Women Scientists

Wangari Maathai

environmentalist and doctor who saw much environmental damage in Africa and led a movement to stop and reverse the damage. She won a Nobel Peace Prize for her work. She is an Kenyan environmentalist_ feminist_ human rights activists_educator_Green Belt Movement 1940_2011 ZK

Louise Boyd

Louise Boyd was the first woman to fly over the North Pole, in 1955, after starting her first Arctic exploration in 1926, and later leading five expeditions to Greenland. Known as the "ice woman," she repeatedly explored and photographed the Arctic Ocean.

Mary Anning

credited with discovering marine dinosaurs; lived in England- 1799-1847- paleontologist

Fact monsters list of notable female scientists

http://www.factmonster.com/spot/whmbios2.html

Jean Jennings (left) and Frances Bilas set up the ENIAC in 1946. Bilas is arranging the program settings on the Master Programmer.

http://www.npr.org/blogs/alltechconsidered/2014/10/06/345799830/the-forgotten-female-programmers-who-created-modern-tech

Young Women of the Sierra Club

please see: http://content.sierraclub.org/women-sierra-club

Marianne North (24 October 1830 - 30 August 1890)

see- http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/women-and-science She began her travels in 1871-1872, going first to Canada, the United States and Jamaica, and spent a year in Brazil, where she did much of her work at a hut in the depths of a forest. In 1875, after a few months in Tenerife, she began a journey round the world, and for two years painted the flora of California, Japan, Borneo, Java and Ceylon. She spent 1878 in India.[1] On her return to Britain she exhibited a number of her drawings in London. She offered to give the collection to the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, and to erect a gallery to house them. This offer was accepted, and the new buildings, designed by James Fergusson, were begun that year.[1] At Charles Darwin's suggestion she went to Australia in 1880, and for a year painted there and in New Zealand.[2] On her return, she presented Darwin the shrub 'Austrian Sheep' as a gift and showed him her Australian pictures.[2] Her paintings of Banksia attenuata, B. grandis and B. robur were highly regarded.[3] Her gallery at Kew was opened in 1882. In 1883, after a visit by her to South Africa, an additional room was opened at the Kew gallery, and in 1884-1885 she worked at Seychelles and in Chile. She died at Alderley in Gloucestershire on 30 August 1890.[1] and is buried in the local churchyard.[4] Legacy The scientific accuracy with which she documented plant life in all parts of the world, before photography became a practical option, gives her work a permanent value.[5] A number of plant species are named in her honour, including Areca northiana, Crinum northianum, Kniphofia northiana, Nepenthes northiana, and the genus name Northia. Kew Gardens claims that the North Gallery (situated in the east section of the gardens) is "the only permanent solo exhibition by a female artist in Britain". In 2008 Kew obtained a substantial grant from the National Lottery, which enabled it to mount a major restoration of both the gallery and the paintings inside.

Beatrice Potter Webb

(1858-1943)was a social reformer, economist, and historian who campaigned with her husband Sidney for policies to benefit the urban poor, working towards the first minimum wage laws, developing the early Labour party in Britain, authoring hundreds of books, and founding the London School of Economics

Nellie Bly

(1864-1922)- Nellie Bly was a daring and influential investigative journalist who wrote groundbreaking stories about political corruption and poverty. She once faked madness in order to report undercover from an abusive mental institution in New York City, which led to outcry and reform. Her jealous peers referred to her investigations as "stunt reporting". Oh, and she once travelled around the world in a record-breaking 72 days, just 'cause.

Lilian Bland

(1878-1971) - Journalist and aviator Lilian Bland lived a life of motor cars, martial arts, and flying. In 1910, she built her own plane in Ireland. She didn't have a fuel tank for it, so she fashioned one from an empty whisky bottle and her aunt's ear trumpet. She then flew it for 30 yards - a very impressive flight for those days.

Mary Lou Williams- genius musican

(1910-1981)- a pianist prodigy and one of the most influential musicians and composers of the first three decades of jazz. She performed professionally from the age of 12, was a great influence on "Kansas City swing" big-band jazz and bebop, composed music in multiple genres,

Margaret Mead

..., "if gender is based on biological differences b/w men and women, people everywhere should define 'feminine' and 'masculine' in the same way." Concluded that culture is key to gender distinctions, Anthropologist who observed the Tchambuli people of New Guinea, where gender roles are the opposite of those in America

Dr Elizabeth Blackwell - OB/GYN

1821-1910- English-born physician Elizabeth Blackwell was the first female MD in the United States. Rejected by many medical schools due to her gender, she ended up getting a place at the Geneva Medical College in New York, where she had to put up with a lot of poorly mannered classmates and a professor who thought she should leave the room for lectures on reproductive anatomy in order to protect her "delicate sensibilities". Turned out she moved beyond her professor's belief about delicate sensibilities and went on to become a world-famous obstetrician.

Annie Smith Peck- mountaineer

1850-1935- Peck scaled all the major mountains of Europe, then went to South America, where in 1908 she was the first person to scale Peru's highest peak, Mt Huscaran, gaining international acclaim. She was also an influential scholar, writing multiple books and lecturing around the world. She kept climbing until the age of 82. Oh, and she didn't wear the long skirts expected of women at the time.

Madam Marie Sklodowska Curie

1867-1934. Polish physicist and chemist. Pioneer in the field of radioactivity, and is the first and only person awarded the Nobel Prize in two different sciences.

Rosalyn Sussman Yalow-

Nobel Prize winner in medicine for developing the radio-immunoassay procedure with peptide hormones. She is the first American born woman to win a Nobel Prize in science. This happened in 1977. She also won National Medal of Science in our country, its highest science award. "I think discovery is the most exciting thing in the world."

Barbara McClintock-

Nobel Prize winner- Discovered jumping genes, (1902-1992) discovered transposons Nobel prize 1983. , Identified changes in the color of Indian corn kernels that made sense by postulating that some genetic elements move from other genome locations into the genes for kernel color., *genes dont always stay in one place

Nettie Stevens

discovered that sex-dependent hereditary differences are due to 2 X chromosomes in females, and XY in males.

lise meitner

first to understand fission; proposed that the neutrons split the uranium into 2 atoms of nearly equal mass

Hypatia

first women to earn fame as a mathematician, taught Greek philosophy, astronomy and mathematics

Lillian Gilbreth

helped shape the field of industrial psychology and made substantive contributions to the field of personnel management. They applied many of their ideas to their family and documented raising their 12 children in Cheaper by the Dozen.

Black Girls Code

http://www.blackgirlscode.com/

10 women who changed the tech world

http://www.dailydot.com/opinion/women-who-changed-tech-industry-forever/

Maryam Mirzakhani

http://www.wired.com/2014/08/maryam-mirzakhani-fields-medal/ math professor at Stanford. Mirzakhani has learned over the years to think big. "You have to ignore low-hanging fruit, which is a little tricky," she said. "I'm not sure if it's the best way of doing things, actually — you're torturing yourself along the way." But she enjoys it, she said. "Life isn't supposed to be easy."

Margaret Murie

ionist who dedicated her life to protecting the wilderness in the United States. 1902-

Karen Horney

neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current environments which generate fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends; concept of "basic anxiety" credited with founding women's psychology

Sally Ride

1st and youngest U.S. woman in space; June, 1983

Agnodice

4th BCE physician who dressed as a man to practice medical. She is a figure often mentioned in the histories of the medical profession.

Mary Agnes Chase

Botanist who identified thousands of types of grass all over the world, was the world's greatest agrostologist*-(expert in grass- which is the plant that holds in the soil)- see lean in photos at this site: http://simsjd.com/copyrightlibn/2014/04/16/jopd-getcher-lean-in-images-here/

Virginia Apgar

Designed the first method to evaluate a newborn's transition to life outside the womb using the apgar score. 1909-1974

Ruth Benedict

Developed the "culture and personality" movement, establishing the study of cultures as collective personalities. 1887-1948- Anthropologist

Hertha Ayrton

Engineer, Mathematician and Inventor who registered 26 patents and was good friends with Marie Curie who studied wind motion and water vertices and invented a line divider for architects.

Florence Bailey

Ornithologist 1863-1948

Renee Askins

wildlife ecologist led to battle to reintroduce grey wolf into Yellowstone Park; 1959-

Delia Akeley

Born in 1875, Delia Akeley led expeditions to Africa, studying the ethnography of such reclusive tribes as the Forest People pygmies in the 1930s, and exploring the Tana River in a dugout canoe.

Rita Colwell: Keeping Her Aim on Cholera

the internationally acclaimed oceanographer and microbiologist, has spent the bulk of her career studying the microscopic Vibrio cholerae (V. cholerae) bacterium that causes cholera. She and her colleagues have found V. cholerae in oceans around the world, in isolated lakes and rivers untouched by fecal contamination, and even in volcanic springs in Iceland. Colwell and her team were the first to use remote satellite data to develop a predictive model for cholera outbreaks in east Asia, and she is the first scientist to link global warming with a potential rise in cases of infections disease. Most recently, Colwell and her team have applied genomic analysis to confirm that the heartiness of V. cholerae by showing the genome's evolution through horizontal gene transfer. It was in the 1960s when as a young researcher Colwell identified the V. cholerae bacterium in Maryland's Chesapeake Bay. Colwell found that the bacterium attaches itself to the microscopic aquatic zooplankton and thrives in the copepod's gut. Since then, Colwell and her team have reported that cholera's growth is affected by salinity, weather, sea surface temperature and other environmental factors. Yet it was the initial discovery in the Chesapeake Bay that changed the research world's perception of cholera. "This was a significant finding," says Dr. Shafiqul Islam, professor and senior faculty fellow with Tufts University, who studies cholera in developing countries. "Dr. Colwell found that V. cholerae was living in the zooplankton, that it has a host in the environment. In this way she said that cholera can't be eradicated."

Ethel L. Payne

(1911-1991)Ethel L. Payne was an investigative journalist who covered the American Civil Rights Movement and international affairs. As a member of the White House Press Corps, she once famously pissed off President Eisenhower with her persistent questioning on desegregating interstate travel, leading him to ignore her in future press conferences. Over the course of a long career, she reported for the Chicago Defender on stories from across the globe, and became the first female African-American commentator on a national network when she was hired by CBS in the 1970s. Some detractors complained about her assertive questioning style.

Dorita Anne Norton

(1931-1972) Subject: Norton, Dorita A. 1931-1972 State University of New York at Buffalo Columbia University Bryn Mawr College Summary: When this photograph was published in 1968, crystallographer Dorita Anne Norton (1931-1972) was on the faculty at the State University of New York at Buffalo, 1960-1970. Author of the Atlas of Steroid Structure, Norton had attended Columbia University (B.S., 1954) and Bryn Mawr (Ph.D., 1958)

Murasaki Shikibu

(973-1025)- Murasaki Shikibu was a lady-in-waiting in Japan's imperial court during the Heian period, and wrote what is believed to be the first novel in human history: The Tale of Genji. Her father apparently praised her intelligence, but lamented that she was "born a woman". In her diary, she records that she learned Chinese by listening through the door to the lessons her father gave her brother, because women were not meant to learn Chinese.

Grace Murray Hopper

(December 9, 1906 - January 1, 1992) was an American computer scientist and United States Navy rear admiral. A pioneer in the field, she was one of the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I computer in 1944, and invented the first compiler for a computer programming language.] She popularized the idea of machine-independent programming languages, which led to the development of COBOL, one of the first high-level programming languages. She is credited with popularizing the term "debugging" for fixing computer glitches (inspired by an actual moth removed from the computer). Owing to the breadth of her accomplishments and her naval rank, she is sometimes referred to as "Amazing Grace". The U.S. Navy destroyer USS Hopper (DDG-70) is named for her, as was the Cray XE6 "Hopper" supercomputer at NERSC.

Ada E. Yonath

(Hebrew: עדה יונת‎, pronounced [ˈada joˈnat]) (born 22 June 1939[1]) is an Israeli crystallographer- won a Nobel Prize for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome

Octavie Coudreau

(Marie) Octavie Coudreau was a French explorer and writer who was hired to explore and chart the Amazon region at the turn of the last century.

Hildegard of Bingen

(d. 1179) abbess and musician and general leader and healer using herbs who was well-known and powerful

Anna Atkins Botanist

(née Children; 16 March 1799 - 9 June 1871) Anna Atkins was an English botanist and photographer. She is often considered the first person to publish a book illustrated with photographic images. Some sources claim that she was the first woman to create a photograph.

Elizabeth Blackwell

A woman who challenging the taboo of professional women. She is the first female doctor in the United States, (3 February 1821 - 31 May 1910) as well as the first woman on the UK Medical Register. She was the first openly identified woman to graduate from medical school, a pioneer in promoting the education of women in medicine in the United States, and a social and moral reformer in both the United States and in England.

Joy Adamson

Activist for wild animals (mostly lions). She got stabbed in Kenya. Naturalist. Wrote: Born Free 1910-1980

Ada Lovelace

Ada Lovelace (1815-1852)- Ada Lovelace was a mathematician who is widely considered to have written the first computer program, working with Charles Babbage on his plans for a sort of proto-computer, the "analytic engine". Babbage once entreated her: "Forget this world and all its troubles and if possible its multitudinous Charlatans - everything in short but the Enchantress of Numbers."

Alexandrine Tinné

Alexandrine Tinné was a Dutch explorer in Africa and the first European woman to attempt to cross the Sahara, in 1859.

Alma Flor Ada- Peace Educator

Alma Flor Ada, Professor Emerita at the University of San Francisco, has devoted her life to advocacy for peace by promoting a pedagogy oriented to personal realization and social justice. A former Radcliffe Scholar at Harvard University and Fulbright Research Scholar she is an internationally re-known speaker. Her professional books for educators, include A Magical Encounter: Latino Children's Literature in the Classroom, and Authors in the Classroom: A Transformative Education Process co-authored with F. Isabel Campoy, about their work promoting authorship in students, teachers, and parents.

Freya Stark

Called "the last of the Romantic travelers," Freya Stark was the first European woman to enter parts of Iran, published many books on travel and put her knowledge of the Middle East to use in combating fascism.

Claudia Alexander

Claudia Alexander, who played a pioneering role in NASA's Galileo mission to Jupiter and the international Rosetta space-exploration project, died on July 11, 2015 in Arcadia, Calif. She was 56. Dr. Alexander was a rarity at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for two reasons: She was a woman, and she was black. She was also considered a brilliant scientist. She joined the Jet Propulsion Laboratory after getting her doctorate and was the last project manager of the 14-year, $1.5 billion Galileo mission, which ended in 2003, and the project scientist for NASA on the European Space Agency's Rosetta project, which launched more than a decade ago. She was responsible for $35 million in instruments to collect data on Comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko, including its temperature. Dr. Alexander's areas of expertise included the evolution and physics of comets, Jupiter and its moons, Venus, plate tectonics and the stream of particles from the sun known as solar wind. A version of this article appears in print on July 20, 2015, on page D7 of the New York edition with the headline: Claudia Alexander, 56, NASA Manager Who Led Jupiter Mission, Is Dead. Order Reprints| Today's Paper|Subscribe

Edith Clarke

Electrical Engineer who designed hydroelectric dams and wrote one of the most important books on electrical engineering circuit analysis of A-D Power systems

Maria Agnesi

First female mathematician, textbook on differential calculus, curve she studied was named "Witch of Agnesi" 1718-1799- appointed math professor

Gertrude Beeks

GERTRUDE BEEKS THE SOUTHERN GIRL CHOSEN BY SECRETARY TAFT TO INVESTIGATE CONDITIONS AT PANAMA. SHE'S OFF TO REPORT OF EVERYTHING RELATING TO THE HEALTH, MORALS AND COMPORT OF THE ARMY OF CANAL BUILDERS THAT WORK FOR UNCLE SAM- the USA.The Panama canal commission has established ' a very novel precedent. A woman's sympathetic insight and discrimination are to be utilized in solving the great problems there. see: http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=SFC19070707.2.165.11&e=-------en-Logical-20--1----boggs-all---1902- Beeks is to right wrongs.

Florence Bascom

Geologist and Educator who helped inform us about how mountains are formed, published over 48 scientific papers, with students who are also top geologists

Kia K. Baptist-

Geoscientist- "Part of the process of science is attacking a problem and trying to find answers, but don't be intimidated if you don't find answers right away. Just keep learning." "A key to being a scientist is to be unafraid to ask questions and unafraid that there may not be answers." Kia K. Baptist-Geoscientist. - She works for an oil company.Her job is to help find oil and natural gas resources. Kia Baptist worked for Parker Drilling Company and now works for Diamond Offshore Drilling according to LinkedIn. http://www.linkedin.com/pub/kia-baptist-phr/0/a77/a82 She has 400 connections on LinkedIn. Here is her elevator speech tag style: Manager, Global Employee Services at Diamond Offshore Houston, Texas AreaOil & Energy Current Diamond Offshore, American Bureau of Shipping Previous Parker Drilling, CITGO Petroleum, ConocoPhillips Education University of Michigan

Gertrude Bell

Gertrude Bell was an English writer, traveler and archaeologist who explored the Middle East in the 19th century and played a major role in establishing the modern state of Iraq.

Harriet Martineau

Harriet Martineau, (12 June 1802 - 27 June 1876) an English writer and reformist. From a young age Martineau was partially deaf and had deficiencies in her other senses of taste and smell. Martineau found that writing afforded her the ability to express herself and communicate in a manner that spoken conversation sometimes could not. In a time period when women were stigmatized for intellectual pursuits, Martineau's work proved instrumental in the founding of this academic discipline of sociology.Martineau contributed to the founding of sociology by writing societal anaylses on the United States after her travels there in the 1830's. Her analyses focused primarly on the slave economy of the South and provided a detached perspective of the societal aspects, while concealing her deeply rooted abolitionist sentiments. Although primarily known for her contributions to sociological thought, Martineau was a prolific writer who had works of varying content published in multiple forms of media. She has written many essays on economics, short stories, novels, and books regarding many topics including philosophy and methods for conducting societal analysis.

Maria Sibylla Merian

In 1647, was born in Frankfurt, Germany at the time of the belief in spontaneous generation and proved "summer birds" were not from mud but exposed the life cycles of insects with careful observation since a child. Her leadership in the Scientific Revolution as entomologist has been ignored. She published "Metamorphosis of the Insects of Surinam", which showed drawings of the life cycles of insects on Surinam which is in South America. She traveled with her daughter to practice her science which was very unusual at the time if not now. As a German-born painter-scholar, whose engravings were widely celebrated for their brilliant realism and microscopic clarity, she separated from her abusive husband and joined a religious order. There is a garden named after her in Sarasota, Florida.

Mary-Claire King

In Mary Claire King's group, they use next generation sequencing approaches to identify genes responsible for complex human conditions. Their primary areas of interest are inherited breast and ovarian cancer, the genetics of schizophrenia, and Mendelian disorders in founder populations. Their goals are to identify and characterize critical genes in informative families and populations. Mary- Claire and her team are particularly interested in disentangling genetic heterogeneity in complex traits, thereby revealing the individually rare severe alleles that cause common disorders. Her lab also applies genomic sequencing to the identification of victims of human rights abuses. http://www.gs.washington.edu/faculty/king.htm

Janet Abbate

Janet tells the story of the internet. Since the late 1960s the Internet has grown from a single experimental network serving a dozen sites in the United States to a network of networks linking millions of computers worldwide. In her book, Inventing the Internet, Janet Abbate recounts the key players and technologies that allowed the Internet to develop; but her main focus is always on the social and cultural factors that influenced the Internets design and use. The story she unfolds is an often twisting tale of collaboration and conflict among a remarkable variety of players, including government and military agencies, computer scientists in academia and industry, graduate students, telecommunications companies, standards organizations, and network users. The story starts with the early networking breakthroughs formulated in Cold War think tanks and realized in the Defense Department's creation of the ARPANET. It ends with the emergence of the Internet and its rapid and seemingly chaotic growth. Abbate looks at how academic and military influences and attitudes shaped both networks; how the usual lines between producer and user of a technology were crossed with interesting and unique results; and how later users invented their own very successful applications, such as electronic mail and the World Wide Web. She concludes that such applications continue the trend of decentralized, user-driven development that has characterized the Internet's entire history and that the key to the Internet's success has been a commitment to flexibility and diversity, both in technical design and in organizational culture.

Julia Butterfly Hill

Julia Butterfly Hill is best known for living in a Redwood tree for over two years in order to impede logging in a California forest in 1997-1999. Her act brought worldwide awareness to the problems of deforestation and inspired many to take action for the earth. She has continued to teach, write, and advocate for sustainability consciousness, founded multiple organizations including What's Your Tree and Circle of Life, as well as written the story of her activism in the book The Legacy of Luna. Hill has become a symbol for the impact that an individual can make in defending the earth.Watch a short interview with Hill on disposability consciousness.

Junko Tabei

Junko Tabei was the first woman to reach the summit of Mount Everest, in 1975, following the same route as Sir Edmund Hillary.

Clara Barton

Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field., -School teacher who volunteered as a nurse during the American Civil War

Majora Carter

Majora Carter first gave her inspiring talk "Greening the Ghetto" at TED in 2006. She has since gained national momentum in her approach to community development that has created miles of green spaces in her neighborhood, the South Bronx. She powerfully articulates the links between race, poverty, and environmental issues, stating that "no community should have to deal with a disproportionate amount of environmental burdens while enjoying few environmental benefits." She launched the non-profit Sustainable South Bronx, and has gone on to become a leader and a model of hope for struggling communities. She now has several non-profits, a consulting company of her own, and is a radio host. She said, "I entered this field because I was not satisfied with the way things were happening in my community. I believed that our dreams for the beautiful future we wanted were the right dreams for anyone, and I did not fear that others might consider us fools for having the audacity to hope."

Mary Evelyn Tucker

Mary Evelyn Tucker is a Senior Lecturer and Research Scholar at Yale University where she teaches in a joint master's degree program between the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies and the Divinity School. http://environment.yale.edu/profile/tucker/

Emmy Noether

Nobel Prize winner in math- first and only woman invited to address the International Congress of Mathematics in Zurich, Switzerland in 1932. Einstein wrote she was the most significant creative mathematical genius thus far produced.

Jean Bennett

Mohttp://www.med.upenn.edu/apps/faculty/index.php/g275/p11214 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gs-_kwfZagw Jean discovered genes that cause generative retina degeneration and tries to help heal this disease.

Florence Nightingale

Monicha N. - Florence said,"I think one's feelings waste themselves in words; they ought all to be distilled into actions, and into actions which bring results. " She held that the universe—including human communities—was evolving in accordance with a divine plan; that it was human's business to endeavor to understand this plan and guide actions in sympathy with it. But to understand God's thoughts, she held we must study statistics, for these are the measure of his purpose. Thus the study of statistics was for her a religious duty. A Lady with a Lamp shall stand In the great history of the land, A noble type of good, Heroic womanhood. — Henry Wadsworth Longfellow IN MEMORIAM: FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE She whom we love, our Lady of Compassion, Can never die, for Love forbids her death. Love has bent down in his old kindly fashion, And breathed upon her his immortal breath. On wounded soldiers, in their anguish lying, Her gentle spirit shall descend like rain. Where the white flag with the red cross is flying, There shall she dwell, the vanquisher of pain. [In remembrance of 'The Lady of the Lamp' who died 13 Aug 1910.] LB

Margaret Hamilton- software engineer

NASA HONORS APOLLO ENGINEER Margaret Hamilton, leader of the team that developed the flight software for the agency's Apollo missions, has been granted a NASA Exceptional Space Act Award for her scientific and technical contributions. "The Apollo flight software Ms. Hamilton and her team developed was truly a pioneering effort," said NASA Administrator Sean O'Keefe. "The concepts she and her team created became the building blocks for modern 'software engineering.' It's an honor to recognize Ms. Hamilton for her extraordinary contributions to NASA," he said. Dr. Paul Curto, senior technologist for NASA's Inventions and Contributions Board nominated Hamilton for the award. Curto said, "I was surprised to discover she was never formally recognized for her groundbreaking work. Her concepts of asynchronous software, priority scheduling, end-to-end testing, and man-in-the-loop decision capability, such as priority displays, became the foundation for ultra-reliable software design." One example of the value of Hamilton's software work occurred during the Apollo 11 mission. Approximately three minutes before Eagle's touchdown on the moon, the software over rode a command to switch the flight computer's priority processing to a radar system whose 'on' switch had been manually activated due to a faulty written operations script provided to the crew. The action by the software permitted the mission to safely continue.

Nettie Maria Stevens

Nettie Maria Stevens was an early American geneticist. She and Edmund Beecher Wilson were the first researchers to describe the chromosomal basis of sex, but they conducted their research independently of each other. Wikipedia Born: July 7, 1861, Cavendish, VT Died: May 4, 1912, Baltimore, MD Books: Studies in Spermatogenesis with Especial Reference to the Accessory Chromosome Parts I and II (Illustrated Edition)Education: Stanford University, Bryn Mawr College Academic advisor: Thomas Hunt MorganNotable student: Alice Middleton Boring

Rosalind Franklin

Nobel Prize winner as a X-Ray Crystallographer, she discovered the structure of DNA!

Maria Goeppert Mayer

Nobel Prize winner for discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure

Rita Levi-Montalcini

Nobel Prize winner for discoveries of growth factors JF

Gertrude Elion

Nobel Prize winner for discoveries of important principles for drug treatment.

Gerty Radnitz Cori

Nobel Prize winner for discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen- Discovered the effects of sugar in diabetes

Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin

Nobel Prize winner for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances

Iren Joliot-Curie

Nobel Prize winner for synthesis of new radioactive elements

Cristiane Nusslein-Volhard

Nobel Prize winner in Physiology and Medicine 1995- Developmental Biology from Germany -

Chien-Shiung Wu

Nobel Prize winner- it is shameful that there are so few women in science... In China there are many, many women in physics. There is a misconception in America that women scientists are all dowdy spinsters. This is the fault of men. In Chinese society, a woman is valued for what she is, and men encourage her to accomplishments yet she remains eternally feminine. — Chien-Shiung Wu Quoted in 'Queen of Physics', Newsweek (20 May 1963) no. 61, 20. Science quotes on: | Women Scientists (13) Beta decay was... like a dear old friend. There would always be a special place in my heart reserved especially for it. — Chien-Shiung Wu Science quotes on: | Radioactivity (21) There is only one thing worse than coming home from the lab to a sink full of dirty dishes, and that is not going to the lab at all! — Chien-Shiung Wu Quoted in Giorgio Giacomelli, Maurizio Spurio and Jamal Eddine Derkaoui, Cosmic Radiations: From Astronomy to Particle Physics (2001), 344. by - Science - 2001 Science quotes on: | Laboratory (75)

Nzinga Mbandi

Nzinga Mbandi, the Queen of Ndongo and Matamba (modern day Angola)took power when her brother Ngola Mbandi died in 1624, and gained international acclaim for her brilliance in diplomacy, military tactics in warfare, espionage, trade, alliance-building, and religious matters helped her hold off Portuguese colonialism for the duration of her life.

Olive Murray Chapman

Olive Murray Chapman filmed the cultures of Madagascar and Lapland in 1939.

Osa Johnson

Osa Johnson was an American adventurer, writer, photographer and documentary filmmaker, studying the wildlife and peoples of East and Central Africa, the South Pacific and British North Borneo in the first half of the twentieth century.

Patricia Gualinga

Patricia Gualinga has become a spokesperson in indigenous Amazonian women's fight to protect their land. In October 2013, she helped organize and lead a march of over 100 indigenous women to Quito, Ecuador to protest the destruction of their communities. She spoke at the National Assembly of Ecuador on behalf of the group, calling on the government to develop alternative energy and halt the oil extraction from indigenous lands. As an indigenous woman, Gualinga and her group are leaders in the shift of consciousness toward the sacredness of the earth. She says, "We are here for life, not only resources. We are here for our lives, yours, the entire world's lives, and those of future generations."

Marjory Stoneman Douglas

Saved the River of Grass- our water supply, The Everglades

Sarah Grimke

Sociologist , abolitonist, writer, and member of the womens suffrage movement, daughter of a Charleston, South Carolina plantation owner. She wanted to be a lawyer but was forbidden. She and her sister worked to end slavery and gain larger women's rights, like the right to speak in public.

Sojourner Truth

Sojourner Truth (1797-1883)Abolitionist and women's rights activist Sojourner Truth once engaged in the following exchange with the young suffragist Harriot Stanton Blatch : "Sojourner, can't you read?" Sojourner Truth: "Oh no, honey, I can't read little things like letters. I read big things like men." Listen and READ her speech: "And Aint I a Woman" http://www.history.com/topics/holidays/womens-history-month/videos/aint-i-a-woman http://schools.nyc.gov/NR/rdonlyres/E151FA9D-6017-4556-981F-CD076D731A72/0/SecondaryTextGuideAnswerKeyAintWoman.pdf

Starhawk

Starhawk wrote the classic neo-pagan book The Spiral Dance: A Rebirth of the Ancient Religion of the Great Goddess. Although it was published in 1979, the book continues to be sold in several languages and used in Wiccan and pagan communities all over the world. The Spiral Dance launched the Reclaiming tradition of modern Wiccans, which has made earth-centered worship accessible to everybody. Her work has made ritual, feminism, and sustainability come together in a way that draws thousands into community. Starhawk continues to publish and speak about environmental issues and has been a large part of the permaculture movement. She says she believes that "permaculture is a practical application of the belief that the earth is sacred."

Jocelyn Bell Bernell

Stessy J.- Nobel Prize winner in astronomy and physics from England who discovered pulsars at age 24. A pulsar is a highly magnetized, rotating neutron star that emits a beam of electromagnetic radiation.

Ruth Benerito

Taught High School Math/Science and Drivers Education- developed wrinkle free cotton cloth and had patents for the formula- 1916-2013

EMILY WARREN ROEBLING

The Brooklyn Bridge was named a National Historic Landmark in 1964. Next time you stroll across -- a delightful and time-honored pastime for local and visitors -- look for plaques, one on each tower, honoring Emily Warren Roebling, the woman behind (and in front of) the men who built the bridge. https://savingplaces.org/stories/emily-warren-roebling-cornerstone-construction-brooklyn-bridge#.VpJmiPkrJQI

Valentina Tereshkova

Valentina Tereshkova was a Soviet cosmonaut and the first woman -- and first civilian -- to fly into space in 1963, orbiting the Earth 48 times.

Isabella Bird

The first person to be inducted into the Royal Geographical Society in 1892, Isabella Bird became a household name for her explorations and writings about China, Korea, Morocco, Hawaii, Australia and India.

Lady Hester Stanhope

The highborn British Lady Hester Stanhope led a life of adventure, sailing to Athens (where Lord Byron swam out to welcome her), then set out for Egypt (in men's clothes), met with rulers, and was the first European to visit several cities.

Lisa Randall

Theoretical Physicist at Harvard in 2016 that says, "There's no reason to think that dark matter is composed of all the same type of particle," Randall says. "We certainly see a diversity of particles in the one sector of matter we do know about, ordinary matter. Why shouldn't we think the same of dark matter?" In this model, Randall and her colleagues suggest that only a small portion of dark matter—maybe about 5%—experiences interactions reminiscent of those seen in ordinary matter. However, this fraction of dark matter could influence not only the evolution of the Milky Way, but of life on Earth as well, an idea Randall explores in her latest book, Dark Matter and the Dinosaurs: The Astounding Interconnectedness of the Universe. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/next/physics/interacting-dark-matter/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yDHta5Fq93M

Hedy Lamarr- Techie

This is the face that Austrian-born American actress and inventor Hedy Lamarr . She invented "frequency hopping" technology, which was put to use in a secret communications system and in radio-controlled torpedoes in WWII, which in turn laid the foundations for future technological developments such as Wi-Fi and GPS.

Rachel Carson

United States biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife (1907-1964) see: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPjaGM2IMiA#t=43 beauty of nature

Vandana Shiva

Using the seed as a symbol of hope, Vandana Shiva is leading a global movement to bring food and farming out from the control of corporations and back into the hands of farmers. In addition to speaking against GMO's she has founded the Global Alliance for Seed Freedom, which unites farmers from around the world to save their seeds to preserve the precious variety that is left. She calls on individuals and grassroots communities to begin shifting society's relationship to the earth simply by growing their own food, and calls organic farmers the best peacemakers on earth. "To heal the planet and to heal humanity, just take a seed and put it in a bit of soil, and nurture it. That nurturing becomes paradigm shift and the worldview shift."

Patricia S. Cowings

psychophysiologist- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=orzOkc-IxAk#t=38 she cures motion sickness for the Army and for NASA ;

Inge Lehmann

seismologist that discovered the inner core in 1936, that between outer core and inner core, p-waves pass through inner (therefore it is solid)