World English
Saraceni's view towards World English
1. Challenges idea that English has spread 2. English has relocated 3. English is deangliscised - No more centre periphery relationship
David Crystal World English
1. English adapts 2. Huge variation in vocabulary - 10,000 words in SA we don't know 3. Need schematic knowledge 4. Each English has cultural background
David Crystal's view towards World English
1. 'so great' 2. Nothing can stop its growth as a lingua franca
5 English words from Arabic
1. Candy 2. Sugar 3. Cotton 4. Guitar 5. Apricot
Indian English Lexis
- Own variety e.g. crore (1 million) achaa (good) - Compound words 'wallah' (congresswallah)
Robert Phillipson 1992
- Spread of English disadvantaged others - Loses prestige and die out
Canadian English Phonology
- US pronunciation - Distinct pronunciation of vowels e.g. about sounds like 'aboot'
Indian English Grammar
- progressive aspect - wh questions made without inversion - arbitrary use of articles
Canadian English Grammar
- yiz and youse in second person pronoun - American past tense 'dove' and 'snuck'
Context of English language
1. 5-7 million speakers in 1600 2. 1.5-2 million speakers today 3. 'current status of English is unprecedented' - Nicholas Ostler
How English might become more diverse
1. English can develop into a separate language for national identity purposes to reject cultural imperialism 2. USA's economic dominance might be challenged by China or India meaning US English not most popular 3. Technology might make English more diverse as translation improving 4. Biadialectism speaking 2 dialects - Switch from one to the other - SE more uniform - Regional more diverse
Attitudes towards World English
1. English collided with people, political power + trade 2. Imposing English was political decision 3. English was an oppressive colonial regime
Public View towards World English
1. English is property of English people - American's can be seen as an infectious disease - Jamaican English as crumbling castle with dat, dem
Ostler's view towards World English (radical)
1. English will decline along with US and UK power 2. Another language won't take over 3. Technology will intervene - Allow us to translate 'everyone will speak and write in whatever language they choose and the world will understand'
How might English become more uniform
1. International trade 2. Places like Nigeria adopted English as official language causing Nigerian to die out 3. American English might be global standard, people learn it for trade + seen in films and music causing other varieties of English to eradicate 4. Technology - English language of science and tech advancements, internet 90% of computers connected are in English speaking countries Computers mean less emphasis on teaching spelling at school Punctuation on web address not needed
Models of World English
1. Kachru 1992 - Inner, outer, expanding - Before rise of internet - No address for diversity of Englishes within circle 2. Stevens 1980 world map of English - Shows dominance of English - 4 segments of English language 3. Dynamic model 2007 - Foundation = English to new territory - Exnormative stabilisation = Spreading of English - Nativisation = new varieties of English - Endonormative stabilisation = becomes codified and established - Differentiation = dialects of English
David Crystal World English numbers in 2008
1. L1 400 mill 2. L2 400 mill 3. ELF 600-700 mill Total - 1.5 billion
Graddal's view towards World English
1. May lose momentum
First diaspora
1. Migrants leave British Isles for US, Canada, Aus 2. New first language L1
Jamaican English
1. Origin - English invaded 1655 2. Key Linguistic Features - Th fronting - No pronunciation of 'h' sound - Compounding - Zero copular - Pluralization 3. Current status - Official language of Jamaica - Spoken in parts of US and London
New Zealand English
1. Origin - Captain Cook 1769 arrival in NZ (first contact) Development - 20th century English roots gone 2. Key Linguistic Features - Abbreviations e.g. JAFA - Accent, same 20 vowel phoneme system - Blending e.g. Jandal - Rise in pitch 3. Current status - Most attractive form of English 2009 - English is spoken by 3/4 of the population
Second diaspora
1. Smaller groups settled in SA, South Asia 2. Means of communication between traders, settlers/locals
McArthur's view towards World English
1. So much radical change that English will break up 2. Fragmenting into family of languages
5 English words from Japan
1. Tsunami 2. Oregano 3. Emoji 4. Karaoke 5. Samurai
Pidgin
Contact language acts as Lingua Franca
Canadian English spelling
Endings similar to English -our -re BUT -ize similar to Canadian English
Global English
English as a worldwide language
English as a lingua Franca
English used as a common language but not first language
English as a Lingua Franca
Jennifer Jenkins 2996 5 characteristics 1. Allows for communication 2. Alternative to EFL 3. Have high or low proficiency 4. Code switching are useful strategies FEATURES 1. Dropping 3rd person 2. Confusion of who and which 3. Omission of definite and indefinite articles 4. Redundant propositions 5. Overusing verbs 6. Use of isnt it and no
Basilect
Less prestigious dialect
Acrolect
Most prestigious
Mesolect
Slightly prestigious
International English
Standard Form of English used in an international dialect
Creole
When a pidgin becomes a native language it becomes more complex in terms of grammar, phonology and vocabulary and becomes a creole