located A. on the occipital lobe. B. on the pre-central gyrus. C. on the post-central gyrus. D. on the temporal lobe.
c
44) The structure that permits communication between the 2 cerebral hemispheres is called A. association. B. projection. C. corpus collosum. D. arcuate.
c
45. The heartbeat sounds (S1 and S2) are caused by: A. opening of heart valves B. cardiac relaxation C. closing of heart valves D. cardiac contractions
c
49) The amygdala A. mediates storage of long-term (episodic) memory. B. generates a plan for speech. C. generates automatic responses to conditioned fear cues. D. provides somatic sensory sensation (e.g., touch).
c
49. The average, resting heart rate in a human is: A. 60 bpm B. 100 bpm C. 75 bpm D. 40 bpm
c
5) Sensory, or ________________ neurons receive signals from __________________. A. efferent, receptors B. efferent, effectors C. afferent, receptors D. afferent, effectors
c
52) Dural sinuses (e.g., the superior sagittal sinus) contain A. neural tissue. B. air. C. venous blood. D. bone marrow.
c
54. The chordae tendinae connect the valves to muscle projections called: A. pupillary muscles B. chordic muscles C. papillary muscles D. They don't; the chordae tendinae blend directly into the cardiac wall.
c
55. The part of the immune system that attacks a pathogen that the body has encountered before are called: A. red blood cells B. platelets C. antibodies D. plasma proteins
c
58. Structures on cells that tell the immune system that they are part of the "self" are called A. antibodies B. anti-virals C. antigens D. platelets
c
61. The layer of blood vessel walls that anchor them is A. tunica media B. tunica intima C. tunica externa D. filum terminale
c
63) Body position is primarily is detected in what structure of the ear? A. tympanic membrane B. malleus, incus and tapes C. semicircular canals D. cochlea
c
1) A multipolar neuron has A. a single axon and multiple dendrites. B. a single process leading away from the cell body. C. one axon and one main dendrite. D. multiple dendrites and no axon.
a
13. Depolarization of the atria is represented on an electrocardiogram by the A. P wave. B. T wave. C. S-T segment. D. QRS complex.
a
14. During the cardiac cycle, the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle A. stroke volume. B. end-diastolic volume. C. end-systolic volume. D. cardiac output.
a
15) Myelinated axons A. conduct impulses faster than unmyelinated axons. B. do not generate action potentials. C. have one continuous sheath the length of the axon. D. only exist in the brain
a
20) Which region of the spinal cord contains cell bodies of motor neurons that direct movements of skeletal muscles? A. anterior (ventral) grey horn B. posterior (dorsal) grey horn C. lateral horn D. posterior column
a
24. The thickest wall of the heart is found in the A. left ventricle B. left atrium C. right atrium D. right ventricle
a
25. All the following are considered "formed elements" of blood except A. lymph B. platelets C. white blood cells D. red blood cells
a
27) Axons are surrounded by A. epineurium . B. perineurium . C. endoneurium . D. dermatome .
a
28. Which valves would be open during ventricular systole? A. Aortic and pulmonic B. Aortic and tricuspid C. Mitral and aortic D. Tricuspid and mitral
a
29) Stroking an infant's foot to (show nervous system immaturity) on the lateral side of the sole produces an extension of the hallux and a fanning of the toes known as the A. Babinski reflex. B. plantar reflex. C. cremasteric reflex. D. ankle jerk reflex.
a
3) Which voltage represents the resting membrane potential of a neuron? A. -70 mv B. -60 mv C. -90 mv D. +35 mv
a
30. Cardiac muscle fiber contractions: A. exhibit rapid depolarization B. exhibit a twitch contraction C. may cause tetany D. have short refractory periods
a
34) The knee-jerk reflex is a _______________ reflex. A. spinal B. cranial C. visceral D. parasympathetic
a
35: True or false: Heart cells can contract without input from the nervous system. A. True B. False
a
36) The white matter of the spinal cord contains primarily A. myelinated axons. B. unmyelinated axons. C. cell bodies. D. arachnoid mater.
a
37) Lobes of the cerebrum include all of the following except A. pons. B. occipital. C. insula D. frontal.
a
38: The right ventricle is the chamber of the heart that pumps blood for the pulmonary circulation. Based on this information, blood from the right ventricle is on its way to the _________. A. lungs B. liver C. appendiges
a
39: Which valve is also known as the mitral valve? A. bicuspid B. tricuspid C. pulmonic
a
4. Which of the following could cause edema? A. increased capillary pressure. B. decreased blood pressure. C. decreased venous pressure. D. all of the above.
a
40) The hippocampus is critical for A. storage and retrieval of long-term memory. B. regulation of respiration. C. speech production. D. thermoregulation.
a
42) The ventricles pass through the A. midbrain. B. cerebellum. C. pons. D. cerebral hemispheres
a
43) The trigeminal nerve (cranial nerve 5) check lab chart A. supplies the muscles of mastication (chewing). B. provides sensory input from the eyeball. C. supplies the trapezius muscle. D. provides sensory input from the tongue.
a
43. Which of these blood vessels carry oxygenated blood? A. pulmonary vein B. pulmonary artery C. inferior vena cava D. superior vena cava
a
46) All of the following cranial nerves supply extrinsic muscles of the eyeball except the A. facial (VII). B. oculomotor (III). C. trochlear (IV). D. abducens (VI).
a
46. Which type of vessel has a pulse? A. artery B. vein C. capillary D. lymph channel
a
48) Which division of the autonomic nervous system is more active during rest? A. parasympathetic B. sympathetic
a
48. The electrical impulse generated by the SA node is referred to as the: A. wave of depolarization B. wave of repolarization C. ejection fraction D. cardiac output wave
a
53) Sympathetic fibers sending signals to abdominal organs to A. slow digestion. B. speed digestion. C. Maintain the normal flow of digestion. D. Halt digestion completely.
a
53. The expandable pouches on the atria: A. called auricles B. invisible to the naked eye C. called oracles D. rigid and inflexible
a
54) Parasympathetic signals to abdominal organs are carried by A. the vagus nerve (cranial nerve 10). B. the oculomotor nerve (cranial nerve 3). C. the facial nerve (cranial nerve 7). D. spinal nerves.
a
57. Coagualtion means: A. blood clotting B. turbulent blood flow C. constriction of a blood vessel D. vasodilation
a
60. The blood pressure at the end of ventricular diastole is (lower number) is the A. diastolic pressure B. systolic pressure C. neither one, it means something else
a
61) The nerve that carries impulses from the inner ear to the brain is the A. vestibulocochlear (VIII). B. olfactory (I). C. accessory (XI). D. hypoglossal (XII).
a
62. "Efferent" vessels are A. arteries B. veins C. lymph vessels D. capillaries
a
64) The ear structure that first vibrates in response to auditory stimuli is A. tympanic membrane B. malleus, incus and tapes C. semicircular canals D. cochlea
a
65. As the blood moves away form the heart, the systolic blood pressure A. goes down B. goes up C. stays the same
a
66. True or false: At the ends of the lower extremities, blood pressure becomes so low that it cannot overcome gravity. A. T B. F
a
67) Size of the pupil is adjusted through contraction of muscle in the A. iris. B. ciliary body. C. macula lutea. D. sclera.
a
9) Schwann cells A. myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system. B. help form the blood-brain barrier. C. engulf microbes and cellular debris. D. myelinate axons in the central nervous system.
a
12. Electrical signals are transferred to the cardiac muscle cells of the ventricles by A. the pacemaker. B. Purkinje fibers. C. the SA node. D. the AV node.
b
13) Which of the following opens in response to neurotransmitters? A. Mechanically-gated ion channel B. Chemically-gated ion channel C. Voltage-gated ion channel
b
15. The volume of blood in the ventricle just after contraction is called the A. end-diastolic volume. B. end-systolic volume. C. stroke volume. D. cardiac output.
b
2. Smooth muscle in the wall of an artery is part of the A. tunica interna. B. tunica media. C. tunica externa
b
21. Which vessel would have the lowest pressure? A. capillary B. inferior vena cava C. brachial artery D. aorta
b
23. Electrical activity in cardiac cells is spread directly through: A. intercalated discs B. gap junctions C. chordae tendinae D. sarcomeres
b
26. True or false: the heart has so much blood flowing through it that it does not need it's own blood vessels. A. T B. F
b
28) The radial nerve emerges from the A. cervical plexus. B. brachial plexus. C. lumbar plexus. D. sacral plexus.
b
29. In the vascular phase of blood clotting A. platelets attach to sticky endothelium B. smooth muscle of blood vessels contract and endothelium becomes sticky C. smooth muscle of blood vessels relax to bring more nutrients D. protein strands are laid down to trap platelets
b
34. Which statement is true of the right atrioventricular valve? A. it is also called the mitral valve B. it is open during ventricular diastole C. it transmits oxygenated blood D. it is opened by the pull of chordae tendineae
b
4) The posterior (dorsal) root carries A. motor signals out of the spinal cord. B. sensory signals into the spinal cord. C. both motor and sensory signals into the spinal cord.
b
40. How are human blood cells adapted to their function ? A. they are red B. they have a biconcave shape C. they are multi -nucleated D. they are perfect spheres
b
41. Which type of blood vessels have valves? A. arteries B. veins C. capillaries D. arterioles
b
44. Blood flow back to the heart from the legs is assisted by: A. cilia in the veins B. skeletal muscle contraction C. cardiac muscle tissue D. gravity
b
45) The final relay station in the brain for ascending sensory information is the A. hypothalamus. B. thalamus. C. spinal cord. D. pons.
b
5. Which capillary type is leakier? A. continuous. B. fenestrated. C. arteriole.
b
50) Broca's area A. mediates storage of long-term (episodic) memory. B. regulates muscle contraction required for speech. C. generates automatic responses to conditioned fear cues. D. relays memory from the hippocampus.
b
50. When the heart rate goes up, the amount of time spent in A. systole and diastole decrease at the same rate B. diastole is shortened a lot more than systole C. systole and diastole increase at the same rate
b
51) A spinal tracts is subdivision of A. grey matter. B. column. C. sacral plexus. D. Sympathetic nervous system.
b
51. The point on the chest where you can hear the heart valves and sounds about equally is called: A. Geoff's point B. Erb's point C. Cardiac zone D. Cardiac point
b
52. The right and left sides of the heart operate as: A. one continuous pump B. two side-by-side pumps C. 4 pumps: one for each chamber
b
58) Which causes an increase in blood pressure? A. Parasympathetic B. Sympathetic
b
10) Microglia A. myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system. B. help form the blood-brain barrier. C. engulf microbes and cellular debris. D. myelinate axons in the central nervous system.
c
11. The natural 'pacemaker' of the heart is the A. AV node. B. Purkinje fiber. C. SA node. D. AV bundle.
c
14) In the CNS, a neuron typically receives information from other neurons at its A. axon. B. Nissl bodies. C. dendrites. D. nucleus.
c
19) A spinal nerve carries A. sensory fibers only. B. motor fibers only. C. both sensory and motor fibers
c
20. Cardiac cells: A. have multiple nucei B. are large and stretch the length of the heart C. have intercalated discs and gap junctions D. are found throughout the circulatory system
c
22) The cauda equina is A. a branch of a spinal nerve . B. an extension of pia mater . C. a bundle of anterior and posterior roots . D. a network of nerves in the arm .
c
22. Baroreceptors monitor A. blood oxygen level B. blood clotting C. blood pressure D. blood pH
c
23) A plexus is a bundle of _______________________. A. posterior (dorsal) roots. B. anterior (ventral) roots. C. anterior (ventral) rami. D. spinal nerves.
c
24) There are _______ pairs of thoracic spinal nerves. A. 5 B. 8 C. 12 D. 20 E. 31
c
25) Proprioception refers to awareness of A. temperature . B. touch . C. body position . D. pain .
c
31) The _________________ plexus is formed by anterior (ventral) rami of spinal nerves T12 to L4. A. cervical B. brachial C. lumbar D. sacral
c
65) A blind spot occurs in the retina where A. the fovea centralis is located. B. ganglion cells synapse with bipolar cells. C. axons of ganglion cells converge at the optic nerve. D. rod cells cluster to form the macula.
c
66) The area with highest concentration of cones in the eyeball is the A. optic disc. B. ciliary body. C. macula.
c
67. Veins lack A. tunica media B. tunica externa C. external elastic membrane D. tunica intima
c
7. Hypotension refers to A. high blood pressure. B. normal blood pressure. C. low blood pressure.
c
9. Bradycardia indicates a(n): A. irregular heart rhythym. B. normal heart rate. C. slower than normal heart rate. D. faster than normal heart rate.
c
1. The heart pumps blood into the systemic circulation from the A. right atrium. B. right ventricle. C. left atrium. D. left ventricle.
d
10. Cardiac output is calculated as A. stroke volume minus atrial volume. B. end-diastolic volume minus end-systolic volume. C. end-systolic volume multiplied by heart rate. D. stroke volume multiplied by heart rate.
d
11) During generation of an action potential, depolarization occurs due to A. exit of sodium ions. B. exit of potassium ions. C. entry of potassium ions. D. entry of sodium ions.
d
12) An action potential starts at the A. dendrite. B. synaptic knob. C. myelin sheath. D. initial segment.
d
16) The period during which no stimulus is able to trigger another action potential is the A. saltatory. B. relative refractory. C. excitatory. D. absolute refractory.
d
19. The following are all functions of blood except: A. regulation of pH B. stabilize body temperature C. restrict fluid loss D. provide structure
d
2) An example of visceral efferent signals would be those A. from abdominal organs. B. from the skin. C. to skeletal muscles. D. to cardiac (heart) muscle.
d
21) A dermatome is A. an area of skin supplied by a plexus. B. an area of skin supplied by a lateral gray horn. C. a group of muscles supplied by a single pair of spinal nerves. D. an area of skin supplied by a single pair of spinal nerves
d
26) The adult spinal cord extends only to the A. coccyx . B. sacrum . C. third or fourth lumbar vertebra . D. first or second lumbar vertebra
d
27. Type O blood has: A. no antibodies B. anti-B antibodies C. anti-A antibodies D. is the universal donor
d
32. The two circuits of blood in the body are called: A. systemic and enteric B. pulmonary and cardiac C. cardiac and systemic D. systemic and pulmonary
d
33. Stroke volume is: A. the amount of blood pumped to the lungs and the rest of the body B. the only way to determine heart health C. the same thing as cardiac output D. the amount of blood pumped from the left ventricle in one heart beat
d
41) The _______________are sites where cerebrospinal fluid is produced. A. dural sinuses B. arachnoid villi C. denticulate ligaments D. choroid plexuses
d
42. The formed element primarily responsible for clotting is: A. red blood cells B. white blood cells C. plasma D. platelets
d
47) Effectors of autonomic reflexes include A. smooth muscle. B. cardiac muscle. C. glands. D. all of the above.
d
47. The aorta: A. brings deoxygenated blood to the lungs B. brings oxygenated blood to the lungs C. brings deoxygenated blood to the heart D. brings oxygenated blood to the body
d
55) Which of the following are effects of parasympathetic stimulation? A. increased digestive activity B. pupillary constriction C. decreased heart rate D. all of the above
d
56) PTSD has primary effects in the A. parietal lobe B. medulla oblangata C. Wernicke's area D. limbic system
d
56. Red blood cells bind to oxygen using: A. calcium B. sodium C. potassium D. iron
d
62) Cochlear hair cells rest on A. the tympanic membrane. B. the secondary tympanic membrane. C. the vestibular membrane. D. the basilar membrane.
d
63. The pulmonary trunk and aorta are considered which class of artery? A. arteriole B. muscular C. fenestrated D. elastic
d
68) Vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibration of hair cells against the A. vestibular membrane. B. round window. C. tympanic membrane. D. tectorial membrane
d
7) A node of Ranvier is A. an area of rough endoplasmic reticulum. B. the site where action potentials originate. C. a sac containing neurotransmitters. D. the gap between myelin sheaths
d
8) A collateral is A. an area of rough endoplasmic reticulum. B. the site where action potentials originate. C. a sac containing neurotransmitters. D. a side branch of an axon.
d
57) Which of the following are effects of sympathetic stimulation? A. activation of sweat glands B. constriction of bronchioles (airways in the lungs) C. increased heart rate D. all of the above E. A and C only
e