World Civilizations - Chapters 4, 5, 7 - Chase Bradshaw

Assyria 850 - 612 B.C.

-Assyria used a sophisticated military organization to conquer an empire. -The Empire engaged in brutal treatment of its conquered peoples. -Kings used harsh taxes to control conquered peoples.

China 221 - 202 B.C.

-Ethical Systems Laid the Groundwork for a strong central government. -The Qin Dynasty defeated invaders, crushed internal resistance, and unified China under She Huangdi. -China initiated a sweeping program of centralization.

Nubia 751 B.C. - A.D. 350

-Nubia and Egypt interacted and spread their culture through trade. -The kings of Nubia conquered Egypt and maintained the Egyptian way of life. -Nubia established trade among Africa, Arabia, and India.

Persia 550 - 330 B.C.

-Persian kings were tolerant. -Kings permitted a high degree of local self-government. -The empire was divided into 20 provinces.

Egypt 1570 - 1075 B.C.

-Pharaohs set up a professional Army -Pharaohs invaded territories in Africa and Southwest Asia. -Egypt drew vast wealth from the lands it controlled.

The Trojan War

1200s B.C. The Mycenaeans fought a ten-year war against Troy, and independent trading city located in Anatolia. The Greek army besieged and destroyed Troy because the Trojan prince has kidnapped Helen, the beautiful wife of a Greek king.

Legalism

A Chinese philosophy that emphasizes strict obedience to laws.

Who were the Dorians?

A New Groups of people who moved into the war-torn countryside. They were far less advanced than the Mycenaeans. The economy collapsed and the art of writing was lost for some time. This was called the Dorian Age.

Han Restores Unity

After She Huangdi's death, Peasants were bitter over high taxes, harsh labor, and a severe penal system. A civil war followed.

Alexander in India

Alexander and his army won a fierce battle at the Hydaspes River, so he pushed further. The army soon became too exhausted and turned back. (Chandragupta Maurya's realization)

Alexander Defeats Persia

Alexander felt free to carry out his father's plans. He led 35,000 soldiers to Anatolia. He won a victory at Granicus, which alarmed king Darius III. Darius led 75,000 men to Alexander, but he found a weak point in the Persian lines. Darius fled and Alexander captured Anatolia. Darius tried to negotiate a peaceful settlement, but Alexander refused. He marched into Egypt, a Persian territory, and was welcomed as a liberator and crowned pharaoh. Over time, Alexander the Great conquered all of Persia.

The Peloponnesian War

Between Athens and Sparta: Athens - Stronger Navy Sparta - Stronger Army (inland so it could not be attacked by sea) The Spartans marched into Athenian territory causing major destruction. A plague struck Athens killing 1/3 of the Population. Athens signed a truce. Afterwards, Athens sent a fleet of 20,000 to the city-state of Syracuse, one of Sparta's wealthiest allies. Athens was crushed in the battle. Few returned home. Athens then fended off Spartan attacks for 9 years. In 404 B.C., the Athenians + Allies surrendered.

The Persian Wars

Between Greek city-states and the Persian Empires. It began in Ionia on the coast of Anatolia. The Greeks had settled there, but the Persians conquered the area. The Ionian Greeks revolted against the Persians and Athens came to their aid. The Persian King Darius vowed to destroy Athens in revenge. So a Persian fleet carried 25,000 men across the Aegean Sea and landed in Marathon, north of Athens. The Greek phalanx crushed the inferior Persians. Ten years later - Darius the Great's son Xerxes assembled an invasion to crush Athens. They marched down the easter coast to a narrow mountain pass. Greeks and Spartans blocked the way. The Spartans defended and all were killed. The Persians were eventually killed.

Chandragupta Maurya

Born in Magadha He gathered an army, killed the unpopular Nanda king, and claimed the throne, creating the Mauryan Empire - the first empire in India

Who Arose to stop this Turmoil?

Chandra Gupta, who had not relation to Chandragupta Maurya.

Asoka

Chandragupta's Grandson who brought the Mauryan Empire to its greatest heights.

Who was Confucius?

China's Most Influential Scholar: He believed that social order, harmony and good government could be restored in China if society were organized around five basic relationships: 1. Ruler and Subject 2. Father and Son 3. Husband and Wide 4. Older Brother and Younger Brother 5. Friend and Friend

Consequences of the Persian Wars:

City-States felt a new sense of Confidence. Athens increased military force, and entered a Golden Age.

Hellenistic Culture

Due to Alexander's empire, Greek culture blended with Egyptian, Persian, and Indian. Alexandria became the foremost center of Commerce in the Hellenistic Civilization.

Asoka Promotes Buddhism

During a battle with a Neighboring state, Asoka and his army slaughtered over 100,000 soldiers, and even more civilians died. Afterwards, Asoka felt sorrow for the city, and, as a result, studied Buddhism.

Describe Kush.

For centuries, Egypt dominated Kush in Nubia (lasting from 2000 to 1000 BC) As Egypt fell into decline, Kush began to emerge as a regional power. The Kushite Dynasty took over Egypt.

Athens

Greek City-State Had a Struggle between the rich and the poor. Geography: On the Aegean Sea. Tech: Ships Economy: Trade and Business Society: Used Democracy, or rule by the people. Military: Navy Culture: Revolved around Education

Why did Turmoil follow Asoka's death?

Greeks invaded India, and five centuries of Turmoil followed.

What Happened during the Han Dynasty?

Han Rulers encouraged Silk Road Trade with the West. Chinese invented paper, collar harness, and the water mill.

Who was Thutmose III?

Hatshepsut's stepson who pushed into Nubia.

Chandragupta Maurya Unifies North India

He Conquered land from Magadha to the Indus. Maurya began to battle Seleucus I ( One of Alexander's great generals) and eventually defeated him. The Mauryan Empire stretched over 2,000 miles, uniting north India politically for the first time. Chandragupta raised a massive army of about 639,000 soldiers. Harsh and strict Rule in the Civ.

How did Asoka decide to Rule?

He divided to rule by the Buddha's teaching of "peace to all beings." He set up large stone pillars throughout the empire inscribing his new policies. He brought India to new heights.

What Did Chandra Gupta II do?

He started the reign in which Indian art, literature, and dance flowered. During this Period, Indian Astronomers realized that Earth was round; mathematician calculated the value of pi and length of a solar year. Buddhism and Hinduism developed more popular forms. Trade spread Indian culture, Hinduism, and Buddhism.

Who was Pericles?

He was an able statesman who led Athens during much of its Golden Age. He was a skillful Political, Inspiring Speaker, and Respected General. Three Goals: 1. Strengthen Democracy 2. Hold and Strengthen the Empire 3. Glorify Athens

What happened after Alexander the Great Died at age 32?

His Macedonian generals fought among themselves for control over the empire. Antigonus, Ptolemy, and Seleucus all took chunks out of the empire, thus splitting it up.

Mycenaeans

Indo-Europeans who settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C. The name came from their leading city, Mycenae. It was a strong and fortified city which developed trade with the Minoans.

Macedonia

Located North of Greece - Thought of themselves as Greeks.

Sparta

Military City-State Geography: Part of Greece known as Peloponnesus, built inland. It contrasted with Athens in many ways. Tech: Weapons Economy: Agriculture and Slave Labor Society: Autocracy - ruled by two "equal" kings Council of Elders Helots - bottom of the Spartan society, but a bit better than slaves. Military: Army Culture: Military State - most powerful army in Greece.

Philip's Army

Philip II - became king of Macedonia at age 23. He was a brilliant general and politician. Built a powerful army and planned to defeat Greece. Before the Greek city-states could react in time, the Macedonians surrounded the city-states. Greece remained firmly under the rule of Philip. Philip planned to invade Persia but was stabbed to death by a former guardsman at his daughter's wedding. Alexander proclaimed himself king of Macedonia.

Han Dynasty

Ruled China for more than 400 Years. It was a very influential period in China's history in which a centralized government was established rather than Legalism.

Philosophers:

Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

What did Sparta think of Athens? What Happened?

Sparta viewed Athens with hostility as it grew in wealth, prestige, and power. Athens and Sparta pressed for war.

What Happened after Asoka died?

The Empire Started to Break Apart.

What happened under Wudi's reign?

The Han conquered neighboring regions and started civil service.

Briefly describe the History of Rome.

The Latin Entered the Region Rome was Founded Roman Republic was created Twelve Tables were Written Italy was Conquered Punic Wars Fought Julius Caesar Assassinated Roman Empire and Pax Romana begin with the reign of Augustus Jesus Crucified Christian Persecution Begins Pompeii Destroyed Pax Romana ends Germanic Tribes enter frontier regions Diocletian divides empire into East and West Christianity given Recognition Constantine reunites Empire Huns Invade Frontier Christianity becomes Official Religion Empire Permanently Split Last Emperor Deposed

What Happened to the Mycenaeans shortly after the Trojan War?

Their Civilization collapsed, and sea raiders attacked and burned many of their cities.

Why did Athens and Sparta team up?

To defeat the Persians in the Persian Wars.

What did Wang Mang do?

Wang Mang temporarily overthrew the Han.

Describe the New Kingdom of Egypt.

Wealthier and more powerful Egypt. Stronger Army - Advanced Weapons. Pharaoh - Hatshepsut - who encouraged trade rather than war.

Who were the two powerful leaders that emerged?

Xiang Yu and Liu Bang, who was one of Yu's generals. Bang eventually turned against Yu, and Liu Bang won, declaring himself the ruler of the Han Dynasty.