World Civ Test- Chapter 17

John Knox

An admiring visitor to Geneva, which was the model city of highly moral citizens. He was a Scottish preacher, who when returned to Scotland put John Calvin's ideas to work.

Response to Luther

Luther was astonished at how rapidly his ideas spread and attracted followers. Many people had been unhappy with the Church for political and economic reasons. They saw Luther's protests as a way to challenge Church control.

Economic Reformation

- European princes and kings were jealous of the Church's wealth. - Merchants and others resented having to pay taxes to the Church.

Political Reformation

- Powerful monarchs challenged the Church as the supreme power in Europe. - Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority.

Legacy of the Reformation

- Protestant churches continued to flourish. - Religion no longer united Europe. - The Catholic Church's power declined. - Individual monarchs and nation states gained power. - Separation of church and state was accepted. - Secular ideas spread throughout Western world.

Religious Reformation

- Some Church leaders had become worldly and corrupt. - Many people found Church practices such as the sale of indulgences unacceptable.

Social Reformation

- The Renaissance values of humanism and secularism led people to question the Church. - The printing press held to spread ideas critical of the Church.

Emperor Charles V

A devout Catholic, who opposed Luther's teachings. He controlled a vast empire, and summoned Luther to the town of Worms to stand trial. Told to take back his statements, Luther refused. Then afterwards Charles issued the Edict of Worms.

Indulgence

A pardon. It released a sinner from performing the penalty that a priest imposed for sins. They were not supposed to affect God's right to judge. Tetzel gave people the impression that by buying indulgences, they could buy their way to heaven.

John Calvin

Another major branch of Protestantism emerged and it was based mainly on the teachings of this man. He was a French follower of Luther, and it promoted unique ideas about the relationship between people and God. He was a young law student in France with a growing interest in Church doctrine, and was beginning to clarify his religious beliefs. he grew up to have as much influence in the spread of Protestantism as Luther did. He would give order to the faith that Luther had begun. He published, "Institutes of the Christian Religion." The book expressed ideas about God, salvation, and human nature. It was a summary of Protestant theology, or religious beliefs. He took the faith to Geneva, Switzerland. He was more than just a scholar he was a leader. A religious theologian.

Council of Trent

Catholic bishops and cardinals agreed on several doctrines. 1.) The Church's interpretation of the Bible was final. Any Christian who substituted his or her own interpretation was a heretic. 2.) Christians needed faith and good works for salvation. They were not saved by faith alone, as Luther argued. The Council of Trent was called to protect the Church. 3.) The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life. 4.) Indulgences were valid expressions of faith. But the false selling of indulgences was banned.

Jesuits

Defenders of the church. The "Jesuits spread throughout Europe. Focused on three activities: 1.) Founded superb schools throughout Europe. - Well-trained in both classical studies and theology, 2.) Convert non Christians to Catholicism. - Missionaries around the world. 3.) Stop the spread of Protestantism. - Was successful in Poland and Germany.

Prince Fredrick

Disobeyed the Emperor. He sheltered Luther in one of his castles for almost a year.

Presbyterian Church

Each community church was governed by a group of laymen called elders of presbyters. Followers of Know became known as Presbyterians. Protestant nobles led by Knox made Calvinism Scotland's official religion.

Peasant's Revolt

German peasants excited by reformer's talk of Christian freedom, demanded an end to serfdom. Bands of angry peasants went about the countryside raiding monasteries, pillaging, and burning. The revolt horrified Luther. He wrote a pamphlet urging the German princes to show the peasants no mercy. The princes' armies crushed the revolt, killing as many as 100,000 people. Feeling betrayed, many peasants rejected Luther's religious leadership.

Martin Luther

He became a monk and a teacher, unlike what his parents wanted him to be a lawyer. He taught Scripture until his death at the University of Wittenberg. All he wanted was to be a good Christian, and not lead a religious revolution. He decided to take a religious stand against Johann Tetzel, because he was selling indulgences.

Pope Paul lll

He called a council of Church leaders to meet in Trent, in northern Italy.

Consequences of Henry's Change

Henry did not immediately get the male heir he sought. Henry's second ex-wife was beheaded, and his third wife gave him a son. Then she died two weeks later. Then Henry married a total of 5 times. each of Henry's 3 children ruled England in turn. This created religious turmoil.

Reformation Parliament

Henry took steps to solve his marriage problem himself. He called Parliament into session and asked it to pass a set of laws that ended the pope's power in England. Henry's break with the pope was completed when Parliament voted to approve the Act of Supremacy.

Edward Vl

Henry's son who became king when he was just 9 years old. Too young to rule alone, he was guided by adult advisors. He reigned for 6 years, while the adult advisors were pushing the Protestant reforms to the English Church.

Huguenots

In France, Calvin's followers were called Huguenots. Hatred between Catholics and Huguenots frequently led to violence.

Queen Elizabeth

Inherited the throne, after Queen mary and she was determined to return her kingdom to Protestantism. Parliament followed her wishes and set up the Church of England, or the Anglican Church, with her as its head.

Pope Leo X

Issued a decree threatening Luther with excommunication unless he took back his statements that Luther suggesting that Christians drive the pope from the Church by force. Luther did not take back a word, but instead his students gathered around a bonfire while they threw the pope's decree into flames. Leo then excommunicated Luther.

Theocracy

John Calvin believed that the ideal government was a theocracy, which was a government controlled by religious leaders. A government based on religious laws. If you did not follow John Calvin's rules they were either banished or excommunicated.

Reformation

Luther's actions began the Reformation, which was a movement for religious reform. It led to the founding of Christian churches that did not accept the pope's authority.

Luther's Teachings

Luther's teachings rested on three main ideas: 1.) People could win salvation only by faith in God's gift of forgiveness. The Church taught that faith and "good works" were needed for salvation. 2.) All Church teachings should be clearly based on the words of the Bible. Both the pope and Church traditions were false authorities. 3.) All people with faith were equal. Therefore, people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them.

95 Theses

Martin Luther wrote this and attacking the "pardon-merchants." He posted these statements on the door of the castle church and invited other scholars to debate with him. Someone copied his words and took them to a printer. He then quickly became well known all over Germany.

Anabaptists

One such group baptized only those persons who were old enough to decide to be Christian. They said that persons who had been baptized as children should be rebaptized as adults. These believers were called Anabaptists, from a Greek word meaning "baptize again." The Anabaptists also taught that church and state should be separate, and they refused to fight in wars. They shared their possessions. viewing Anabaptists as radicals who threatened society, both catholics and Protestants persecuted them. But they survived and became the forerunners of the Mennoties and the Amish. Their teachings influenced the later Quakers and Baptists, groups who split from the Anglican Church.

Katherina von Bora

Played a more typical, behind-the-scenes role as Luther's wife. She was sent to a convent at about age ten, and had become a nun. Inspired by Luther's teachings, she fled the convent. After marrying Luther, She had 6 children, and she also managed the families finances, fed all who visited their house, and supported her husband's work. She respected Luther's position but argued with him about woman's equal role in marriage.

Ignatius of Loyola Jesuits

Reforms such as Ignatius was an important leader in the Catholic Reformation movement. He founded new religious orders. The great turning point in his life came when he was injured in a war. While recovering he thought about his past sins and about the life of Jesus. His daily devotions, he believed, cleansed his soul. He began writing a book called, "Spiritual Exercises," that laid out a day-by-day plan of meditation, prayer, and study. For the next 18 years, he gathered followers. Over time the pope gathered followers. The pope then created a religious order for his followers called the Society of Jesus, but we refer to these people as Jesuits.

Queen Mary

She took the throne after Edward, she was a Catholic who returned the English Church to the rule of the pope. Her efforts met with considerable resistance, and she had many Protestants executed. Then she died, leaving the throne to Elizabeth.

Peace of Augsburg

Still determined that his subjects should remain Catholic, Charles V went to war against the Protestant princes. Even though he defeated them, he failed to force them back into the Catholic Church. Charles, weary of fighting, ordered all German princes, both Protestant and Catholic to assemble in the city of Augsburg. There the princes agreed that each ruler would decide the religion of his state. This famous religious settlement was known as the Peace of Augsburg.

Henry Vlll

When he became king of England, he was a devout Catholic. He wrote a stinging attack on Luther's ideas. In recognition of Henry's support, the pope gave Henry the title of "Defender of the Faith." Political needs tested his religious loyalty. He needed a male heir, and he feared a war would start if he died without one. He and his wide only had a girl, but no woman had been an heir successfully. He wanted a divorce, but the Church would not allow it. The pope could annul it, but he turned him down.

Causes of Reformation

The causes of reformation were social, political, economic, and religious.

Predestination

The doctrine that states that Calvin believed that God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved. He wrote the men and women are sinful by nature. He said that God chooses a very few people to save. He called these few, the "elect."

Catholic Reformation

While Protestant churches won many followers, millions remained true to Catholicism. Helping Catholics to remain loyal was a movement within the Catholic Church to reform itself. This movement is known as the Catholic Reformation. Historians once referred to it as the Counter Reformation.

Index od Forbidden Books

The list of books that were considered to be dangerous to the Catholic faith. Catholic bishops throughout Europe were ordered to gather up the offensive books and burn them in bonfires.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

The most violent crash occurred in Paris August 24, 1572- the Catholic feast day of St. Bartholomew's Day. At dawn, Catholic mobs began hunting for Protestants and murdering them. The massacres spread to other cities and lasted six months. Scholars believed that as many as 12,000 Huguenots were killed.

Pope Paul lV

The next pope who vigorously carried out the council's decrees. He had officials draw up a list of books considered dangerous to the Catholic faith. He drew up the Index of Forbidden books.

Calvinism

The religion based on John Calvin's teachings. That mean and women are sinful by nature and that God chooses very few people to save, calling those people the "elect." Calvin states that God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved.

Marguerit of Narvarre

The sister of King Francis l, who protected John Calvin from being executed for his beliefs while he lived in France.

Act of Supremacy

This Act called on people to take an oath recognizing the divorce and accepting Henry, not the pope, as official head of England's Church. It met some opposition though. Thomas More did not accept this act because his faith, he said, refused to take the oath.

Edict of Worms

This document declared Luther an outlaw and a heretic. According to this edict, no one in the empire was to give Luther food or shelter, and all of his books were to be burned.

Anglican Church

This was to be the only legal church in England. She also decided to establish a state church that moderate Catholics and moderate Protestants might both accept. To please Protestants, priests in the Church of England were allowed to marry. They could deliver some sermons in English, not Latin. To please Catholics, the Church of England ket some of the trappings of the Catholic service such as rich robes. Church services were revised to be some what more acceptable to Catholics.