World A: Industrial Revolution

Corporation

A business owned by stockholders who share in its profits but are not personally responsible for its debt.

Entrepreneur

A person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business.

Strike

A refusal to work. One method that unions used.

Effect on Women

Achieved higher wages than work done at home. Led reform movements to address social issues (like education and slavery).

Enclosure

Also known as The Commons, this was land where farmers could experiment with more productive seeding and harvesting methods to boost crop yields. One negative effect was that this forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or to give up farming and move to the cities.

Utilitarianism

An idea promoted by Bentham that claimed that people should judge ideas, institutions, and actions on the basis of their usefulness.

Karl Marx

Author of the Communist Manifesto who believed that the proletariat (workers) would overthrow the bourgeois (factory owners).

Spinning Jenny

Developed by Hames Hargreaves, this allowed one spinner to work eight threads at a time thus improving textile production.

Flying Shuttle

Developed by John Kay, this boat-shaped piece of wood with yarn attached doubled the work a weaver could do in a day.

Water Frame

Developed by Richard Arkwright, this machine used the waterpower from rapid streams to drive spinning wheels.

Animal Husbandry

Developed by Robert Bakewell, this is the practice of only allowing the "best" of each animal to breed. This increased food supply.

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production. As a result, fighting and war would break out due to limited resources.

Cotton Gin

Eli Whitney invented this machine that multiplied the amount of cotton that could be cleaned by removing the seeds from the raw cotton.

Railroad

George Stephenson created this pivotal invention. Allowed for goods, specifically coal, to be transported over long distances. It also allowed for key locations of Liverpool and Manchester to be connected for the first time.

Adam Smith

He wrote the Wealth of Nations. He believed in Laissez-Faire economics and that people were self-interested.

Steam Engine

Invented by James Watt, it used steam to power machinery. It eventually allowed factories to be built away from the rivers and closer to coal mines thus improving production.

Nations That Experienced The IR

Japan, Belgium, USA, France, Germany.

Factory

Large buildings that housed new textile machinery.

Bourgeoisie

Marx's term for capitalists, those who own the means of production

Proletariat

Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production

Utopia

Men like Robert Owen attempted to create these as an alternative to industrialized life.

Jethro Tull

One of the first scientific farmers who invented the seed drill and the horse-drawn cultivator.

Stock

Ownership rights of a company. It was a way that entrepreneurs raised money.

Ten Hours Act

Parliament law that limited the workday for women and children who worked in factories.

Factory Act

Parliament law that made it illegal to hire children under 9 years old and limited the workday to 8 hours for those between 9-17.

Mines Act

Prevented women and children from working underground.

Turnpikes

Roadbeds with a layer of large stones for drainage that were developed by John McAdams. It allowed for heavy wagons to travel without sinking into the mud.

Positive Effects of Industrialization

The IR created jobs for workers, contributed to the wealth of the nation, fostered technological growth, and improved the standard of living.

Textile

The first item to be industrialized.

Crop Rotation

The practice of switching crops every season on the same piece of land. This process was developed by Charles Townshend.

Urbanization

The process of city building and the movement of people to cities.

Industrialization

The process of developing machine production of goods.

Factors of Production

The resources needed to produce goods and services. They include land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.

Cottage Industry / Putting Out System

The traditional way of producing cloth prior to the Industrial Revolution. Women would weave cloth at home on a loom and then leave it outside for someone else to pick it up.

Middle Class

This group grew in size and power during the Industrial Revolution.

England

This is where the Industrial Revolution started. It was primarily due to PPANE (population boom, political stability, agricultural revolution, natural resources, expanding economy).

Laissez Faire

This refers to the economic policy of letting owners of industry and business set working conditions without interference. It translates to "let do" and was promoted by Adam Smith in his book Wealth of Nations.

Industrial Revolution

This refers to the greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the middle of the 18th century.

Captialism

When the factors of production are controlled by private individuals.

Socialism

When the factors of production are controlled by the government.

Communism

When the factors of production are controlled by the people as a whole.

Unions

Workers who join together for better working conditions and higher pay.