World Civilization Mid-Term Study Guide
To which single port did the Chinese government limit European trade contacts? Select one: a. Macao b. Guangzhou c. Hangzhou d. Nanjing e. Shanghai
The correct answer is: Macao
During the Ming Dynasty, from whom did the emperor receive intelligence reports on government officials? Select one: a. eunuchs b. daimyo c. merchants d. court ladies e. foreigners
The correct answer is: eunuchs
What did 18th-century liberals believe was the cure for many of society's problems? Select one: a. financial success b. religion c. urban living d. education e. rationalism
d. education
Who is considered the most outstanding of the Mughal emperors? Select one: a. Jahangir b. Shah Jahan c. Akbar d. Babur e. Aurangzeb
The correct answer is: Akbar
Which of these significant events took place during the 1500s? Select one: a. An Afghan leader, Babur, established the Mughal Muslim Indian dynasty. b. The Turks established the Delhi sultanate. c. Religious wars between the Hindus and Muslims decimated the Indian subcontinent. d. Akbar forced Jews and Christians within his empire to convert to Islam. e. The Mughal Empire lost control of central India.
The correct answer is: An Afghan leader, Babur, established the Mughal Muslim Indian dynasty.
The Forbidden City was located in Select one: a. Shanghai b. Macao c. Nanjing d. Beijing e. Kaifeng
The correct answer is: Beijing
How did education change during the 18th century in China? Select one: a. Education became more open and innovative. b. The civil service exams were no longer used so education was limited. c. The palace eunuchs were assigned to educate the civil servants at the state university. d. The modern university curriculum traces its roots to China. e. Children whose parents could afford the fees were educated in the schools.
The correct answer is: Children whose parents could afford the fees were educated in the schools.
On what was the Ming government and bureaucracy based? Select one: a. revisions brought about due to contact with Jesuits b. Confucian philosophy and ethics c. a constitution written by Qianlong d. Legalist principles e. Buddhist principles
The correct answer is: Confucian philosophy and ethics
When the government of China was brought under the control of the Ming rulers, what was their view on Confucianism? Select one: a. Confucianism was revived in even stronger form. b. It was neglected and then suspended for a time. c. Confucianism became less prestigious. d. It was made the empire's official religion. e. It was reviled and finally outlawed.
The correct answer is: Confucianism was revived in even stronger form.
What was the ultimate result of the Treaty of Utrecht? Select one: a. It was considered the first modern state treaty. b. It was an attempt to examine the Church's basic doctrines and goals. c. A Bourbon family member was placed on the Spanish throne, uniting Spain and France. d. England gained numerous territorial possessions enabling her to become an imperial power. e. It ended the ten year civil war dividing Germany between Catholic and Protestant.
The correct answer is: England gained numerous territorial possessions enabling her to become an imperial power.
John Locke promoted the idea that Select one: a. Humanity could make more progress once religion was abolished. b. Government was created by men to protect and enhance the rights to life, liberty, and property. c. Humanity was irredeemably stained by original sin. d. Government was created to define which rights would be conveyed to people. e. Humanity recognized its need for a strong government to restrain violence.
The correct answer is: Government was created by men to protect and enhance the rights to life, liberty, and property.
What was the title given to an Ottoman prime minister? Select one: a. Grand Shah b. Grand Mufti c. Grand Vizier d. Grand Mughal e. Grand Divan
The correct answer is: Grand Vizier
Which of the following was NOT significant about Peter I's reign? Select one: a. He brought in foreign specialists to teach Russians. b. He was the first to recognize how backward Russia had become. c. He encouraged cultural advances including a newspaper and academic journal. d. He built a Russian navy, which made Russia a maritime power. e. He began the process of modernizing Russia's monarchy to imitate England.
The correct answer is: He began the process of modernizing Russia's monarchy to imitate England.
All of the following were true of Qianlong's reign EXCEPT Select one: a. He eradicated the Mongol raiders in the north. b. He brought Tibet into Chinese control for the first time. c. He extended the tribute system into much of Southeast Asia. d. He ruled the last two thirds of the 18th century. e. He divided China into fifteen administrative districts.
The correct answer is: He divided China into fifteen administrative districts.
How did the first Ming ruler change the government administration to make it effective? Select one: a. He built the Great Wall to protect China from barbarians. b. He divided China into fifteen provinces that were subdivided into counties. c. He removed all eunuchs from serving in the imperial bureaucracy. d. He created a quota system for the number of civil service examinations administered. e. He appointed a Grand Vizier to operate the government.
The correct answer is: He divided China into fifteen provinces that were subdivided into counties.
What was one of the major accomplishments of the Prussian ruler Frederick William, the Great Elector? Select one: a. He led Prussia through the Seven Years' War. b. He doubled the revenues available to his country. c. He established Prussia's first professional standing army. d. He helped defeat Austria during the Seven Years' War. e. He attempted to end feudalism in his domains.
The correct answer is: He established Prussia's first professional standing army.
Which statement describes the rule of Oliver Cromwell, the Lord Protector of England? Select one: a. He enjoyed the support of a large majority of the population. b. He required high taxes to quell numerous rebellions, including those in Ireland and Scotland. c. He was less successful than his son, who succeeded him. d. He enjoyed cordial relations with the Parliament. e. He oversaw the restoration of Charles II to the throne.
The correct answer is: He required high taxes to quell numerous rebellions, including those in Ireland and Scotland.
What would be the best description of the Ming Emperor Hongwu? Select one: a. He was proud of being like Qin Emperor Shi Huang-di. b. He was a stronger general than his grandson and successor, Yongle. c. He was generous and a good administrator. d. He was capable of great cruelty, but also very talented. e. He was known as a good general but not a good administrator.
The correct answer is: He was capable of great cruelty, but also very talented.
The Maritime Expeditions of the 1400s demonstrated Select one: a. That Chinese seamanship was technologically inferior to European seamanship. b. The inefficiency of the Chinese bureaucracy. c. How advanced Chinese seamanship, ship design, and equipment were and how confident the Chinese were in their dealings with foreigners. d. The need for the Chinese to increase trade with foreign countries. e. The efficiency of the Chinese bureaucracy.
The correct answer is: How advanced Chinese seamanship, ship design, and equipment were and how confident the Chinese were in their dealings with foreigners.
What was the overall message conveyed in Leviathan? Select one: a. Humanity would find its way to a better future. b. Humanity could make more progress once religion was abolished. c. Humanity was irredeemably stained by original sin. d. Humanity by nature would do good if taught to do so. e. Humanity recognized its need for a strong government to restrain violence.
The correct answer is: Humanity recognized its need for a strong government to restrain violence.
How did Matteo Ricci's access to the emperor contribute to the Jesuits' goals? Select one: a. It allowed for the opening of Chinese society to new ideas. b. It allowed for the acceptance of Western ideals in China. c. It allowed for the growing appeal of Christianity in China that lasted for centuries. d. It allowed for the establishment of a core group of Christians among China's intellectual community. e. It allowed for the Chinese to once again open all ports to Western traders.
The correct answer is: It allowed for the establishment of a core group of Christians among China's intellectual community.
Which of the following is NOT true of the Treaty of Westphalia? Select one: a. It ended the Thirty Years' War. b. It is considered the first modern state treaty. c. Dutch Protestants were freed from Spanish rule. d. It failed to settle the religious issues of the Investiture Controversy. e. It stressed the importance of a sovereign state.
The correct answer is: It failed to settle the religious issues of the Investiture Controversy.
Which of the following was NOT true of the Janissaries? Select one: a. Janissaries could not be members of the Sublime Porte. b. It was a professional and disciplined army of the secular bureaucracy. c. The Janissaries had many opportunities to move up through the ranks of the army. d. They were Balkan Christian boys who were kidnapped and converted to Islam. e. They termed themselves "willing slaves of the sultan."
The correct answer is: Janissaries could not be members of the Sublime Porte.
What was one of the major developments under the leadership of Kangxi? Select one: a. Kangxi never gave up the fight against intervention by Westerners. b. Kangxi allowed Western traders more access to China's ports. c. Kangxi allowed China's river systems to decline. d. Kangxi experienced decades of fighting with Westerners. e. Kangxi allowed Europeans to trade, but not reside, in China.
The correct answer is: Kangxi allowed Western traders more access to China's ports.
Why was absolute monarchy able to develop more effectively in Eastern Europe? Select one: a. Eastern Europe had unstable borders. b. There was a broader middle-class expansion. c. There were too many Muslim-Christian conflicts. d. Largely because of the rural, farm-based economies that lingered there longer than in Western Europe. e. Mostly because of a lack of education on the part of the peasants.
The correct answer is: Largely because of the rural, farm-based economies that lingered there longer than in Western Europe.
All of the following describe France under Louis XIV EXCEPT Select one: a. Paris was the cultural and political center of Europe. b. Louis XIV was the incarnation of absolute monarchy. c. Louis XIV had to nullify powers of the aristocrats in the provinces. d. Louis XIV was able to maintain peace with other European states throughout his reign. e. Louis XIV considered himself the very embodiment of France.
The correct answer is: Louis XIV was able to maintain peace with other European states throughout his reign.
What was the religious affiliation of the majority of the Balkan population after it came under Ottoman rule? Select one: a. Muslim b. Orthodox Christian c. Protestant d. Catholic e. Jewish
The correct answer is: Orthodox Christian
What was the major significance of England's Glorious Revolution? Select one: a. The people actually pushed for the calling of William and Mary to take the helm. b. William and Mary became beloved leaders who ruled for several decades. c. England obtained a standing army and kept it, even during times of peace. d. Parliament, representing the people, made Britain a constitutional state by taking sovereignty from the monarchy. e. Elizabeth was removed from the throne.
The correct answer is: Parliament, representing the people, made Britain a constitutional state by taking sovereignty from the monarchy.
What geographical area is associated with the Safavid Empire? Select one: a. Palestine b. Persia c. Iraq d. Turkey e. India
The correct answer is: Persia
Which dynasty ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917? Select one: a. Habsburg. b. Hohenzollern. c. Romanov. d. Muscovite. e. Hanover.
The correct answer is: Romanov.
Which of the following was true of Maria Theresa? Select one: a. She chose to divide her empire into provinces in order to decentralize the government. b. Under her leadership, Austria won Silesia during the War of the Austrian Succession. c. She abdicated in favor of her son Joseph when he came of age in 1780. d. Contemporaries suggested the empress regretted that she selected Joseph over his brother Leopold. e. She modernized the armed forces and civil bureaucracy of Austria.
The correct answer is: She modernized the armed forces and civil bureaucracy of Austria.
Shah Ismail captured much of Persia and Iraq, then proclaimed which religious sect to be the official cult of his empire? Select one: a. Byzantine Christianity b. Zoroastrianism c. Shi'ite Islam d. Sunni Islam e. Sufism
The correct answer is: Shi'ite Islam
Cardinal Richelieu believed all of the following EXCEPT Select one: a. The primacy of the state over any other earthly institution. b. Sovereignty consists in government by the consent of the governed. c. Reason of state was sufficient to justify almost any action by government. d. The state represented order, the rule of law, and security for the citizenry. e. If the state weakened or collapsed, general suffering would result.
The correct answer is: Sovereignty consists in government by the consent of the governed.
Why did the Chinese conversion from Ming to Qing rule go smoothly? Select one: a. The Ming had already adopted a bit of Qing culture. b. The Ming felt some kindred to the Qing, since both groups had been vandalized by the Mongols. c. The Qing left many Ming officials completely in charge locally. d. The Qing made it clear that only those who cooperated fully would be allowed to continue their trade practices. e. The Manzhou had been close to Chinese civilization for many years and had already adopted Chinese culture.
The correct answer is: The Manzhou had been close to Chinese civilization for many years and had already adopted Chinese culture.
Which of the following was NOT a reason for a deterioration in relations between the Ottomans and Christians in the Balkans after the 17th century? Select one: a. The Ottoman Empire needed tax funds. b. The Ottoman central government was increasingly hostile toward infidels. c. The Mongols were invading the Balkans from the north. d. There was a moral breakdown in provincial and local government. e. The Balkans increasingly sought their independence.
The correct answer is: The Mongols were invading the Balkans from the north.
Why is the Treaty of Karlowitz significant? Select one: a. Austria surrendered the city of Vienna to the Ottoman Empire. b. The Ottoman sultans agreed to vacate Spain. c. Constantinople became an international city and was renamed by the Ottomans. d. The Ottoman army continued to expand their territory. e. The Ottoman sultan for the first time had to surrender territory to Europeans.
The correct answer is: The Ottoman sultan for the first time had to surrender territory to Europeans.
What was the result of the Battle of Manzikert? Select one: a. The Rum Sultanate was overthrown. b. The jihad against the Christians was halted. c. The Turks gained direct access to Asia Minor for the first time. d. Constantinople was captured. e. It was the final victory for the Byzantines.
The correct answer is: The Turks gained direct access to Asia Minor for the first time.
When the Ming Dynasty in China built up an army of one million, what was one of the primary reasons for this military growth? Select one: a. The army was used to help restore the Great Wall. b. The army was sent to invade and occupy Manchuria. c. The army provided assistance in moving the capital to Beijing. d. The only mission for the army was to fight barbarian invaders. e. The army was always engaged in quelling unrest among the peasants.
The correct answer is: The army was used to help restore the Great Wall.
In order to best understand much of Islamic history, a strong comprehension of which of the following is necessary? Select one: a. The historical relationships of the Muslim sultans. b. Long-term worldwide Christian and Muslim strife. c. All aspects of Muhammad's life story and his teachings. d. The divisions within Muslim belief, particularly Shi'ite and Sunni rivalry. e. The basis and justification for following Shari'a.
The correct answer is: The divisions within Muslim belief, particularly Shi'ite and Sunni rivalry.
Which of the following defines the term absolutism? Select one: a. The rights of man include life, liberty, and property. b. Some natural rights are given up voluntarily to form a government. c. The state and the monarchy derive power from the people not God. d. The state represented order, rule of law, and security for the citizenry. e. The giving of laws to people without their consent.
The correct answer is: The giving of laws to people without their consent.
All of the following are provisions of the English Bill of Rights (1689) EXCEPT Select one: a. Parliament made laws that could not be suspended by the king. b. Members of Parliament were immune from prosecution when acting in their official capacities. c. The king could impose taxes without prior approval of Parliament. d. The king could not impose taxes without prior approval of Parliament. e. The king could not raise an army without prior approval of Parliament.
The correct answer is: The king could impose taxes without prior approval of Parliament.
Why was the battle of Ain Jalut significant? Select one: a. The results of the battle brought much needed peace to Spain. b. The outcome of the battle kept Turkey free of Mongol rule. c. The battle led to the death of the Islamic caliph in 1250. d. It gave the Turks direct access to Asia Minor for the first time. e. It led to the establishment of the Rum sultanate in eastern Asia Minor.
The correct answer is: The outcome of the battle kept Turkey free of Mongol rule.
What was the general condition of the residents of cities in Ming China? Select one: a. They were uninterested in politics but much caught up in religious quests. b. They were caught up in political intrigues. c. They were decently housed and adequately fed. d. They were mostly relegated to menial work. e. They were unhappy with the rule of Hongwu because trade declined.
The correct answer is: They were decently housed and adequately fed.
Who is credited with developing a new interpretation of some Confucian ideas? Select one: a. Hongwu b. Wang Yangming c. Yongle d. Zheng He e. Qianlong
The correct answer is: Wang Yangming
Which of the following defines the term millet? Select one: a. a well-trained and well-armed elite infantry corps. b. a royal council headed by a vizier. c. a high-official appointed by the sultan to head the bureaucracy. d. a minority group under the leadership of a shaykh who answered to the sultan. e. a chancery named after a gate at the sultan's palace.
The correct answer is: a minority group under the leadership of a shaykh who answered to the sultan.
Which of the following defines the Sikh religion? Select one: a. arose as a protest against the dominant Hindu faith b. today claims about 10 percent of the total population of India c. led to warfare with Babur in the early days of the Mughal Empire d. is somewhat closer to Islam than to Hinduism e. began as a blend of Hinduism and Islam but later became a separate faith
The correct answer is: began as a blend of Hinduism and Islam but later became a separate faith
What would be the best description for the officials of the Sublime Porte? Select one: a. economic advisory group b. political lobby group c. civil government d. religious educational board e. Head of Church
The correct answer is: civil government
What has been the legacy of Ottoman rule in the Balkans? Select one: a. widespread religious unity b. unmitigated want and poverty c. a sense of alienation d. ethnic and religious strife e. general economic hardship
The correct answer is: ethnic and religious strife
What was the occupation of most Chinese during the Qing Dynasty? Select one: a. farmers b. merchants c. government officials d. palace eunuchs e. military leaders
The correct answer is: farmers
Which word best characterizes the Ottoman Empire under Orhan? Select one: a. feudalistic b. tolerant c. wealthy d. cosmopolitan e. modern
The correct answer is: feudalistic
During the Qing Dynasty, what was considered the most prized luxury item from China for Westerners? Select one: a. coffee b. embroidered silk c. fine porcelain d. rice paper e. green tea
The correct answer is: fine porcelain
Which statement defines the term ghazis? Select one: a. spiritual leaders b. religious gatherings c. frontier warriors d. enemies of the state e. the unconverted
The correct answer is: frontier warriors
How did the Chinese government respond to pirate attacks in the 16th century? Select one: a. turned a large part of its army into a naval force b. improved defenses and abandoned many coastal areas c. negotiated away the rights to several islands d. faced the pirates openly and defeated them e. refused to believe that the pirates posed a serious threat to their control
The correct answer is: improved defenses and abandoned many coastal areas
Which statement describes the outstanding Qing emperors of the 18th century? Select one: a. learned much of political value to them from the West b. were cruel tyrants in their treatment of the common Chinese c. strong personalities, intelligent and well-educated d. tried hard to expand commerce between China and Europe e. rejected the traditional Chinese bureaucracy in favor of absolute rule
The correct answer is: strong personalities, intelligent and well-educated
Which of the following best describes the Shaykh-al-Islam? Select one: a. a religious association or brotherhood b. frontier warriors whose sole purpose was to wage jihad against Christians c. a system to staff the Janissaries' unit d. the leader of the religious bureaucracy of the sultan e. a prime minister to the sultan
The correct answer is: the leader of the religious bureaucracy of the sultan
All of the following were reasons England was the early leader in industrial production of goods and services EXCEPT Select one: a. Population increase b. An entrepreneurial system that was in its infancy c. Agricultural improvements d. Pioneering inventions that made steam engines the standard form of mechanical energy e. Abundance of coal and access to cotton from India
b. An entrepreneurial system that was in its infancy
Which of the following is true of the Battle of Trafalgar? Select one: a. It ensured French domination of most of the continent. b. It frustrated a potential French invasion of England. c. It knocked the Russians out of the anti-French coalition. d. It made it necessary for France to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States. e. It was Napoleon's last victory over England.
b. It frustrated a potential French invasion of England.
Which of the following statements describes the inductive reasoning process? Select one: a. Gather data and then make generalizations. b. Observe phenomena before developing any generalizations or preconceived ideas. c. Observe with one's senses and then develop one or more hypotheses. d. Make some basic assumptions and then perform experiments to see if they are valid. e. Observe, experiment, test, and then present newly verified information to the world.
b. Observe phenomena before developing any generalizations or preconceived ideas.
What event during the French Revolution led to the counterrevolution? Select one: a. Protest over the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizens. b. Protest over the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. c. Protest over the storming of the Bastille. d. Protest over the Jacobin Terror. e. Protest over the execution of the king and queen.
b. Protest over the Civil Constitution of the Clergy.
In France, prior to the French Revolution, what were the three estates? Select one: a. The Primary Estate of the ruling class, the Mass Estate made up of the peasants and military, and the Church Estate of the clergy. b. The First Estate made up of the clergy, the Second Estate consisting of the nobility, and the Third Estate, which included everyone else. c. The Philosophes Estate made up of intellectuals, the Major Estates consisting of the government, and the General Estate of the masses. d. The First Estate consisting of the press, the Jacobins Estate composed of the terrorists, and the Liberty Estate of wealthy land owners. e. The First Estate made up of the clergy; the Second Estate consisting of the military; and the Third Estate which included everyone else.
b. The First Estate made up of the clergy, the Second Estate consisting of the nobility, and the Third Estate, which included everyone else.
For Europe, what was the most striking and long-term impact of the outcome of the Franco-Prussian War? Select one: a. The amazing and immediate rise of influence in Europe by the United States. b. The unification of the many independent sections of Germany into a country. c. The French accepted German domination for the rest of modern history. d. The English exploited the war between France and Germany to seize French territory. e. The Russians were able to enact their reforms while the other countries were at war.
b. The unification of the many independent sections of Germany into a country
Why did liberals NOT trust total democracy as a form of government? Select one: a. They believed it was not a workable government model. b. They feared mob rule. c. They felt the checks-and-balances system was inadequate. d. They feared power would corrupt all government institutions. e. They wanted to limit the monarchy's power but allow the monarchy the final decision on matters.
b. They feared mob rule.
What was the primary goal of industrial production? Select one: a. To allow the British to extend their empire by building better ships and guns. b. To lessen the unit cost of production through improved technology. c. To provide good wages for workers and improve their lives via government welfare programs. d. To help farmers by having a large urban workforce who needs their farm products. e. To help raise civilian morale levels through strict regulation of work and leisure hours.
b. To lessen the unit cost of production through improved technology.
Why did the British government impose new taxes on their American colonists? Select one: a. To pay for the support of the Anglican Church. b. To pay for the large standing army needed to protect Canadian and American frontiers. c. To pay for the Thirty Years' War. d. To pay for the Hanover kings' lavish lifestyles and regal courts. e. To pay for the defense of the British homeland against attacks from the French.
b. To pay for the large standing army needed to protect Canadian and American frontiers.
The philosophes were united in their Select one: a. support for Christianity. b. desire for progress. c. advocacy for religious worship. d. religious beliefs. e. desire for stronger governments.
b. desire for progress.
The majority of the audience for the Enlightenment was which of the following groups? Select one: a. urban poor b. educated upper class c. peasants d. parish priests e. slaves
b. educated upper class
What is credited with powering the Second Industrial Revolution? Select one: a. American ingenuity b. electricity c. coal d. British determination e. steam
b. electricity
Which was NOT a belief of an 18th-century liberal? Select one: a. equality before the law b. equality for all in political and social matters c. freedom of the press d. freedom of assembly e. liberty of conscience
b. equality for all in political and social matters
Before the 18th century, what was the more common system for entrepreneurial production? Select one: a. slave labor b. the putting-out system c. the factory system d. government work e. collective work sites
b. the putting-out system
Which colony was at the center of the unrest in the American colonies? Select one: a. Plymouth b. Georgia c. Massachusetts Bay d. the Carolinas e. Virginia
c. Massachusetts Bay
What geographical areas found reactive conservatism favorable? Select one: a. Italy, Germany, and France b. England and France c. Prussia, Austria, and Russia d. the Nordic countries of Europe e. Russia, Italy, and Germany
c. Prussia, Austria, and Russia
Camillo Cavour strongly favored which of the following concepts? Select one: a. individualism b. conservatism c. Realpolitik d. nationalism e. socialism
c. Realpolitik
When did the modern nation-state actually take on its familiar form? Select one: a. First Industrial Revolution b. American Revolution c. Second Industrial Revolution d. Scientific Revolution e. French Revolution
c. Second Industrial Revolution
Which of the following states was NOT part of the Quadruple Alliance? Select one: a. Britain b. Austria c. Spain d. Prussia e. Russia
c. Spain
What was the result of Napoleon's invasion of Russia? Select one: a. The invasion was a success. b. The guerrilla warfare tactic was found to be a successful form of warfare. c. The remaining one-third of Napoleon's army endured a long retreat. d. The summer invasion resulted in a quick retreat. e. The Russians and French established a long-term alliance.
c. The remaining one-third of Napoleon's army endured a long retreat
What is one significant aspect of the modern nation-state? Select one: a. The development of independent thought and action among individuals. b. The need for close ties between church and state. c. The subordination of the individual to mass politics. d. An increase in social welfare spending. e. A greater tolerance for members of opposing groups.
c. The subordination of the individual to mass politics.
What was a common trait found among the Enlightenment thinkers? Select one: a. Their belief in democracy. b. They all embraced atheism. c. Their commitment to reform. d. Their desire for empirical research. e. Their unwillingness to disagree with each other.
c. Their commitment to reform.
Which ruler tried to implement a wide range of social and economic reforms in the 1800s known as Russia's Great Reforms? Select one: a. Tsar Nicholas I b. Tsar Alexander I c. Tsar Alexander II d. Peter the Great e. Ivan the Terrible
c. Tsar Alexander II
What was the purpose of the levée en masse in France? Select one: a. redistribution of wealth b. radical constitution c. army of draftees d. state-controlled church e. better trade situation
c. army of draftees
Which concept is defined as leading from a general law to a particular observed example of the law? Select one: a. inductive reasoning b. laissez-faire c. deductive reasoning d. empirical method e. law of gravity
c. deductive reasoning
Which of the following was NOT an invention that advanced the Industrial Revolution? Select one: a. spinning jenny b. cotton gin c. electric engine d. power loom e. water frame
c. electric engine
The concept of allowing producers to trade with any place and anyone at prices set by the markets was known as what? Select one: a. mercantilism b. laissez-faire c. free Trade d. conservatism e. nationalismc. free Trade
c. free Trade
From the liberal perspective, what should be the most powerful branch of government? Select one: a. executive b. judiciary c. legislature d. aristocracy e. monarchy
c. legislature
Clerks, artisans, skilled workers, and independent shopkeepers belonged to which of the following urban classes? Select one: a. aristocracy b. bourgeoisie c. lower-middle class d. working class e. upper-middle class
c. lower-middle class
Which political philosophy held that an official religion was necessary for instilling proper respect for law and tradition? Select one: a. reaction conservatism b. nationalism c. moderate conservatism d. socialism e. free enterprise
c. moderate conservatism
After the Thirty Years' War, to where did people's thoughts and studies begin to turn again? Select one: a. religion b. government c. science d. economics e. exploration
c. science
Napoleon did all of the following EXCEPT Select one: a. Created legal and civil codes. b. Dealt successfully with France's finances. c. Created administrative and judicial systems that are still in use today. d. Called for free and open elections for all governmental positions. e. Granted legal title to peasants for the land they had seized.
d. Called for free and open elections for all governmental positions.
What was the central idea of Adam Smith's writings? Select one: a. Adam Smith thought mercantilism was the key to national wealth. b. He suggested that absolutely no government interference with business was optimal. c. Adam Smith advocated for more education for the consumer. d. He supported as little government intervention in business as possible. e. He wanted an increase in the variety of goods and services available to the public.
d. He supported as little government intervention in business as possible.
Which of the following statements is closest to the philosophes' beliefs? Select one: a. Sin is the leading cause of human misery. b. Government should have a strong executive power. c. All humans are equal in social and political rights. d. Ignorance is the major cause of inhumanity. e. Most people are capable of ruling if taught the way.
d. Ignorance is the major cause of inhumanity
Question text All of the following were ideas promoted by Mary Wollstonecraft EXCEPT Select one: a. Equality of the sexes. b. Education for women that was equal to men. c. Women had strong sexual needs. d. Liberated women should express their feminity within the bonds of marriage. e. Society had educated women to be "gentle domestic brutes."
d. Liberated women should express their feminity within the bonds of marriage.
In an effort to make science comprehensible and accessible to the masses, the French produced the most comprehensive literary work of the Enlightenment period. What was that immensely successful literary work called? Select one: a. The Spirit of the Laws b. Essay Concerning Human Understanding c. The Social Contract d. The Encyclopédie e. The Wealth of Nations
d. The Encyclopédie
What form of government did most of the Enlightenment philosophes believe would be best for the majority of the people? Select one: a. a republic b. true democracy c. an economic oligarchy d. a constitutional monarchy e. a theocracy
d. a constitutional monarchy
Newton's greatest contribution to science was Select one: a. his belief that humans can learn from their environment and improve their lives. b. the "Essay Concerning Human Understanding." c. his work in medicine. d. his insistence on rational, lawful principles in all operations of physical nature. e. his work in geometry.
d. his insistence on rational, lawful principles in all operations of physical nature.
Question text How did Britain avoid revolution in the early 19th century? Select one: a. Austria's assistance b. military repression c. radical reform d. parliamentary improvements e. strong monarchy
d. parliamentary improvements
What was the field of study for Isaac Newton's major contributions? Select one: a. astronomy b. education c. theology d. physics e. geometry
d. physics
On which of the following issues did the Enlightenment political thinkers NOT agree? Select one: a. state supervised, mandatory education b. equality before the law c. abolition of most forms of censorship d. religious beliefs e. limited monarchical power
d. religious beliefs
At the outset of the revolt against England, American colonists wanted which of the following? Select one: a. complete freedom b. a true democracy c. a theocracy d. representation in Parliament e. an independent nation
d. representation in Parliament
Russia embarked on a war to push Turkey out of southeastern Europe called which of the following? Select one: a. the Balkans War b. the Thirty Years' War c. the War of Russian Succession d. the Crimean War e. the Franco-Prussian War
d. the Crimean War
What ended the Jacobin Terror in France? Select one: a. Napoleon's coup d'état b. Establishment of the Directory c. Napoleon's execution d. Louis XVI's execution e. Robespierre's execution
e. Robespierre's execution
Question text Who is considered the most significant 18th century economic thinker? Select one: a. Locke b. Hume c. Adams d. Rousseau e. Smith
e. Smith
The American Constitution Select one: a. Was drafted by men raised in the tradition of European monarchies. b. Was modeled after the French government. c. Was heavily criticized in Europe. d. Strongly influenced educated Asian, especially in China. e. Strongly influenced educated European opinion, especially in France.
e. Strongly influenced educated European opinion, especially in France.
What was Otto von Bismarck's greatest objective? Select one: a. To become part of a country that would consist of Austria, Germany, and Hungary. b. To see Kaiser Wilhelm I, whom he despised, removed as leader of Germany. c. To create a German state that would exclude the Austrians but would take most of their territory. d. To provoke Austria into going to war against the Germans. e. To unify all of the Germans under one government, headquartered in Berlin.
e. To unify all of the Germans under one government, headquartered in Berlin.
In England, the two political parties that were in conflict over the British Reform Act of 1832 were the Select one: a. Sinn Fein and Marxists b. Unionists and Labour c. Social Democrats and Reformists d. Labour and Conservative e. Tories and Whigs
e. Tories and Whigs
All of the following devices helped advance the analysis of information EXCEPT Select one: a. pressure gauges b. microscope c. telescope d. Thermometers e. blunderbuss
e. blunderbuss
What were the basic raw materials used in the early industrial age? Select one: a. sugar and silk b. steam and cotton c. silk and cotton d. steam and coal e. coal and cotton
e. coal and cotton
What was voting based on in the Estates General? Select one: a. the representative's income b. the amount of taxes one paid c. educational level d. proportional representation e. estates that voted as a bloc
e. estates that voted as a bloc
Why did Napoleon III begin to liberalize his imperial regime? Select one: a. His foreign policy failures. b. The hostility from socialists. c. France's comparatively high taxation. d. His alliance with Austria. e. The threats to overthrow him
a. His foreign policy failures.
Who is considered the founder of modern pedagogical theory? Select one: a. Rousseau b. Voltaire c. Condorcet d. Descartes e. Diderot
a. Rousseau
What British government act generated a major colonial protest in 1765? Select one: a. Stamp Act b. Navigation Acts c. Declaratory Acts d. Townshend Acts e. Quartering Act
a. Stamp Act
During the 1840s, what came to define nationalism? Select one: a. The idea of cultural superiority over other nations. b. The belief that only agrarian societies could be virtuous. c. The belief that labor reform would heal society's ills. d. The idea that the Industrial Revolution was only for European countries. e. Unification of small principalities into larger countries was dangerous.
a. The idea of cultural superiority over other nations.
Which of the following actually changed least during the 1800s? Select one: a. medical care b. education c. diet and nutrition d. economic opportunity e. agriculture
a. medical care
In The Spirit of the Laws, which country's government came closest to perfect? Select one: a. France b. Britain c. Italy d. Germanic States e. the United States
b. Britain
Who did Napoleon fight against in his Egyptian campaign? Select one: a. Russia b. Britain c. Morocco d. Spain e. Austria
b. Britain
Whose work contributed most to removing Aristotle from his revered position as the master physicist? Select one: a. Copernicus b. Galileo c. Newton d. Descartes e. Brahe
b. Galileo
Which region of the United States was the original center of American industry, such as factories that produced metal tools, textiles, and shoes? Select one: a. Mississippi River Valley b. West Coast c. New England d. The Deep South e. mid-Atlantic states
c. New England
What was the new source of energy that was key to early industrialization as a mechanical process? Select one: a. petroleum b. solar power c. steam power d. horsepower e. water power
c. steam power
Which country's government served as a role model for 18th-century liberals? Select one: a. France b. Switzerland c. Spain d. England e. Egypt
d. England
What provoked the Franco-Prussian War? Select one: a. German seizure of the French land known as Alsace. b. The ill-conceived plan of Napoleon III to seize German lands west of the Rhine River. c. France's decision to aid Austria in the Austro-German War. d. The southern German states' desire to become part of a greater Germany. e. Bismarck's manipulation of the French, which led them to become the aggressors.
e. Bismarck's manipulation of the French, which led them to become the aggressors.
Who is considered one of the founders of the mathematical style of investigation? Select one: a. Jean-Jacques Rousseau b. Voltaire c. Isaac Newton d. Francis Bacon e. René Descartes
e. René Descartes
What was the main purpose of Osman's early ghazi state? Select one: a. Osman wanted his empire to become economically viable. b. He wanted to convert captured peoples to Islam. c. They waged holy war against the Byzantine Christians. d. They wanted to bring peace and harmony to Asia Minor. e. Osman's initial goal was to gain territory.
The correct answer is: They waged holy war against the Byzantine Christians.
To what were most Chinese schools of the Ming period geared toward? Select one: a. preparation for careers in business b. preparation for careers in art and literature c. preparation for civil service examinations d. preparation for careers in the military e. preparation for foreign service examinations
The correct answer is: preparation for civil service examinations
What is considered Akbar the Great's most noteworthy accomplishment? Select one: a. religious and social tolerance b. establishment of the Shi'ite state c. the Taj Mahal d. the conquest of Greece e. governmental reorganization
The correct answer is: religious and social tolerance
All of the following developments weakened Ming China EXCEPT Select one: a. the decline of Confucianism b. corrupt government practices by powerful eunuchs c. increased taxation of the peasantry d. lack of access to silver by peasants e. a series of ineffectual emperors
The correct answer is: the decline of Confucianism
During the height of the Reign of Terror, which three notable concepts developed? Select one: a. Egalité, Liberté, and Fraternité. b. All for one, one for all; and might makes right. c. France over all; Those who are not for us are against us; and May God save the king. d. Levée en masse, La Grande Armée, and Sic semper tyrannis. e. Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness.
a. Egalité, Liberté, and Fraternité.
On what government was the French Constitution of 1791 closely modeled? Select one: a. England b. Switzerland c. Belgium d. the United States e. the Netherlands
a. England
Which of the following statements best describes what John Locke believed? Select one: a. He believed that humans can learn from their environment and improve their lives. b. He believed in the concept of original sin. c. He believed that checks and balances were important in government. d. He believed that his destiny was to steer England through the rough waters of the Glorious Revolution. e. He believed that governmental reform was more important than scientific discovery.
a. He believed that humans can learn from their environment and improve their lives
Question text During the Scientific Revolution, who was the first to advance the concept of heliocentrism? Select one: a. Nicholas Copernicus b. Tycho Brahe c. Galileo Galilei d. Johannes Kepler e. Isaac Newton
a. Nicholas Copernicus
Which of the following was true of European cities in the 19th century? Select one: a. Poverty became much more visible due to the increased number of poor. b. Most of the wealthy citizens had made their money in the Industrial Revolution. c. Material life improved for all classes. d. The middle-class entertained with lavish style much the same as the aristocracy. e. The gap between the rich and poor declined during the Industrial Revolution.
a. Poverty became much more visible due to the increased number of poor.
What was the purpose of the Navigation Acts? Select one: a. The Navigation Acts demanded the use of British ships for colonial trade. b. The Navigation Acts were supposed to enforce proper seamanship. c. The Navigation Acts were designed to encourage competition among shippers. d. The Navigation Acts encouraged trade via land-based transportation means. e. The Navigation Acts led to improved road signs and directions for travelers.
a. The Navigation Acts demanded the use of British ships for colonial trade.
When did the confrontation between France's king and the National Assembly begin? Select one: a. With the storming of the Bastille. b. With the establishment of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen. c. On the arrest of the queen. d. On the writing of a new constitution. e. With the demand for "one man, one vote."
a. With the storming of the Bastille.
The first phase of the Industrial Revolution was marked by all of the following EXCEPT Select one: a. chemical industries b. use of steam power c. prominence of England d. production of textiles e. factories
a. chemical industries
What led to the changes in Western social habits after 1750? Select one: a. science competing with religion due to the Enlightenment b. a resurgence in Puritanism c. increased overseas trade d. a global economic depression e. the Enlightenment's stress on education
a. science competing with religion due to the Enlightenment
Which group was the governing class in western European cities in the 18th century? Select one: a. the aristocracy and the wealthiest commoners, who had intermarried b. the military commanders responsible to the royal government c. urban commoners who had obtained the vote d. the hereditary aristocracy e. the few young people who were financially able to attend universities
a. the aristocracy and the wealthiest commoners, who had intermarried
What was the Thermidorian Reaction against? Select one: a. the extreme measures taken during the Reign of Terror b. the king's tyranny c. the execution of the king d. the Directory's incompetence e. Napoleon's intrigues
a. the extreme measures taken during the Reign of Terror
Who controlled Italian industrialization? Select one: a. the northern states b. the Catholic Church c. the southern region d. the Mafia e. the Alpine states
a. the northern states
Which of the following best describes the gap between the rich and poor in the Industrial Age? Select one: a. widened b. was flexible c. shrank d. remained constant e. had peaks and valleys
a. widened
The French clergy and nobility owned what proportion of the real estate in France? Select one: a. 20 percent b. 40 percent c. 30 percent d. 59 percent e. 75 percent
b. 40 percent
What were the consequences of the 1848 revolts in France? Select one: a. Liberalization of workers' conditions and universal male suffrage. b. A short-lived Second Republic was followed by a new emperor. c. Immediate re-establishment of the Jacobins to power. d. Many French left France for life in a unified Germany. e. The monarchy of Louis Philippe remained in power.
b. A short-lived Second Republic was followed by a new emperor.
Why were the Industrial Revolution's new processes slow to spread from England to other countries? Select one: a. The breakdown diffusion of innovations, which kept new ideas and techniques from spreading . b. England treating industrial techniques as state secrets to protect their technological knowledge. c. The relative ignorance of non-English peoples when it came to mechanical devices. d. The fear of steam and its potential for dangerous scalding of human skin. e. England failed to understand the magnitude of the Industrial Revolution so the information was not communicated.
b. England treating industrial techniques as state secrets to protect their technological knowledge.
What was the collective term used to refer to some of the reforms to reduce labor abuses? Select one: a. The Declaratory Act b. The Factory Acts c. The Bill of Rights d. The Magna Carta e. The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
b. The Factory Acts
Which of the following was NOT considered in the negotiations at Vienna? Select one: a. The right of forcibly deposed monarchs to regain their thrones. b. The right of working people to determine their form of government. c. The responsibility of nations to work together to promote peace. d. The need to suppress rebellions in the future. e. The return to the old system of European government and society.
b. The right of working people to determine their form of government
What was the main problem with the dual monarchy in Austria-Hungary? Select one: a. The government was too liberal for the people's tastes. b. The two nations were independent except for foreign policy, defense, and some financial matters. c. The Hungarians seized control of the government and did not consider the wishes of other groups. d. The Austro-Germans rankled under the yoke of the dominant Hungarians. e. Catholics living within the monarchy felt threatened by the dominance of the Protestant majority.
b. The two nations were independent except for foreign policy, defense, and some financial matters.
Which of the following made American industrial towns different than European ones? Select one: a. unsafe and unsanitary working conditions b. democracy and social mobility c. hereditary privilege d. more expensive land e. fewer railroad networks
b. democracy and social mobility
What did the English census of 1851 reveal for the first time? Select one: a. Britain's economy dominated Europe. b. Manchester surpassed London as a population center. c. A majority of Britain's population lived in urban areas. d. The male population surpassed that of the female. e. England no longer had a frontier.
c. A majority of Britain's population lived in urban areas.
Which of the following statements applies to market farming? Select one: a. The ratio of grain harvested to seed sown was 3 to 1. b. Market farming produced crops for village subsistence. c. Crops were produced for an urban market. d. Farmers made intensive use of manure fertilizer in the fields. e. One-half of the growing fields lay fallow.
c. Crops were produced for an urban market
Which of the following was true of the Paris Commune? Select one: a. It was an imaginative attempt to introduce democracy through popular vote. b. It was an uprising against the imperial government of France that had lost the Franco-Prussian War. c. It was the first attempt at a socialist revolution. d. It was a group of Parisian artists who gathered to support each other in perfecting their craft. e. It was a peaceful revolution to protest concession in the Crimean War.
c. It was the first attempt at a socialist revolution
What were the two most basic characteristics of the Enlightenment? Select one: a. science and religion b. democracy and freedom c. optimism and rationality d. faith and prayer e. science and pessimism
c. optimism and rationality
Who benefited the most from the July Monarchy? Select one: a. artisans b. the poor c. the well off d. Catholic priests e. parliamentarians
c. the well off
In the centuries following the advent of the Industrial Revolution, massive numbers of people moved to the cities in a movement called? Select one: a. agrarian relocation b. urban growth c. urban migration d. urban immigration e. agrarian decay
c. urban migration
Which of the following best describes most of the population at the beginning of urban migration? Select one: a. middle aged b. uneducated c. young d. religious e. female
c. young
Which of the following prerequisites were necessary for the Industrial Revolution? Select one: a. Legal changes that forced women into the workplace, outlawed child labor, and ended private farm holdings. b. An upsurge in world trade and a social revolution to start the dictatorship of the proletariat. c. A society willing to embrace child labor and involuntary servitude among the working classes. d. An upsurge in world trade, a rising population, and an increase in the flow of money. e. A monopoly on the knowledge of how to use steam and cornering the world markets on iron ore.
d. An upsurge in world trade, a rising population, and an increase in the flow of money.
Which Western nation had the most favorable transportation system in the early industrial period? Select one: a. the Netherlands b. France c. the Germanic states d. England e. United States
d. England
Most of the Enlightenment thinkers and activity are associated with which of the following countries? Select one: a. the United States b. England c. Spain d. France e. Italy
d. France
Who is considered the most influential early socialist? Select one: a. Klemens von Metternich b. Pierre Curie c. Pierre Proudhon d. Henri de Saint-Simon e. Charles Fourier
d. Henri de Saint-Simon
During the Scientific Revolution, who demonstrated that the heavenly bodies moved in great ellipses (ovals) around the sun. Select one: a. Nicholas Copernicus b. Tycho Brahe c. Galileo Galilei d. Johannes Kepler e. Isaac Newton
d. Johannes Kepler
Why were young girls most often employed as machinists in early 19th-century British factories? Select one: a. They would work harder. b. They were more intelligent. c. They were generally skilled. d. They would work for lower wages. e. They could crawl through machinery to make repairs.
d. They would work for lower wages.
What was the French liberal state with a strong National Assembly and weak presidential executive called? Select one: a. July Monarchy b. Paris Commune c. Second Republic d. Third Republic of France e. Île de France
d. Third Republic of France
When did the National Constituent Assembly say it would leave Paris? Select one: a. When taxes on the middle class were reduced. b. When Louis XVI abdicated the throne. c. When peasants were granted land ownership. d. When France had a constitution. e. When land was confiscated from the Church.
d. When France had a constitution.
The concepts of laissez-faire, free trade, and limited government are associated with which of the following? Select one: a. Marxism b. Realpolitik c. nationalism d. free enterprise e. socialism
d. free enterprise
What was the most pressing problem facing industrialized cities in the 19th century? Select one: a. state sponsored education b. better roads c. housing shortage d. sanitation e. greater food supply
d. sanitation
Which of the following was the source for 18th-century liberalism? Select one: a. the Renaissance b. the Spanish Inquisition c. the Glorious Revolution d. the Enlightenment e. the Counter-Reformation
d. the Enlightenment
All of the following describes some of the major advantages railroads had over more traditional shipping methods in the 19th century EXCEPT Select one: a. Steam-powered locomotives were simple machines and quickly allowed for transportation growth. b. Private companies and individuals like Isambard Brunel built the early railroads. c. By the 1860s, railroads were in government hands except in the United States. d. The railroads greatly reduced costs of shipping and personal travel. e. Railroads could go anywhere anytime so they had more mobility than other shipping means.
e. Railroads could go anywhere anytime so they had more mobility than other shipping means
Question text Which of the following uses the practice of careful observation and systematic experimentation based on that observation? Select one: a. the Socratic method b. the scientific method c. deductive reasoning d. the empirical method e. inductive reasoning
b. the scientific method