World Civ Chapter 10
How craft guilds improved economic conditions in cities
Craft guilds directed almost every aspect of the production process. They set the standards for the quality of the articles produced and even fixed the price at which the finished goods could be sold. Guilds also determined the number of people who could enter a specific trade
How Philip II Augustus greatly increased the power of French monarchs
He made the monarchy stronger by expanding the royal bureaucracy. He also created a French Parliament
William of Normandy
King of England after king Harold, took the first census since Roman times and and developed more fully the system of taxation
For whom did Orthodox Christianity become a chief religion
One Rus ruler, Vladimir, married the Byzantine emperor's sister and officially accepted Eastern Orthodox Christianity for himself and his people in 988. Orthodox Christianity became the religion of the state
Magyars
The Poles, Czechs, and Hungarians (Magyars) all accepted Western Christianity and became part of the Roman Catholic Church and its Latin culture
chivalry
The code of ethics knights were expected to uphold
What Eastern Slavs converted to and who helped make them literate
The eastern Slavic peoples of Moravia were converted to Orthodox Christianity by two Byzantine missionary brothers, Cyril and Methodius, who began their activities in 863
vassals
The group that directly served lords and kings
the feudal contract
The lord-vassal relationship
Parliament
The representative government that emerged in 13th century England
Oleg
Viking leader who was the founder of present-day Kiev
Swedish Vikings
Who conquered native people in Russia and the Ukraine
Results of the Battle of Hastings
William of Normandy defeated King Harold. William was crowned king of England and Norman knights received fiefs.
carruca
a heavy, wheeled plow with an iron plowshare
serf
a peasant legally bound to the land who had to provide labor services, pay rents, and be subject to the lords control
estate
a social or political class
common law
a uniform system of law that developed in england based on court decisions and on customs and usage rather than on written law codes; replaced law codes that varied from place to place
Philip IV
called Philip the Fair, ruled from 1285 to 1314. He made the monarchy stronger by expanding the royal bureaucracy. He also created a French parliament by meeting with members of the three estates
tournaments
contests in which knights could demonstrate their fighting skills
Expectations of knights under the chivalric code
defend the church and defenseless people, treat captives as honored guests instead of putting them in dungeons, treat aristocratic women with tenderness and respect
Cyril
developed the Cyrillic alphabet so that he could create a Christian Bible and liturgy in the Slavic language
Why feudalism developed
governments were more difficult to handle and were torn apart, so people turned to local lords, aristocrats, or nobles to protect them
What Otto I received as a result of protecting the Pope
he was crowned emperor of the Romans in 962
manor
in medieval Europe, an agricultural estate that a lord ran and peasants worked
chivalry
in the Middle Ages, the ideal of civilized behavior that developed among the nobility; it was a code of ethics that knights were supposed to uphold
The most important gift a lord could give to his vassal
land
patrician
members of the wealthiest and most powerful families. Elections were rigged so only these people could be elected to public office
feudalism
political and social order that developed during the Middle Ages when royal governments were no longer able to defend their subjects; nobles offered protection and land in return for service
Vikings
posed a large threat to the safety of people in europe. feudalism was developed because of them
Magna Carta
the "Great Charter" of rights, which King John was forced to sign by the English nobles at Runnymede in 1215
Otto I
the best known Saxon king of germany. He was a patron of german culture and brought the church under his control. He created the new Roman empire
Domesday Book
the first census taken (taken by William Normandy) in Europe since Roman times and included people, manors, and farm animals.
Mongols
the group that conquered Russia in the thirteenth century
What was at the heart of feudalism
the idea of vassalage
bourgeoisie
the middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people
what enabled people to move back into cities
the revival of trade
What the counts of Charlemagne did to encourage trade
they initiated a series of annual trade fairs
In what the Hanseatic League was instrumental in doing
they were an alliance of more than 100 northern european cities that banded together for mutual trade protection and economic opportunity
Who converted Eastern Slavic people to Christianity
two Byzantine missionary brothers, Cyril and Methodius, who began their activities in 863
fief
under feudalism, a grant of land made to a vassal; the vassal held political authority within his fief
knight
under feudalism, a member of the heavily armored cavalry
Problems facing western Europe after the death of Charlemagne
vikings destroyed it
How the Vikings were made a part of European civilization
when they converted to Christianity