World history B

Which two nations battled for control over Silesia as part of the Third Silesian War, one of the conflicts of the Seven Years' War?

Austria and Prussia

How did the Enlightenment influence the American and French Revolutions?

Ideas about natural rights philosophy caused people to question and overthrow monarchy in favor of representative governments.

Did the United States annexed Alaska

No

joint-stock company definition

a partnership where multiple people assume financial risk of a venture

Britain (New Imperialism)

gain Egypt and the Suez Canal already possesses the southern tip of Africa acquires African territories at a rapid pace

protectorate definition

area under the political control and protection of a more powerful state

pseudoscience definition

beliefs or practices once mistakenly believed to be based on science

bureaucracy definition

government system involving many officials with power over different functions and areas

quinine definition

medication that enabled humans to resist malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases

Revolution definition

sudden, significant change in something; the overthrow of a government

sterilization definition

surgical procedure that prevents reproduction

Which was a main cause of conflict between Britain and China in the mid-19th century?

Britain imported Indian opium into China to break into the Chinese trade market.

Which describes the Crimean War?

Britain, France, and the Ottoman Empire oppose Russian expansion in the Black Sea region.

Absolute Rulers, Absolute Power

For many European monarchs, the 16th and 17th centuries marked a high point of their personal power. Emperors like Louis XIV of France and Philip II of Spain wielded incredible power over millions of subjects. Absolute rulers were not bound by law. They used their total authority with no restrictions. Some imperial rulers used their power to improve their empires. Others used their power against their rivals.

Modern Times Lead to New Methods of Rule

Empires often established colonies to be new markets for their goods. The First Industrial Revolution led to colonial expansion. Mechanical advances led to increased production. But factories produced more goods than consumers bought. Empires needed more markets for their excess goods. Most European imperialists regarded Africa as a land to be conquered. But they employed a different method to acquire territories in India and China. Soft power was a low-key means of diplomatic negotiation. Some imperial powers employed persuasion to establish a sphere of influence over other states. Soft-power methods included the use of alliances, financial loans, or trade pacts. This gave the empire political, economic, or cultural domination over the other state.

Cultural Motives (Europeans pushing religion onto others)

Eurocentrism is the false idea that white Europeans were superior to non-European races. Europeans thought this natural superiority gave them the right to control and dominate other cultures. They believed they had permission to take over other human societies. Europeans could replace tribal traditions and identities with their culture. This type of bigoted mindset was acceptable among imperial nations. The British devised the concept of the "White Man's Burden"; they believed that their superiority obligated them to improve the lives of other races. Many colonial administrators were on a mission to educate "savage" peoples. Most Europeans thought it was an improvement to replace a native culture with their own. They forced tribal societies to accept modern technology, medicine, and a "civilized" way of life. Europeans believed this policy offered benefits to colonial populations. Some Europeans tried to use science to justify their colonization efforts. They created the theory of social Darwinism. Social Darwinism applied the concept of "the survival of the fittest" to humanity. It suggested that stronger cultures deserved to rule. If a weak culture failed, that must be allowed to happen. They believed this cycle was part of a natural order.

How did Napoleon's conquest affect Europe?

Many Germanic territories were united for the first time in history.

Which identifies the effects of the Congress of Vienna?

The congress system it set up became a model for the United Nations.

Which names a policy or practice of a country extending its power and influence through diplomacy or military force?

imperialism

Peter the Great, Czar of Russia (1672-1725)

rises to the throne of Russia at age of 10 1697: spends year undercover to investigate Europe's technology, culture, and economy modernizes Russian culture by outlawing beards and encouraging Western dress reclassifies military and civilian citizens in Table of Ranks according to 14 levels of status reforms old Russian government and convenes a new senate centralizes government and organizes Russia into regions creates armed navy to face Sweden in the Northern War founds new capital of St. Petersburg in 1712 1721: Northern War ends, winning Russia Baltic coastline

Which option describes a country wielding power over a territory?

sphere of influence

France (New Imperialism)

takes Algeria from the Ottoman Empire expands until it controls most of western Africa

principality definition

territory ruled by a prince

Spanish-American War definition

the 1898 military conflict over Cuba began US imperialism and ended the Spanish Empire began on April 21, 1898.

First Industrial Revolution definition

the age of increasing technological advances and industrialization that occurred in the late 1700s The First Industrial Revolution affected the economy, society, and politics of Europe. The need for labor made a working class of poor citizens. Factories depleted local resources. The demand for raw materials was constant and increasing. The industrialization of Europe would disrupt human societies around the globe. By the 1500s, the Age of Discovery was opening the world. The world was on its way toward a global economy. The Spanish and Portuguese empires arose first. Their colonies in the Americas became the source of incredible riches. These two kingdoms gained awesome economic and political powers. They became empires.

Which identifies the Proclamation of 1763?

a law of Parliament that forbade American colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains

"White Man's Burden" definition

the belief that Europeans had a moral duty to elevate those cultures they considered savage

conservation definition

the careful management of resources and the preservation of wildlife and habitats

whale oil definition

the fatty fluid of the sperm whale used for lamp oil as well as an industrial lubricant

samurai definition

the hereditary warrior caste in feudal Japan

jingoism definition

fervent patriotism marked by militaristic policy

shogun definition

feudal Japanese warlord whose provincial domains were called shogunates

colonization definition

habitation of a land claimed by a empire

Supremacy definition

having more power or authority than other individuals or groups

Panama Canal definition

the human-made waterway that linked the Atlantic and Pacific oceans through Panama

American exceptionalism definition

the idea of American superiority; similar to the ideal of Eurocentrism

coup d'etat definition

the overthrow of an existing authority

Battle of Waterloo

"To meet your Waterloo" is an expression that means to suffer a major failure or defeat. This term has historical origins. The French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte had conquered most of Europe. In 1815, he led his armies into Belgium to fight the British. At the Battle of Waterloo, the mighty Napoleon would suffer his final defeat.

Evolution definition

a change in heritable traits over time; a process in which new organisms develop from preexisting organisms and ultimately give rise to new species

Eurocentrism definition

the belief in the superiority of Western culture and its ability to civilize other societies

Which best describes a cause of US imperialism during the late 19th century?

Businesses made more goods than domestic consumers were able to buy.

Which plan proposed to maintain open trade between China and Western nations?

Open Door policy

taboo definition

strongly forbidden or restricted for spiritual or cultural reasons

sakoku definition

the isolationist policy instituted by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1635

genocide definition

the mass killing of a large group of people, usually of a certain ethnic group

Which novel written by Leo Tolstoy portrays the Napoleonic Wars from the Russian perspective?

War and Peace

British Empire

- Singapore In 1819, the British East India Company built a trading post on Singapore Island. By 1867, Singapore was a thriving British crown colony. The British established a major naval base at this strategic Southeast Asian port. - Australia Originally, Britain used Australia as a colony for deported British criminals. The British colony of New South Wales offered strategic advantages against German and Spanish island colonies in the South Pacific. - Hong Kong Britain won this island colony in its mid-1800s Opium Wars against the Qing Dynasty. In the 20th century, Hong Kong became a major commercial center as the rest of mainland China turned communist. - Suez Canal In 1869, the French built the Suez Canal between the Mediterranean and Indian Ocean. Britain gained a controlling interest in this crucial waterway and posted troops to guard it. British occupation of Egypt essentially made it a protectorate of Britain from 1882-1956. - Province of Canada The British gained Canada from France after the Seven Years' War. Canada gave Britain resources and strategic advantage in the American Revolution and War of 1812. Canada flourished with fewer difficulties than other British colonies. - Cape Colony Cape Colony was originally established by the Dutch East India Company, but it was ceded to Britain through an 1814 treaty. The region was crucial as a way station for shipping from the Atlantic to Britain's Asian colonies, such as India. Cape Colony, later to become part of the larger South Africa, became even more valuable to the British when large quantities of gold and diamonds were discovered there.

Crimes and Culpability

An enormous cultural divide yawned between 19th century Europeans and the rest of the world. Europe's imperialists regarded colonial peoples as inferior. They saw themselves as wise parents guiding uneducated children. But imperial occupation was not always beneficial to colonial subjects. Europeans sought to eliminate their native customs and languages. All too often, Europeans eliminated the native peoples as well.

Which identifies Napoleon's impact on Europe?

Many Germanic territories were united.

Colonization to Imperialism

The Age of Discovery signaled a race among European nations to claim new lands. From the 1500s through the 1700s, explorers staked claims to lands in the Americas and parts of Asia and Africa. Europeans established colonies all around the globe.

Which identifies an effect of the Congress of Vienna?

The Congress of Vienna established the Concert of Europe as an international organization.

New Imperialism in Asia

The New Imperialism of the 19th century led to great changes. European empires ruled vast areas of Africa and Asia. Economic pressures increased the competition for land and resources. Empires struggled to find new ways to gain territory and assert control.

What led to the Boxer Rebellion?

The Open Door policy led other nations to carve out spheres of influence in China, leading to condemnation of the imperialists.

Napoleon in Modern Popular Culture

Today, Napoleon remains one of the most recognizable figures in world history. Most people can identify Napoleon by his distinctive headgear and pose alone. These simple details are enough to evoke the essence of Napoleon's personality. Napoleon's instant familiarity has made him a favorite subject of writers and filmmakers. Napoleon has appeared in movies countless times since early silent films. The Napoleonic Wars have provided a setting for numerous historical epics. If a movie plot involves time travel, chances are good that Napoleon may show up. Napoleon appears in both dramas and comedies. He often appears in animated cartoon form. Napoleon is mentioned by name in all varieties of songs from pop to rap. Napoleon's continuing pop-culture legacy demonstrates how history stays alive.

What was the Congo Free State?

a colony in central Africa under the control of King Leopold II of Belgium

duchy definition

territory belonging to a duke or duchess

Belgium (New Imperialism)

1876-1884: takes the Congo Basin

European Imperialism in Asia

A nation that established colonies became an empire. The empire grew in size, power, and wealth as it expanded its borders. Through imperialism, a nation could project power and influence beyond its borders. Sometimes empires acquired territory by means of diplomacy. However, the usual means was through military force. European imperialists had little concern for the effects their domination had on the native peoples. Many imperial powers of Europe focused on establishing colonies in Southeast Asia and the East Indies. The East Indies was the name for modern-day Indonesia. These regions held valuable resources like spices, silks, porcelain, gems, and exotic woods. In the 16th century, Spain colonized the Philippine Islands. But Britain's 1588 victory over the Spanish Armada weakened Spain. Spain could not defend its colonies. The Dutch moved into the East Indies and began colonizing. The British competed with the Dutch. In 1600, Queen Elizabeth I granted the British East India Company a royal charter to explore Asia and the East Indies. The British East India Company was a joint-stock company. It funded its expeditions through the sale of stocks backed by investors. The British East India Company had the right to establish and govern colonies. Its most prominent colony was India. The British East India Company governed large parts of India from 1757 to 1858. The British East India Company established other colonies in Burma, Malaysia, and other places in Southeast Asia. In the early 19th century, Southeast Asia was known as Indochina. The French colonized the region of Southeast Asia where modern-day Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia are located. They called their colony French Indochina.

Response to Atrocities in Modern Times (Terror in the Congo Free State)

Africa in the colonial era was the scene of multiple holocausts with millions of deaths. Leopold's 23-year reign of terror cost an estimated 10 million African lives. Despite well-documented evidence against Leopold, he escaped punishment. In fact, most European empires guilty of human-rights abuses suffered no penalties. Colonial officials burned thousands of pages of incriminating records dating from the 19th and 20th centuries. A sense of denial still lingers among former imperial nations. Few acknowledge their heritage of atrocity and inhumane policies. Many nations downplay their inhumane treatment of natives. Instead, they cite improvements their nations brought to undeveloped countries like railroads and medical knowledge. Some former empires have begun to admit their responsibility. In 2013, Prime Minister David Cameron acknowledged Britain's part in the Amritsar Massacre. Cameron expressed "regret for the loss of life." However, Cameron did not address his country's role in the 1943 Bengal Famine. Improvements have developed in tracking and documenting human-rights abuses. Advances are leading to more timely intervention and prosecution of those responsible. However, justice cannot be served for the brutalities of the past.

Anglo-Zulu War - 1879

African Zulu warriors vs. British and Boers British wanted land and diamonds; Boers needed protection Zulus familiar with terrain; close-up fighting eliminates effectiveness of British rifles bright red uniforms made British troops visible targets in grasslands ends with British victory after six months of fighting and thousands of extra troops

Imperial Competition Graph

As nations began to industrialize in the early 19th century, economic development boomed. Over the next century, various nations became prosperous because of their ability to manufacture and ship around the world. Take a moment to review the following graph. It shows the gross domestic product (GDP) considering purchasing power parity (PPP) The graph shows the long-term economic development of the United Kingdom, United States, Germany, and France from 1820 to 1914. The gross domestic product purchasing power parity is recorded in 2010 international dollars CHECK SCREENSHOTS FOR THE GRAPH

End of the Great Game

As the 20th century dawned, Russia's leader had become tired of the Great Game. The British government was disputing boundary lines in Persia. The back-and-forth contest had become an annoyance. In 1907, the two nations signed the Anglo-Russian Entente The agreement laid out the disputed Persian boundaries. Russia held Northern Persia, while Britain held Southern Persia and Afghanistan. The agreement also defined the spheres of influence for both empires. Despite lingering suspicions, the two rivals pledged their cooperation. The Great Game was over. However, intertwined political loyalties still existed among European nations. Soon, this tangle of alliances would pull all of Europe into the First World War.

Which battle led to Napoleon's abdication and exile to the island of Elba?

Battle of Leipzig

Which battle led to the defeat of the French navy?

Battle of Trafalgar

At which battle did the Duke of Wellington defeat Napoleon?

Battle of Waterloo

First Boer War 1880-81

Boers vs. British for control of Transvaal Boers push out British Boers wealthy after 1886 gold strikes

In 1885, European leaders at the Berlin Conference agreed to the rules for dividing African territory. How did this agreement change the geographic characteristics of Africa?

Boundary lines were determined by political claims rather than cultural characteristics of regions.

What were some effects of the Seven Years' War?

Britain gained exclusive trading rights in Bengal, India. France surrendered Canada to Britain through the Treaty of Paris.

Arthur Wellesley

British Army Commander-in-ChiefBritish Prime MinisterMay 1, 1769 - September 14, 1852 Biography: Born to an Irish aristocratic family, Arthur Wellesley's lackluster childhood did not reflect the success he would achieve as an adult. He received his first military commission at 18 and rose to military prominence with his service in India and during the Spanish Peninsular War. His defeat of Napoleon's troops in Spain in 1812 earned him the title of the Duke of Wellington, and he became Britain's ambassador to France. Wellington cemented his mark on history when, in June 1815, he defeated Napoleon once and for all at the Battle of Waterloo. He later turned to politics, becoming British prime minister in April 1827. Fun Fact: An uncompromising and rigid politician, Wellesley was nicknamed the Iron Duke. A popular myth also attributes this nickname to his unpopularity in Britain. Protesters smashed the windows of his home, resulting in the installation of iron shutters.

Why do some Indians blame the British for the numerous famines that struck Bengal and other parts of India in the18th and 19th centuries?

British colonial rulers overtaxed peasants and did not maintain government grain reserves for times of famine.

What happened at Amritsar in 1919?

British troops fired into a crowd of nonviolent Indian protestors, killing hundreds of them.

Beginning of the Great Game

By the 19th century, several European empires—Russia, Britain, France, and Germany—competed in the rush for global power and wealth. Britain's long rivalry with France had cooled. The British turned their focus on Russia. The competition between these two nations became known as the Great Game. For generations, Russia's rulers sought a warm-water port to its south. The landlocked southern border of Russia stretched across Central Asia. The British colony of India lay on the other side of the forbidding Himalaya Mountains. Britain feared Russian encroachment into Northern India. British troops guarded India's northern frontier against Russian invasion. Afghanistan's Khyber Pass was a weak link. It provided a direct route across the Himalayas into India. Britain sent agents into Afghanistan to forge an alliance. But Russia was active in Afghanistan. Its agents worked to counter British efforts. Afghanistan's ruler pledged loyalty to Britain. Then, he favored Russia. In 1838, the British moved to depose him. This triggered the First Anglo-Afghan War. British colonial troops marched into Afghanistan's capital Kabul. They overthrew their disloyal ally. British officials installed a former Afghan king as their puppet ruler. Afghans rebelled against British occupation. In January 1842, Afghan rebels forced 16,000 British citizens to flee Kabul on foot. But Afghan raiders ambushed the refugees at a mountain pass. A bloody slaughter ensued. A single survivor reached the British garrison at Jalalabad. The superior British had considered the Afghans backward. But tribesmen with swords had massacred 16,000 British subjects. The British withdrew from Afghanistan. By then, Russians were focused on the Black Sea region.

Geography Equals Power

By the late 18th century, Western nations came to control large parts of the world. Driven mostly by a desire for economic profit and political power, many of these nations increased their influence through the activities of joint-stock companies. These companies operated in the Americas, Africa, and Asia. On the eve of the Industrial Revolution, Europe was primed for further imperial expansion in the 19th century. - Great Britain is located on islands near the northwestern tip of mainland Europe. During the 19th century, the British occupied a large portion of North America and several Caribbean islands. There were British colonies on Africa's western coast and the western and eastern coasts of India. - France lies in the northwest portion of mainland Europe. French colonies included the island now known as Haiti and a portion of the north shoreline of South America. France also occupied a small portion of the western shoreline of Africa and a small island off the coast of Italy. - Portugal is on the southwest coast of mainland Europe. This small country is bordered by Spain on two sides. Portugal occupied the eastern half of South America, the southern coasts of Africa, and parts of the west shores of India. - Spain lies in the southwest corner of mainland Europe. Spain's colonial holdings included Mexico, the western and southern parts of North America, and some Caribbean islands. Spain also occupied much of South America's western coast and most of the Philippine Islands. - The Netherlands is located in the northwest portion of mainland Europe. The Dutch had colonies in Central America and on the northeastern coast of South America. The Netherlands also colonized the southern tip of Africa. Several Dutch colonies existed on South Pacific islands and the southeastern shoreline of Australia. - The United States of the 19th century occupied the eastern portion of the North American continent from the continent's eastern coast to its central interior. - Russia occupies eastern Europe and the northern portion of the Asian continent. The Russian Empire held territory on the northwest coast of North America. - The Ottoman Empire was in present-day Turkey. The Ottomans occupied the northwestern coast of Africa, large portions of the Arabian Peninsula, and southeastern Europe.

Major Battles of The Napoleonic Wars

CHECK SCREENSHOTS

Social Darwinism and Eugenics History

Charles Darwin was a 19th-century biologist. Darwin observed related species of birds and other animals. He noted differences in appearance and behavior. He theorized environmental factors might have influenced these physical differences. He suggested animals with beneficial traits were more successful. They passed on positive traits while weaker species died off. Darwin used these ideas to formulate a theory of evolution. In 1859, Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species. Some thinkers applied Darwin's theories to human society. They believed Darwin's "survival of the fittest" applied to humankind. They thought people with certain traits were more likely than others to succeed. Their ideas became known as Social Darwinism. Social Darwinism was a pseudoscience. It used scientific language to support ideas that had no evidence. Social Darwinism gained popularity. People thought it could be used for improving society. Their good intentions paved the way for eugenics. In 1883, British scientist and explorer Francis Galton read Darwin's book. Galton was a cousin of Charles Darwin. Galton coined the word "eugenics" from the Greek word eugenes, meaning "good birth." Eugenics promoters thought human reproduction should be controlled to ensure beneficial traits. Social Darwinists thought eugenics could benefit all of humanity. However, eugenics philosophy had a negative side. This notion led to strict policies. Many local authorities outlawed interracial mixing. Social Darwinists also considered disabilities to be undesirable traits. They regarded disabled people as inferior to people who possessed so-called desirable traits. Social authorities often approved forced sterilization. Historians consider eugenics to be a factor leading to the Holocaust of the 1940s. But the Holocaust did not mark the first time eugenics was applied in the 20th century. The first incident occurred decades earlier in the African country now known as Namibia. There, German colonial authorities put eugenics policies into practice. Their results would expose Social Darwinism in a shocking light.

European Imperialism in China

China's wealth tempted European imperialists. British traders used trade agreements to encroach into China's trade markets. The British won the First Opium War. The British victory forced the Chinese to negotiate. They agreed to the 1842 Treaty of Nanking. The Chinese also agreed to the Treaty of the Bogue. Its terms granted the right of extraterritoriality to foreigners living in China. Extraterritoriality made them immune to Chinese law. This treaty weakened China's sovereignty. Britain's success encouraged French and German traders. They tried to build their own spheres of influence in China. They began pressuring China into accepting unfavorable treaties. Discontent led to the Taiping Rebellion in 1850. The revolt ended in 1864 with 20 million Chinese dead. But foreign influence within China only increased. The United States became an empire in 1898. The US government won the Philippines after the Spanish-American War. The US government considered expansion elsewhere in the Eastern Hemisphere. It looked for a foothold in China. In 1899, American officials drafted the Open Door Policy. The resolution defined China as an open-market state. It granted all Western nations trading rights. The Chinese reacted with outrage. In 1900, the bloody Boxer Rebellion erupted. Japan and European powers put down the rebellion. However, the Boxer Rebellion pushed the Qing dynasty toward collapse. The Qing government fell to internal unrest in 1911. Imperialism in Asia had mixed effects. But Eurocentric beliefs and a desire to secure economic gain caused cultural upheaval and oppression among Asian people.

What role did colonies fulfill during the First Industrial Revolution?

Colonies supplied the raw materials that were needed for the manufacturing process.

Mutinies, Wars, and Rebellions

During the 19th century, the rigid order of the European colonial system began to collapse. The exploited peoples of South Africa, India, and China were gaining political awareness. Nationalist spirit drove them to oppose the tyranny of their imperial masters. The struggle for self-determination would ignite long, bloody, violent conflicts throughout the colonial world.

Impact of New Imperialism

During the age of New Imperialism, Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, Britain, France, Belgium, and Germany had managed to build massive empires. The 1800s was a boom time for European imperial expansion. Empires competed to increase their presence in Africa and Asia. New Imperialism would have global effects. Economic needs drove empire building. Industrial advances had made empires wealthy. However, increased production meant rising demands for raw materials. Even wealthy nations expanded to maintain their economies.

Building Empires, Establishing Control (Impact of New Imperialism)

European empires competed for economic supremacy. They sought lands with resources. They seized territory by persuasion or force. Imperial nations established colonies. They stationed colonial military forces to defend their possessions. Occupation offered colonized peoples protection from other imperial powers. However, indigenous populations lost their freedom. Colonial administrators reshaped native peoples to conform to the European ideal. They adopted strict policies for colonial subjects to follow. Their rules dismissed long-held native customs, religions, and languages. Instead, they imposed European customs, religions, and languages on native cultures. Colonial administrators also overruled local political authorities. These helped empires maintain control of foreign lands. Ruling a colony was a complex process. It took a bureaucracy of administrators to oversee local colonial affairs. In India, the British government established the Indian Civil Service (ICS). Made up of elite bureaucrats, the ICS supervised colonial government activity. Eurocentric attitudes prevailed. White administrators reserved high-ranking ICS positions for British workers. Empires focused on extracting raw materials from colonial lands. Most imperial rulers considered native peoples as resources to power their colonial economies. Colonial riches poured into European treasuries. Occupied peoples did not share in the rewards of European occupation. Millions of indigenous peoples suffered as laborers in mines and on plantations. The situation in the Congo Free State reached unmatched heights of brutality. The Belgian king Leopold II ruled his African colony with shocking cruelty. Leopold enslaved his African subjects. He made them labor on his rubber plantations. Some of them worked to the point of death. Those who resisted faced horrific punishments. Leopold had overseers cut off their fingers and hands. Millions of Congolese died during Leopold's reign of terror. Human rights abuses occurred in other African colonies. Cecil Rhodes was prime minister of Britain's Cape Colony. African diamonds gave Rhodes staggering wealth. He saw Africans as a resource to exploit. Rhodes enacted laws to prevent them from owning land. Thousands of South African people worked in the mines. Rhodes even made children dig diamonds from the earth.

Effects of Colonization

European imperialism had far-reaching effects on its colonies. Imperial powers imposed colonial governments on regions that had been ruled by small factions. This forced political unity later helped many native peoples form the foundation of an independent state. Imperial rule also brought economic improvements to a region. Colonies established trade and organized the cultivation of profitable cash crops, creating wealth. However, colonialism did not benefit indigenous peoples. The territory's native inhabitants labored to produce resources, While they filled the imperial treasuries, they faced mistreatment and heavy taxes. By the millions, native populations were displaced from their homelands or fell victim to European diseases. The Aborigines of Australia, North American Indian tribes, and many others suffered such abuses. Colonialism eroded native cultures. The occupying Europeans often forced indigenous peoples to give up their religion, language, and culture. But many indigenous people found ways to preserve their own cultures. For example, some Central American peoples blended symbols of the Catholic Church into their native religions. The negative consequences of pre-19th century colonization far outweighed the benefits. By the early 1800s, discontent among the occupied peoples led to action. Native inhabitants of European colonies in Latin American found inspiration in Enlightenment ideas and the successful revolutions in America and France. They began to develop strong independence movements.

Colonialism Effect on the Environment

European plantation owners exploited colonial lands. They disregarded conservation. Laborers cleared vast tracts of forest land for agriculture. Huge plantations raised only one cash crop. Fields were planted and harvested until the soil was barren. Soil erosion followed. Construction of India's colonial railway system caused drastic deforestation. Between 1879 and 1929, Indian workers built 32,000 miles of track. High-volume timber harvesting consumed entire forests. Deforestation and soil erosion ruined the land. The British colonial government passed the 1878 Forest Act to protect forests. However, it gave the colonial government more control of Indian forests. Deforestation rates remained high.

France's Estate System Estates-General definition

France's legislative body until 1789; represented the clergy, nobility, and commoners France's pre-revolution population was split into three classes called "estates." The first two estates were the French clergy and nobility. The common people made up the third. The first two estates could outvote the third. The three estates chose representatives for an assembly called the Estates-General. First Estate: Catholic clergy = didn't pay taxes Second Estate: wealthy nobility = didn't pay taxes Third Estate: common people (98% of the French population) = paid taxes Louis was desperate to solve the debt crisis. He suggested taxing the nobles, who rose up in angry opposition. The commoner Maximilien Robespierre belonged to a political group called the Jacobins. Robespierre demanded reforms. Robespierre and Third Estate delegates created a constitution. On July 9, 1789, they proclaimed themselves the National Constituent Assembly. King Louis XVI refused to recognize the assembly. The power struggle made tensions build.

What effect did the Battle of Waterloo have on the world?

Great Britain became the world's sole superpower after the defeat of Napoleon.

Which identifies a reform Peter the Great made to Russia?

He modernized Russian culture.

Seven Years' War

Historians regard the Seven Years' War as the first global war. This conflict involved several European empires and took place on three continents. At the center was the struggle between the powerful empires of Britain and France for economic and political dominance. The Seven Years' War between Britain and France unfolded on a huge scale. This was not one single war. The two hostile nations battled on multiple fronts: in Europe, North America and the Caribbean, and India. These two enemies would ensnare numerous European allies, colonial possessions, and foreign states in their conflicts. The roots of the Seven Years' War lay in the 1740 War of the Austrian Succession. This war was a large war that spun off into several smaller wars. Prussian king Frederick the Great had declared war on Austria. In the First Silesian War, Prussia took the Austrian province of Silesia. In the Second Silesian War, Austria failed to recapture its province. When Prussia won the War of the Austrian Succession in 1748, Frederick kept Silesia. In 1756, Austria declared war on Prussia to regain Silesia. The Third Silesian War became the European front of the Seven Years' War. Frederick appealed for British support, and Britain switched its alliance from Austria to Prussia. In turn, Austria switched its alliance from Britain to France. Rather than assisting their allies in Central Europe, Britain and France fought each other. In 1756, Austria declared war on Prussia to regain Silesia. The Third Silesian War became the European front of the Seven Years' War. Frederick appealed for British support, and Britain switched its alliance from Austria to Prussia. In turn, Austria switched its alliance from Britain to France. Rather than assisting their allies in Central Europe, Britain and France fought each other.

Cultural and Social Effects of Colonialism

Imperial powers reorganized regions to suit their needs. They established borders without regard to existing boundaries. The new borders often divided tribal homelands. They separated groups that depended on one another. Sometimes new boundaries forced rival ethnic clans to live in the same area. Such disregard led to discontent among colonial populations. Imperial economies required new markets. Empires viewed their colonial populations as consumers. They made them use goods manufactured in Europe. Often, these goods came from their plundered resources and forced labor. Imperialism imposed European languages on large parts of Africa and Asia. Some countries with colonial histories retained European languages. For example, French is still spoken in Cameroon, English in India, and Portuguese in Angola. In some cases, European imperialism produced some positive effects. In 1829, the British outlawed the practice of suttee in India. Suttee required a widow to sacrifice herself on her dead husband's flaming funeral pyre. In 1833, the British Parliament also abolished slavery within the British Empire. The Crown enforced this policy in Africa and Asia. Imperialists maintained that colonization helped native cultures. They cited the modern advances that Europeans brought. Colonial empires built roads, railways, and bridges. They established schools and hospitals. They brought medical advances that halted the smallpox epidemics that were ravaging African populations. The imperialists did not consider that Europeans had brought the smallpox in the first place.

Which correctly describes the positive impact of European imperialism?

Imperialist powers provided political unity and economic improvements to their colonies.

How did industrialization affect US foreign policy in the late 19th century?

Improved military technology gave the United States advantages over weaker nations. American businesses sought new international markets for their goods.

War in South Africa

In 1652, the Dutch East India Company colonized the southern tip of Africa. Dutch settlers were called Boers. Conflicts erupted when the Boers expanded their territory. They intruded on tribal grazing lands of the Khoikhoi people. Two centuries of warfare followed between the Boers and indigenous African tribes. In 1806, Britain won the disputed territory. The British named it Cape Colony. They aimed to unite Southern Africa under British rule. However, the Boers resented the British. The Boers decided to seek a new homeland. Beginning in 1835, over 12,000 Boers set out northward on the Great Trek. In 1852, the Boers established Transvaal. In 1910, they established the Orange Free State.

The Seven Years' War in India

In 1757, the Seven Year's War reached Asia. The Third Carnatic War erupted along India's eastern coast. The British used the unrest to make a power play in India. Agents of the British East India Company had gained helpful Bengali allies. The company's plot to depose the reigning prince of the Mughal Empire was successful. The British Navy won critical land and sea battles against the French. Britain won the Third Carnatic War in 1763. Bengal's new rulers gave Britain valuable territory in Bengal. The Bengalis also granted the British East India Company exclusive trading rights throughout the Bay of Bengal. Britain was positioned to take over all of India. The defeated French, however, lost access to many of their markets in Southeast Asia. Five days after Britain and France signed the Treaty of Paris, another conference convened. Prussia and Austria signed the Treaty of Hubertusburg to settle the Third Silesian War. This treaty's terms allowed Prussia to keep Silesia. Prussia had won the Seven Years' War in Europe. This victory made the Prussian Empire the major power in Central Europe.

The Northwest Territory (Ideas Inspire Change)

In 1763, the French and Indian War was settled. The treaty made the French return its vast North American land to the victorious British. The Northwest Territory included most of the modern-day states of Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Indiana. American colonists were eager to settle this new wilderness land. However, the British issued the Proclamation of 1763. This law forbade colonists to settle in lands west of the Appalachian Mountains. The British intended the law to reduce disputes with the native tribes that inhabited the Northwest Territory. Barring settlers from these lands would help maintain the peace. The law also served to restrict the independent movement of American colonists. The British Crown also demanded that the colonies repay the cost of the French and Indian War. Parliament imposed heavy taxes on the colonists. Britain's harsh actions caused the angry American colonists to push for independence. In 1776, Americans launched a revolution to achieve their freedom. The success of the American Revolution inspired people around the globe—particularly America's French allies. - The Oncoming Storm A decade later, a similar political situation developed in France. King Louis XVI's royal treasury was depleted. Losing the Seven Years' War to Britain had cost France dearly. After that, France had spent millions funding America's war against Britain. The extravagant lifestyle of Louis and his queen Marie Antoinette made the situation even worse. The French clergy and nobility paid no taxes. Instead, it was the lower class who paid all of the taxes. The common people were starving. Widespread hunger led to bitterness and food riots.

Revolutions

In 1763, the Seven Years' War altered the world map. But in America, far greater political and social changes loomed. Enlightenment ideals and discontent spurred a revolution. This new nation would provide a model for another nation's revolution.

Imperialism Shapes US Foreign Policy

In 1901, Theodore Roosevelt became president of an imperial nation. Roosevelt understood US naval warships needed fast access to both oceans. Going between the Atlantic and Pacific involved a long voyage around the tip of South America. Roosevelt envisioned a canal that connected the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The perfect site for a canal was Panama, which was under Colombian control. But Colombia rejected Roosevelt's offer. So, the US government helped Panamanian rebels declare independence from Colombia. US gunboats stood by to ensure a peaceful transition. In 1914, US construction companies finished the Panama Canal. The canal enabled US naval warships to move quickly between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. By the 20th century, America's role in world affairs would have increasing importance.

The Crimean War

In July 1853, Russian forces invaded the Danube territory. They occupied the Black Sea's western shores near the Turkish borderlands. The Russian invasion enraged the Ottoman Turks. On October 4, 1853, the Ottoman Empire declared war on Russia. France and Britain joined the Turks. The Crimean War had begun. Historians regard the Crimean conflict as the first modern war. Advances of the Industrial Revolution streamlined warfare. Railroads, the telegraph, and fast-loading rifles gave armies new advantages. But greater firepower increased the number of casualties. Even worse, more soldiers died from disease, infection, and gangrene than warfare. Russia lost the Crimean War. Fifty years later, a greater defeat ended Russia's quest for expansion. In 1905, the Russo-Japanese War broke out. Japan's navy won by destroying the Russian fleet. Without its navy, Russia was unable to pursue its aggressive military agendas.

The Berlin Conference Divides a Continent

In November 1884, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck opened the Berlin Conference. He welcomed representatives from 14 European powers. A gigantic map of Africa hung on the wall. The assembled men frequently consulted the map. They discussed how to carve up the African continent. No African representatives were present. No one was there to protect the interests of the African people. Except for two attendees, not a single one of the representatives had set foot in an overseas colony. The white men who rearranged Africa's map did not understand its lands and its peoples. They did not consider regional cultural characteristics. They based their reasoning on political claims. They drew boundary lines that split African homelands. They relocated populations to accommodate their whims. They forced bitter enemies to coexist side by side.

Scramble for Africa

In the 19th century, European empires expanded into Asia, the Americas, and Oceania. However, Africa's vast interior was too forbidding. Mosquito-borne disease and tangled jungles prevented settlement by non-native people. In the 1880s, advances in medicine and technology enabled Europeans to colonize Africa. The imperial powers divided Africa among themselves at the Berlin Conference. Their mad rush to colonize this giant continent would be called the Scramble for Africa.

Eugenics

In the 19th century, enlightened thought had led to the establishment of democracies and personal liberties. But many white Europeans believed humanist ideas applied only to their race. The Eurocentric ideal convinced them they were superior. This notion justified their view of other peoples as inferior beings. They turned to science to prove their racial theories.

European Imperialism in the Americas

In the Americas, the Spanish conquered the mighty native civilizations of the Aztec and Inca. They also imposed Spanish rule over the Indian tribes of the American Southwest. They used an ever-growing network of missions to maintain a Spanish presence throughout the region. As with most conquerors, the Spanish felt superior to the indigenous peoples they encountered. They believed they gave native peoples an advantage by remaking their cultures in the European style. The Spanish colonial authorities forced native American tribes to replace their religion and language with Catholicism and Spanish.

Arrival of Commodore Perry

In the mid-1800s, the United States began expanding into the Pacific. Japan presented strategic importance as a naval supply base. Also, Japan had a thriving whaling industry. Western industries needed whale oil. Whalers had depleted Atlantic whale populations. In 1853, President Millard Fillmore sent Commodore Matthew Perry to Japan. Perry's mission was to secure trading rights with Japan—by force, if necessary. The Tokugawa shogunate was in decline. Tokugawa Yoshinobu received the American delegation. Perry presented the US government's demands. The shogunate would open two ports to American traders. It would guarantee the right of extraterritoriality to Americans in Japan law. It also would allow an American consulate in Japan. Yoshinobu accepted. The 1854 Treaty of Kanagawa ended the isolationism between Japan and the Western world.

What effect did industrialization have on imperialism?

Increased production led to a surplus in manufactured goods and a need for more customers.

Which identifies the agency of elite bureaucrats that oversaw all government activity in British India?

Indian Civil Service

Roots of American Imperialism

Industrialization trapped nations in an endless cycle. Industrial advances increased production. Higher production increased demands for raw materials. Higher production also created a surplus of goods. But the home market already owned these goods. Producers needed fresh markets. In 1854, the US government considered how to break into the closed markets of Japan. It decided to employ gunboat diplomacy. The US Navy forced Japan to open its markets. But the American Civil War interrupted expansion plans. The Second Industrial Revolution began as the war ended. But following the war, military buildup stopped for two decades. Then in 1893, an economic depression occurred. The US government needed to restart the economy. It revived its expansion plans. Over the 1890s, America moved toward war. The War Department built up the US naval fleet. Among the people, a form of patriotism called jingoism became popular. Aggressive slogans and bouncy songs promoted American exceptionalism. The American people intended to spread their capitalistic Christian democracy around the world. Feelings of national unity erased lingering hostilities from the Civil War era. Only recently, many Americans had experienced the brutality of war. Now they celebrated the use of military force.

What was the effect of the Napoleonic Code?

It became the set of civil laws adopted throughout Europe and other parts of the world.

beginning of the Battle of Waterloo

It was mid-afternoon before the Battle of Waterloo commenced. Napoleon directed some of his forces to stage an assault on the right side of Wellington's army. He intended to use this diversion to draw away soldiers from other British defensive positions. But Wellington's troops met Napoleon's challenge. Wellington directed his main forces to stand fast. The British soldiers suffered losses but stood firm. Despite this impasse, Napoleon still felt confident of victory. The British forces that blocked his advance were falling under the French Army's assault. Napoleon and his troops were preoccupied with combat when the Prussian reinforcements arrived on the scene. They did not notice the 30,000 troops approaching from their rear. Suddenly, Napoleon found himself on the defensive. He tried to divide his troops to meet the Prussian wave. But Napoleon's forces were outnumbered by the two enemy armies. The British front held strong as the Prussians pressed the French from behind. At one point, Napoleon himself risked becoming a battlefield casualty. But Wellington did not press his advantage. He accepted Napoleon's surrender. The Duke of Wellington was victorious. The great Napoleon Bonaparte had met his Waterloo.

How did European imperialism influence Asia?

Low Chinese demand for European goods led British traders to deal in opium, creating addicts and triggering a war.

The Rise of Imperial Japan

Japan became militarized. In politics, military factions replaced the samurai. Japan rebuilt its navy based on British warships. Industrial demands soon strained Japan's available resources. Japan needed to expand into East Asia. China was its first objective. In 1895, the First Sino-Japanese War began. China lost to Japan's Western-style military tactics and weapons. Japan gained Korea and became a dominant power in Asia. Isolationist Japan was now an empire. In 1904, the Russo-Japanese War began. Japan invaded Korea and Manchuria. Japanese forces attacked the Russian fleet in Manchuria's Port Arthur. The Imperial Japanese Navy destroyed Russia's ships. Japan defeated the Russian Empire within a year. Japan gained more territory in Korea and Manchuria. Japan had become an imperial power. It was prepared for its future role as an aggressor nation.

Terror in the Congo Free State

King Leopold II of Belgium used his personal fortune to acquire the Congo River region. By 1885, Belgium's king possessed a colony 76 times larger than the Belgian state. The Congo Free State lay deep in the jungles of Central Africa. Leopold claimed he had a mission to civilize Africans. He ruled his domain with absolute power. Leopold enslaved the Congolese people, including children. He forced them to mine for minerals, hunt for ivory, or clear jungle lands. Leopold's overseers worked untold Congolese to death. Leopold kept control with a colonial guard of westernized Congolese. The guardsmen used violence and terrorism to enforce Leopold's policies. In 1890, European industrialization increased the demand for rubber. Leopold forced Congolese families to roam the tangled jungles searching for wild rubber trees. They gathered liquid rubber and carried it out. Leopold imposed strict quotas. Workers who failed to meet their quotas faced horrific punishments. They could be tortured or shot. Guardsmen mutilated thousands of Congolese by hacking off their ears, hands, or feet. In 1904, a British investigation exposed Leopold's atrocities. The British government pressured Leopold to implement reforms. In 1908, Belgium annexed the Congo Free State as the Belgian Congo.

Japan Imperialism

Long after the Middle Ages, Japan had a feudal society. The peasant class did all the work. Power shifted between the emperor and quarreling landholding lords. In 1603, a military dynasty rose that unified Japan. The small island nation was on a course toward becoming a powerful empire. This dynasty was started by a samurai warrior named Tokugawa Ieyasu. In 1603, he seized power in Japan. Ieyasu declared himself shogun, a military title. He established a military government called the Tokugawa shogunate. Under the shogunate, Japan's emperor was a powerless figurehead. Ieyasu moved the capital from Kyoto to Edo. The Edo period had begun. Tokugawa shoguns ruled with military efficiency. Japan's economic and social structures were linked. The nobility's wealth came from peasant labor. So, the shogunate restricted social mobility. This kept the peasant population at 80 percent. The shogunate also suppressed progressive ideas. This ensured political stability. In 1635, the Tokugawa shogunate adopted a policy of sakoku, or isolationism. The shogunate exiled foreigners from Japan. It closed off Japan to outside influences. The sole exceptions were certain Dutch traders permitted to use the port at Nagasaki. Under sakoku, Japan enjoyed relative peace for 250 years. The shogunate encouraged literacy and education. It rejected foreign ideals and customs but respected technical knowledge. The shogunate instructed the Dutch traders to bring Western science and math books.

What period saw the Japanese emperor restored to power, replacing military rule?

Meiji Restoration

Napoleon's Image

Napoleon Bonaparte was a compelling figure. He was no typical European monarch. Napoleon emerged as a game changer on an epic scale. He seized power by upsetting the political order in France. Then, he led his armies on a 16-year rampage through Europe. Napoleon left a personal impact on the millions who suffered in his wars. During his time, a major percentage of the Western world knew of Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon's bold exploits commanded attention in countries beyond Europe. People around the world discussed Napoleon's policies and deeds. Newspapers printed in distant countries reported his military victories. Napoleon understood how visual media influenced public opinion. He used art as propaganda. Napoleon controlled art production to ensure he was shown in a positive manner. This went beyond flattery. Napoleon directed his painters to depict him as a leader who was powerful, fearless, intelligent, and strong. Some portraits show Napoleon as a brave general in the midst of battle. In other portraits, Napoleon the emperor stands firm, looking stern, dedicated, and decisive. Many portraits depict Napoleon as a heroic French nationalist. Napoleon used revolutionary ideals to unify the French people. His military campaigns spread the concept of nationalistic unity across Europe. Throughout the 19th century, this philosophy guided the unification of nations. In Napoleon's many portraits, two features stand out: One is his large two-cornered hat. The other is his habit of posing with one hand tucked inside his waistcoat. These features became famous traits that defined Napoleon.

What effect did Napoleon have on popular culture?

Napoleon controlled art production to ensure he would be portrayed in a positive manner.

What effect did Napoleon have on Europe?

Napoleon spread Enlightenment ideas through Europe, which led to the development of nationalism.

What cultural effect did Napoleon have on Europe?

Napoleon spread ideas from the French Revolution throughout Europe, leading to national unity outside of France.

Which identifies the effect that Napoleon had on history?

Napoleon spread the philosophical ideas of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution throughout Europe.

How did Napoleon's conquests in Europe affect other parts of the world?

Napoleon's conquest of Spain led to independence movements in the Americas.

yellow journalism definition

Newspaper publishers William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer were fierce rivals. Their ongoing newspaper war led to the term yellow journalism. They stretched the truth to boost circulation. They published unfounded rumors, shocking details, and outright lies.

Did the United States became an imperialist power in Africa.

No

In what part of the world did France and Britain go to war as part of the French and Indian War?

North America

In which world regions or countries was the Seven Years' War fought?

North America, Western Europe, India

Napoleon and Popular Culture

Often, important historical figures and their deeds live on through songs, stories, and images. American popular culture turned George Washington, Betsy Ross, and Paul Revere into larger-than-life figures. Napoleon also became an iconic figure. He appears in popular culture even today.

Ideas Inspire Change

Old World governments had favored the rich and aristocratic. The common folk had little or no voice in their government. This was about to change. The citizens of Britain's North American colonies had begun uniting as Americans. They gathered in taverns and coffeehouses to share and discuss Enlightenment principles. They embraced the principle of natural rights. They supported free market economies and democratic local governments based on representation. The British Crown saw such ideas as a threat. Britain exerted control over its colonists through laws, taxes, and the British military. This British oppression fueled an American revolution. Americans demanded their natural rights. They overthrew the monarchy and established a representative government. These actions profoundly influenced French citizens.

The British in India

On the Asian continent, human civilization had flourished for thousands of years. In India, most people belonged to the Hindu religion. In the 1500s, a Muslim minority had conquered India. They established the Mughal dynasty. Most Mughal rulers persecuted non-Muslims. By the 1700s, Mughal authority was in decline. By then, European trading companies were targeting the Indian coastline. They competed for trading rights from Mughal princes. The British East India Company grew powerful through a series of treaties with Mughal rulers. By the mid-1800s, the British East India Company ruled much of the Indian subcontinent. To secure its vast territory, the company hired local Indian soldiers called sepoys. Sepoy troops included Hindus and Muslims. Frequently, relations were strained between the occupying British and India's native populations. The British paid little attention to important cultural details. In 1857, their Eurocentric cluelessness sparked a bloody uprising. The company had issued Enfield rifles to its sepoy troops. Loading an Enfield rifle required the soldier to bite off the paper end of each cartridge. A rumor circulated that Enfield cartridges were greased with fat from pigs and cows. Such a substance was a taboo to both Muslims and Hindus. British officers dismissed the angry complaints of the sepoys. When the Indian soldiers mutinied, British troops responded with military action. The violent and bloody Sepoy Rebellion raged throughout India for over a year. The forces of the British East India Company succeeded in suppressing the rebellion and pushing out the Mughals. As a result, the British Parliament in London took direct control of India. Its rulership began the British Raj

French Indochina

Over three centuries, France expanded its influence in Southeast Asia. French missionaries arrived in the 16th century. In 1664, the French East India Company formed. It sometimes used military force to conduct trade. In the mid-1800s, France began increasing its political and economic influence in Southeast Asia. In 1887, France established the first Indochinese Union. Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia became French Indochina. France had millions of colonial subjects. The French government established a bureaucracy to manage its colonies. But many colonial administrators were corrupt. Like many Europeans, the French felt superior to other races. They believed natives in Asia and Africa stood to benefit from French influence. French colonial schools taught the French language and French culture. French missionaries opened primary schools. They established the University of Hanoi in 1906. In addition, the French began transcribing the Vietnamese spoken language using Roman letters. The Vietnamese written language today is based on Roman letters with added accent marks.

The Meiji Restoration

Soon after Perry's visit, outsiders from the United States and Europe flooded Japan. The sudden intrusion of Westerners disturbed the Japanese. Many found European dress and customs offensive. The Tokugawa shogunate was collapsing. Civil unrest broke out. A group of young samurai dreaded China's power. They feared Yoshinobu would yield to Japan's enemy. On January 3, 1868, they deposed Yoshinobu, ending military rule. The rebels reinstated the emperor in Edo. Emperor Meiji established the Yamato dynasty. He renamed Edo. Japan's new capital city was Tokyo. The emperor's return was called the Meiji Restoration. Meiji leaders began modernizing Japan from a feudal peasant society to an industrialized one. They replaced the old feudal system with a centralized constitutional government. The Meiji government improved the economy by investing in industrialization. Within 20 years, Japan boasted 1,400 miles of railways. However, not every improvement was viewed as positive. The Meiji government drafted an imperial army. It declared the samurai system obsolete. In 1877, the Satsuma clan incited 40,000 samurai to revolt, which was called the Satsuma Rebellion. The samurai clashed with the Imperial Japanese Army in a conflict known as the Satsuma Rebellion. This ended the samurai system.

Changes in India (1857 Sepoy Rebellion)

The 1857 Sepoy Rebellion was a warning sign of colonial discontent. In 1885, Indians and some British colonials formed the Indian National Congress (INC). The INC sought to establish a dialogue between the Indian people and British administrators. In 1921, Mohandas Gandhi became president of the INC. Gandhi advocated for total Indian independence. He recommended the use of passive-resistance techniques during protests. Gandhi's nonviolent approach worked. India achieved self-rule in 1947.

Imperial Rivalries

The 19th century was also the century of nationalism in Europe. Prussia was an independent German state. Prussia's leader Otto von Bismarck ruled with skillful diplomacy. In the 1860s, he guided Prussia through three wars against Denmark, Austria, and France. Three Prussian victories fueled a surge of German nationalism. This led to the creation of the German Empire in 1871. Germany emerged as an important nation-state. Representatives of European nations met at the Berlin Conference of 1884-1885. They set rules for how the continent of Africa would be divided up. This meeting signaled the start of an event that the Europeans would call the "scramble for Africa."

The USS Maine Incident

The 400-year-old Spanish Empire was in decline. Of Spain's remaining colonies, Cuba was the most valuable. Cuba was a major sugar producer. The island of Cuba lay only 90 miles south of the United States. In the 1890s, Cubans began protesting Spanish rule. Spanish forces imprisoned the rebellious Cubans in concentration camps. Thousands of captives died. American businessmen had invested in Cuban sugar plantations. They demanded that the US government protect their interests. Congress took action. The reason it cited was Spain's human rights abuses against Cubans. The battleship USS Maine sailed to Cuba. On January 25, 1898, the Maine dropped anchor in Havana Harbor. This was a show of American military strength. The Maine's presence seemed to calm the colonial unrest. Then, on the night of February 15, 1898, an explosion ripped through the Maine. The blast destroyed the ship and killed 266 American sailors. Later evidence suggested the cause was an exploding boiler. However, newspaper headlines accused the Spanish of sabotaging the Maine. Yellow journalism encouraged outrage among Americans. People shouted, "Remember the Maine!" Public anger pushed the nation toward war with Spain. The Spanish-American War began on April 21, 1898. Assistant Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt resigned his position. He enlisted in the Rough Riders, a cavalry regiment. Journalists accompanied the Rough Riders to Cuba. They delivered eyewitness reports on the Battle of San Juan Hill Accounts of Roosevelt's bold heroism fed the American public's patriotic fervor. As America took Cuba, the war shifted to the Pacific. Commodore George Dewey received orders to take the Spanish-held Philippines. The night of April 30, 1898, Dewey's fleet arrived at Manila Bay. By noon the next day, the Battle of Manila Bay was over. Dewey's artillery gunners had taken out the Spanish Navy with only a single American casualty. By August 1898, the Spanish-American War was over.

Which describes the conflict that arose over rubber production in the Congo Free State?

The Belgian ruler used forced labor, torture, and mutilation to manage his rubber empire.

Repercussions of the Scramble for Africa

The Berlin Conference opened Africa to European colonization. Its terms required that the land be occupied rather than owned on paper. Imperial trading companies established African colonies. They felt free to impose their civilization on races they viewed as less civilized. Their attitudes caused resentment among the African colonial populations. Bismarck established the colony of German East Africa in an area of tribal conflict. The elite Tutsi tribes looked down on the peasant-class Hutu. The German colonial government increased tensions. It granted the Tutsi higher status than the Hutu. The Germans also imposed a restrictive apartheid policy on the Hutu. This sanctioned the Tutsi's oppression of the Hutu. A century later, this social imbalance would contribute to the Rwandan genocide. The Scramble for Africa drew to a close around 1910. By then, 90 percent of Africa was under European rule. War loomed in Europe. Further changes were in store for the people of the African continent.

Which explains the effects of the Congress of Vienna?

The Congress of Vienna's establishment of the Concert of Europe became a model for the League of Nations and the United Nations.

Britain's Opium Wars against China

The First Industrial Revolution soon saturated European markets with surplus goods. The British economy needed to expand. The British East India Company needed to find new markets. Britain decided to broaden its sphere of influence in Asia. But open trade with China was impossible. European consumers had created a high demand for imported Chinese goods like porcelain, silk, and tea. But Chinese consumers had little interest in Western products. This created an imbalance of trade. Indian farmers in the British Raj grew crops of opium poppies. Opium is an addictive narcotic. In the 19th century, there were no laws against consuming opium. The British had a ready supply of opium. So the company encouraged opium use among the Chinese. The addictive substance soon generated its own ever-rising demand. By the 1830s, the British East India Company was smuggling tons of Indian opium into China. Abundant opium supplies produced millions of Chinese addicts. The outraged Qing rulers protested. But British traders kept funneling opium into the Chinese black market. In 1839, the Qing seized 1,000 tons of opium from the British East India Company. The company demanded compensation. The Qing rulers refused. In response, British warships blockaded Chinese ports. Their cannons bombarded China's antiquated coastal fortresses. The British Navy's modern weaponry overpowered China's defenses. The 1842 Treaty of Nanking ended the First Opium War The terms required the Qing to cede Hong Kong to Britain and pay the British East India Company $20 million in reparations. The Qing also had to grant Britain "most favored nation" status and open five new ports to foreign trade. The Second Opium War broke out in 1856. The result was the same. More Chinese ports opened to a huge influx of Westerners. China would remain under Western influence until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911.

Eugenics and Genocide History

The German culture in particular embraced the discipline of science. Science imposed logical order on a natural world that seemed chaotic. This led to the idea that science could control human life. In German South West Africa, colonial authorities applied this idea to the treatment of their African subjects. German doctor Eugen Fischer promoted eugenics research. Germany's remote African colony offered Fischer opportunities for eugenics studies. Fischer established a eugenics laboratory in German South West Africa. Fischer studied children born of African mothers and European fathers. He sought scientific proof that mixing races corrupted the genes of the offspring. Fisher published his unfounded conclusions in textbook form. He opposed intermarriage between whites and other races. Meanwhile, German colonial administrators were repressing the tribal nations of Herero and Namaqua. German overseers targeted Herero and Nama tribespeople for cruel mistreatment. In 1904, the Herero and Nama rose up against the abuse. Lieutenant-General Lothar van Trotha ordered their extermination. The brutal might of industrialized military force crushed two African nations. The genocide of the Herero and Namaqua nations continued for three years. Over 100,000 Herero and Nama died from gunfire, torture, and starvation. Survivors faced imprisonment at the desolate Shark Island Concentration Camp. Overseers worked countless Africans to the point of death. Disease, hunger, and thirst claimed most. Fischer had his staff carry out medical experiments on the camp's inmates. He also forced Herero women to clean the skulls of their slain tribespeople. Fischer sent hundreds of skulls to eugenics institutes to support his pseudoscientific theories. The people committing these atrocities felt justified. Social Darwinists thought that declaring a race inferior made such inhumane acts acceptable. The horrors that took place in German South West Africa remained secret for 100 years. Most people in the outside world heard only positive claims about eugenics. In America, the Carnegie Institution and Rockefeller Foundation backed eugenics programs. Social reformers encouraged the sterilization of 60,000 American citizens. The harsh realities of World War II would expose the ugly truth behind eugenics.

The Politics of Famine in India

The Mughal Empire ruled India before the British. Mughal rulers understood India's famine cycle. They managed it by improving irrigation. They also levied a yearly harvest tax on the peasants. They ordered farmers to stockpile crops in state granaries. This policy ensured grain in famine years. Short-sighted British policies upset this system. More than 15 famines occurred under British occupation. Bengal was a peasant farming region in northeast India. In 1765, the British East India Company took over Bengal. The company's goal was gaining profits for itself and the British government. Company officials raised harvest taxes on the peasants to 50 percent. They did not stockpile food. They sold the crops for profit. The company also began purchasing indigo from the farmers. Indigo was a nonedible plant that made blue dye. Farmers needed profitable crops to pay taxes. Many began growing indigo instead of grain. The company made a huge profit on indigo. In 1768, a drought struck Bengal. Thousands of peasants faced starvation as crops withered in the fields. But there were no emergency grain supplies. The company's sole focus was covering its losses from the poor harvest. The company imposed a 60-percent harvest tax. The starving peasants could not pay. The resulting Bengal Famine of 1770 killed 10 million Indians. In 1771, the British East India Company turned record profits. Famines again devastated Bengal in 1874 and from 1876-1878. These famines claimed five million more Indian lives. The callous attitudes of colonial officials sparked political dissent among Indians. They began calling for Indian self-determination. After World War I, the colonial government moved to suppress dissent with the 1919 Rowlatt Acts Civil unrest resulted. At Amritsar, a large crowd of Indians engaged in a nonviolent demonstration. Brigadier General Reginald Dyer commanded his troops to open fire on the protesters. Dyer's soldiers killed at least 379 and wounded 1,200 Indians. Imperialists hailed Dyer as a heroic defender of the empire. However, Parliament condemned the Amritsar Massacre. British war secretary Winston Churchill dismissed General Dyer for his actions. During World War II, Britain struggled with war debts. Its food supplies for British troops were depleted. Churchill supported exporting India's rice crop to solve Britain's problems. The Great Bengal Famine of 1943 killed over 3 million Indians. In the middle of a global war, the news of the starvation in India received little attention.

Map of Europe in 1815

The Napoleonic Wars brought political upheaval to Europe and beyond. The impact of Napoleon's rule caused sweeping changes in both the short and long term. They present a clear boundary between what came before and the beginnings of modern Europe.

Meeting at Waterloo

The Napoleonic Wars had devastated much of Europe. But the tide turned when Napoleon's Russian invasion failed. Then his forces lost the pivotal Battle of Leipzig. In March 1814, Napoleon abdicated his throne. He was exiled to the island of Elba. But a year later, Napoleon returned to power. Immediately, Britain, Prussia, Austria, and Russia declared war on France. Napoleon responded by invading Belgium in June 1815. On June 18, near a small Belgian village called Waterloo, the French and British armies faced off. Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington, rode at the head of 68,000 British troops. Napoleon, however, led a greater force of 72,000 troops. His superior numbers made Napoleon confident of achieving victory. Despite having fewer troops, Wellington possessed a critical advantage: He knew that Prussia, Britain's ally, had sent 30,000 reinforcements to support them. Wellington's armies did not need to defeat the French and win the battle outright. His strategy was to keep Napoleon and his troops busy until the Prussian forces arrived. Wellington had assistance from unexpected sources. Napoleon had been suffering from a painful physical condition. Then, the night before the battle, a heavy rainfall soaked the countryside. At dawn, Napoleon's soldiers began preparing for their attack. The sticky mud hindered their efforts to maneuver ammunition carts and cannons into position. Napoleon decided to delay the assault until the sun had dried out the battlefield. From a tactical standpoint, this was an intelligent military decision. Waging combat on the soggy ground could put his forces at a disadvantage. But while Napoleon waited, the Prussian reinforcements were drawing closer.

Causes and Effects of the Napoleonic Wars

The Napoleonic Wars had the impact of a world war. The state of war between France and Great Britain affected alliances among the European nations. Dozens of European states became involved. The Napoleonic Wars devastated much of Europe.

The Directory

The National Convention approved a new constitution on August 22, 1795. The French Parliament elected five men to hold power as the Directory. The army, led by General Napoleon Bonaparte, crushed any dissent. Four years of crises and corruption ensued under the Directory's rule. Bonaparte seized power in a coup d'etat. He declared himself dictator of France. Napoleon's plans would change Europe forever.

The Legacy of the Seven Years' War

The Seven Years' War was costly to both sides. Sea battles destroyed most of the French fleet. The French government could not rebuild its navy because the war had drained its treasury. The war also had cost France a substantial percentage of its trade. The French economy was teetering. The French people were frightened and angry. Despite this, Louis XV levied taxes on the French middle class. The king's taxation outraged the French citizens. Their anger began building. A quarter century later, the rage of the French people would erupt in a bloody rebellion. For the British, however, the French were no longer a threat. Britain expanded its colonial domain into the North American interior. Parliament passed the Proclamation of 1763 that declared the new territory off limits for settlements. The Seven Years' War had doubled Britain's colonial territories and solidified its presence in India. But the war left Britain with a crushing national debt of several million pounds. Excessive taxation of English citizens resulted in riots. So King George III decided that American colonists should bear the expense of the war. Parliament levied harsh taxes on the American colonists. Their angry reaction to Britain's heavy hand would ignite the flames of revolution in America.

Which best summarizes the concept of Manifest Destiny in the 1840s?

The United States should grow from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

Rebellions in China

The United States' Open Door policy successfully opened China up. This allowed other nations to come to China and carve out spheres of influence for themselves. Japanese and European foreigners gained special privileges. Christian missionaries pressured the Chinese people to convert to Christianity, erasing traditional Chinese spiritual values. Major Chinese cities featured foreign sectors for European diplomats, military officers, and wealthy traders. The Chinese districts, however, were old and poorly planned. Extended families shared cramped living quarters. Chinese districts fell dark before sunset. Meanwhile, the foreign quarter glowed with electrical light. Such visible inequality fed anti-Western resentment among the Chinese. Many Chinese people wanted the Westerners out. Among them were Empress Dowager Cixi She supported the Boxers, a Chinese secret society. The Boxers condemned the white imperialists. They launched a violent campaign to rid China of westerners. Angry Chinese peasants joined in. Huge mobs roamed China, murdering western missionaries and other Europeans. In 1900, the Boxers reached the capital of Peking, now present-day Beijing. They laid siege to the foreign quarter for 55 days. Britain, France, America, Russia, Germany, and Japan responded by sending thousands of troops into China. Superior firepower ensured a quick European and Japanese victory. Foreigners now held all of China. They exacted a bloody vengeance on the captured Boxers. The failure of the Boxer Rebellion shattered Cixi's authority. Her death in 1908 signaled the end of the Manchu Qing Dynasty. Despite the rebellion's failure, the Chinese learned they could unite against powerful foreign enemies.

Aftermath of the Battle of Waterloo

The effect of Napoleon's defeat was immediate. Europe had been in turmoil since the French Revolution began. But the victorious allies had restored peace to Europe. It would be a century before another European war broke out. Waterloo was a crushing defeat for Napoleon. Again, he abdicated and faced exile. The former conqueror of Europe spent his last six years on the remote island of St. Helena, where he died in 1821. As for the Duke of Wellington, he became Britain's prime minister in 1828. The Battle of Waterloo was a significant event. It ended the Napoleonic Wars and brought a period of peace. It caused major European powers to come together as allies. It shook up the political landscape of 19th-century Europe. The Napoleonic Empire was no more. In the end, Great Britain emerged as the only superpower in the world.

The Napoleonic Wars

The effects of the American Revolution could be felt beyond North America. This was especially true for the French. France took the opportunity to renew its rivalry with Britain by aiding the American colonists. French revolutionaries drew inspiration from American rhetoric in overthrowing the British monarch and sought to depose their own. The upheaval from the 1789 French Revolution began a series of wars in Europe. A militarized France saw an ambitious general fueled by his victories take power and seek a new crown for himself. In 1804, an emperor, not a king, crowned himself. His name was Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon's claimed to want to spread Enlightenment principles of equality and a republican government—the foundations of the French Revolution—throughout the continent. In reality, he would pursue the creation of a French Empire across the whole of Europe, with himself as its ultimate leader. At one point, Napoleon declared, "The Revolution is over...I am the Revolution." He nearly succeeded in his vision, using his considerable military abilities to expand French dominion over a large part of the continent. In Spain and the Netherlands, he set his own family members upon the thrones to serve as his proxies.

What impact did the collapse of the Napoleonic Empire have on Europe?

The fall of Napoleon and the spread of ideas from the French Revolution led to a rise in nationalism in many European nations.

A Hostile Environment Rejects Invaders Europeans and Africa

The imperial nations of Europe competed for political and economic power. Even the small nation of Belgium became an imperial power. European colonies covered huge expanses of every inhabited continent on earth—except for Africa. The few European colonies and trading posts in Africa were limited to coastal or river regions. The interior of the African continent was still largely unexplored by Europeans. Its hostile environment had defeated the first European explorers. Tropical heat took a toll on them. Europeans had no immunity to mosquito-borne African like yellow fever and malaria. In addition, Europeans could not challenge the relatively powerful African states. European trade helped these states grow wealthy and strong. Coastal settlements worked well enough for early European slave traders. They used African ports as stations on the Triangular Trade system. This trade route connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas. Africans living in the interior had ivory, precious metals, and slaves to trade. African traders acting as their middlemen dealt with the European traders.

Imperialism and Self-Determination

The imperial powers did not foresee one effect of colonization. The ethnic and cultural groups they had forced together began to unite. Opposing the European occupation provided a sense of national identity. Indigenous peoples felt a new political awareness. They wanted self-rule. Colonial subjects organized resistance movements. Resistance spread in South America, Africa, and Asia. These nationalist movements would lead to independent states in the 20th century.

What led to the end of the Tokugawa shogunate?

The need for whale oil led the United States to force Japan into a trade agreement.

Industrialization and Imperialism

The success of Spain and Portugal led other European nations to expand. The Netherlands, Britain, and France set out to build their own empires. These three empires established trading colonies in Africa. Dutch, British and French traders enslaved millions of Africans in the name of commercial profit. These empires acquired staggering wealth. Colonial riches fed their demand for raw materials. The industrial boom would propel them to the forefront of global power. The First Industrial Revolution moved outward from Britain by 1800. Industrialization began transforming the economies of Europe. Steam-powered machines helped factories increase output at lower cost. But economic factors arose. Increasing production increased the demand for raw materials. European nations sought new sources of cotton, coal, oil, and rubber. They also looked for new markets to buy the goods their factories produced. The Industrial Revolution brought innovations in navigation, shipbuilding, and exploration. Transportation of materials became faster and more efficient. Technology brought new medicines that helped Europeans resist diseases like malaria. Malaria had made colonization in Africa difficult. These technological advancements changed the game for Europeans. By the mid-19th century, a new wave of European imperial expansion began. The British, French, and Dutch empires began staking claims to regions in Africa and Asia. This frenzy of empire building was called the New Imperialism.

"the sun never sets on the British Empire."

There is truth in the saying "the sun never sets on the British Empire." By the close of the 19th century, Britain had colonies on every inhabited continent. Britain controlled a quarter of the world and 400 million people. Britain prepared to extend its sphere of influence. It would face two Asian empires that had endured for millennia.

How did the people of imperial nations use Eurocentrism to justify colonialism?

They believed that imposing their superior culture on tribal societies would benefit them.

Which identifies the war that was fought between France and Britain for economic and political power in India from 1757 to 1763?

Third Carnatic War

Effects of the Napoleonic Wars

Though Napoleon was no longer in power, traces of his influence remained. Upon his coronation as emperor in 1804, Napoleon had implemented the Napoleonic Code. This collection of laws governed civil structures and property rights. In many ways, the legal precedents of Napoleon's law code inspired today's modern legal systems. Influences of Napoleonic law remained in the Louisiana Territory. It had been French territory before Napoleon sold to the United States. Between 1814 and 1815, the Congress of Vienna met. The congress intended to establish the terms of peace following Napoleon's defeat. This meeting signaled the international cooperation that would follow. The Congress of Vienna set up a short-term peace arrangement. Its members also sought to restore and strengthen the pre-Napoleonic order of Europe. This included supporting the right of monarchies to rule. But revolutionary ideas were showing an influence in political thought. Britain took on a more constitutional form of government. Germany and post-Napoleonic France set up formal legislative assemblies. The members of the Congress of Vienna sought a longer-term remedy. Two decades of constant wars had depleted Europe's populations as well as its national treasuries. It was important to avert the outbreak of another destructive war. The Congress of Vienna established the Concert of Europe. The Concert of Europe was a conference attended by the major European powers. Representatives of Britain, Russia, Austria, Prussia and France engaged in discussions. They worked to establish stability and diplomacy among their governments. Their efforts to negotiate peace were noteworthy. The Concert of Europe was a step toward the League of Nations and today's United Nations. - Aftermath Napoleon's military campaigns left numerous domestic and foreign effect on Europe. Every new invasion spread ideas from the French Revolution farther throughout Europe. Napoleon's influence inspired nationalism both within and outside of France. This spirit prompted leaders to convene the Congress of Vienna. The congress established the Concert of Europe. The discussions that took place there would determine which form Europe—and the world—would take for the next century.

The Great Game

Throughout history, the great wealth of India has lured foreign powers. This pattern continued in the 19th century. The empires of Russia and Britain shared a history of political and economic conflict in Central Asia. Their imperial power politics would become known as the Great Game.

Napoleon in Classic Literature

Two classic literary works of the 1860s described Napoleon's enduring impact on the post-Napoleonic world. French author Victor Hugo's 1862 novel Les Misérables is set in post-Napoleonic France in 1830. France's lower classes struggle to survive against a backdrop of revolution. Napoleon's nationalistic philosophies still stir the souls of French citizens. As one of Hugo's characters exclaims, "Liberty radiates from France. None but the blind can fail to see it. Bonaparte said so!" Victor Hugo had a deep understanding of Napoleon and the nature of revolutions. Hugo's father had experienced the French Revolution of 1789. He later became a general in Napoleon's army. Victor Hugo based Les Misérables on his own experiences during the revolution of 1830. Hugo began writing Les Misérables in 1845. Hugo was three years into the writing process when the revolution of 1848 erupted. Witnessing the unrest gave Hugo new insights. The French regarded Napoleon as an iconic figure. But the Russians considered Napoleon a tyrant. In 1812, Napoleon's armies had invaded their homeland, slain their countrymen, and laid siege to Moscow. Russian author Leo Tolstoy set his 1869 novel War and Peace during Napoleon's Russian campaign. He describes the Napoleonic Wars from the Russian perspective. Tolstoy broke literary tradition by making Napoleon a character in his novel. Using a real-life person in a work of fiction was a radical idea in the 19th century. The Napoleon of War and Peace is not a fearsome conqueror. Tolstoy depicts Napoleon as a man with deep personality flaws who creates his own difficulties.

Which French author used the revolution of 1830 as a backdrop in his novel Les Misérables?

Victor Hugo

The American Empire

Victory over Spain made the United States a world power. The Treaty of Paris made the United States an empire. The Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines became US territories. Cuba became a US protectorate. The Platt Amendment in Cuba's constitution allowed the United States to establish a military base at Guantanamo Bay. In 1898, the United States also acquired the Hawaiian Islands. Five years earlier, American planters had overthrown Hawaiian queen Liliuokalani. Possession of Hawaii and the Philippines gave the United States strategic benefits. Controlling the vast Pacific Ocean required supply bases. In 1900, the new Pacific bases proved their worth. They enabled US forces to suppress the Boxer Rebellion and occupy China. The United States had become the dominant power in the Pacific.

Map of Europe in 1812

Whether annexed directly to French territory or under French influence, many countries came under Napoleon's control. They include Spain Italy the Netherlands Denmark Norway modern-day Belgium Poland Croatia western Germany The Confederation of the Rhine, which Napoleon established, was the first time many German territories had been united in some way. It did not survive Napoleon's rule, but it foreshadowed the coming of a unified Germany later in the 19th century. Outside of Europe, repercussions of the Napoleonic era took place throughout the Americas. In Central and South America, the Spanish colonies took advantage of the distraction of Spain's occupation to declare independence. Their revolutions would prove decisive. Haiti had also seized the opportunity of the far-off turmoil to cast off French rule when the slave population, led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, led a successful uprising.

gross domestic product (GDP) definition

a common indicator of an economy's health based on the total value of goods and services produced during a fiscal year

What was the Congress of Vienna?

a conference held to establish a long-term peace plan for Europe following the Napoleonic Wars

New Imperialism definition

a period in the mid-19th century when European powers, the United States, and Japan colonized Africa and Asia; also called Neo-imperialism By the mid-19th century, a new wave of European imperial expansion began. The British, French, and Dutch empires began staking claims to regions in Africa and Asia. This frenzy of empire building was called the New Imperialism. - Inventions Lead to New Imperialism By the mid-1800s, medical advances made it possible to colonize tropical regions. New medicines like quinine helped Europeans resist diseases like malaria. Europeans in tropical colonies took up drinking tonic water containing quinine. New steamships enabled Europeans to travel upriver into the interior. The ships could transport more cargo. Weapons like the Maxim machine gun offered Europeans greater firepower. Native peoples had no defense against such weapons. These advances appeared at a pivotal time. Europe was in an economic slump. Empires needed to expand commerce. Industries created ever-increasing demands for raw materials. Empires needed to conquer territories with resources. Another factor was the newly unified German empire. Germany was becoming increasingly militarized. This was the age of New Imperialism, which saw Europe (as well as the United States and Japan) race to seize power in Africa and Asia.

Great Game definition

a period of political and economic conflict between Russia and Great Britain

garrison definition

a place that houses military troops

isolationism definition

a policy of remaining separate from the affairs of other countries or groups

apartheid definition

a policy or system of segregation based on race (from Afrikaans for separateness)

sphere of influence definition

a region where an outside country has the power to affect culture, economy, military, or politics MAP: In the 18th and 19th centuries, several European nations adopted imperialistic agendas. These powerful empires began claiming parts of the world. Gaining more land was not their only goal. Empires required valuable resources to drive their economies. The competition became fierce as the European empires struggled for dominance in Asia. The map illustrates the competition between imperialistic nations in the Middle East and Asia. It shows that Britain established spheres of influence in Persia, Tibet, east and south China, and small areas of north and south Burma. France established spheres of influence in South China and Siam. Germany established spheres of influence in Northeast China. Japan established spheres of influence in Southeast China. Russia established spheres of influence in Afghanistan, Northwest China, Mongolia, and Manchuria. CHECK SCREENSHOTS FOR THE MAP striped sections depict European spheres of influence The map indicates the spheres of influence that imperial powers had in the Middle East and Asia. Russia and Britain held spheres of influence in both East Asia and the Middle East

Social Darwinism definition

a theory that claimed people and societies are guided by the same Darwinian principle of natural selection that determines evolution for animals and plants

encroachment definition

advancement or intrusion beyond set limits

What did the Anglo-Russian Entente resolve?

boundary disputes in Persia

the sole purpose of Mercantilism

is to enrich the parent nation.

extraterritoriality definition

legal immunity of foreign-based citizens from the laws and taxes of nations they occupy

indigenous definition

native to a location

nationalism definition

patriotic feelings or principles In the 19th century, French emperor Napoleon Bonaparte spurred the rise of modern nationalism. In the 18th century, much of Europe consisted of autonomous kingdoms, principalities, and duchies. Many of these small states resisted unified action. Instead of working together, they bickered among themselves. This attitude changed when Napoleon's armies invaded. Experiencing occupation by a foreign army gave citizens a desire to unify and implement self-rule. They claimed borders and began to assert their nationalistic goals. In 1830, Belgium became an independent nation separate from the Netherlands. Shortly after, Greece broke free from Ottoman rule. The Napoleonic Wars and their aftermath were instrumental in this unifying process. For centuries, Italy and Germany had consisted of scattered states. The people shared a common language but little else. Napoleon defined these states as the Kingdom of Italy and the Confederation of the Rhine. These nationalistic unions were brief. However, they influenced the countries of Italy and Germany that would emerge later. In 1871, each of these nations unified.

Reign of Terror definition

period of mass political executions in France from 1793-1794 In June 1793, extremist Jacobins seized control of the National Convention. Robespierre sided with the extremists. On April 6, 1793, Robespierre established the "Committee of Public Safety." Robespierre's goal was to kill his opposition within the assembly. The ensuing wave of violence was called the Reign of Terror. Robespierre suspended the new constitution. He ordered the executions of thousands of people. For 15 months, condemned citizens were slaughtered in public spectacles. The mob cheered as the guillotine's blade fell again and again. No one was safe. Some 17,000 victims fell to the guillotine. Nearly as many people died in prison or were murdered in cold blood. Rivals accused Robespierre of crimes against the republic. The architect of the Reign of Terror was condemned to face the guillotine himself. On July 28, 1794, Robespierre's head rolled into the executioner's basket. Eighty more Robespierre sympathizers died before the murderous frenzy ended.

imperialism definition

practice of building an empire by acquiring other territories

imperialistic definition

practicing a policy of acquiring territory by conquest or treaty; placing high importance on power through control of regions

imperial definition

related to an empire; the root of "imperialism," the drive to gain more territory for a state or an empire

The Great Fear definition

the period of French history beginning with the storming of the Bastille on July 14, 1789 France's breaking point came on July 14, 1789. A huge mob assaulted a fortified prison called the Bastille. The fall of the Bastille began a year-long frenzy of mob violence called the Great Fear. The poor were free to take vengeance on the nobility. There was no law in France. Acts of murder and terrorism rocked the country. The National Constituent Assembly drafted a document titled "The Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen." The documents described the assembly's goals. Its principles of equality, freedom of the press, free speech, and representative government came from Enlightenment philosophy. In June 1791, Louis and Marie Antoinette tried to flee France. Jacobins arrested them. They forced Louis to accept a new constitution that limited his powers. Some Jacobins considered this too lenient. The Jacobins broke into factions. On August 10, 1792, a mob of commoners invaded the royal palace. They seized Louis and Marie Antoinette. The jeering crowd marched the monarchs back to Paris. On August 13, Jacobins charged Louis with treason. The assembly convened a trial. It condemned the king and queen to death. Louis XVI faced the guillotine on January 21, 1793. Marie Antoinette followed nine months later. These two executions triggered the start of one of the bloodiest periods in history.

self-determination definition

the right of a population to declare itself a nation and govern itself as a separate political entity

diplomacy definition

the skill of managing international relations

autonomous definition

the state of being subject to no other authority

eugenics definition

the study and practice of improving the human race through selective breeding

industrialization definition

the transitional process of going from an agricultural society to one based on manufacturing

soft power definition

the use of economic or cultural influence in international relations

Second Boer War 1899-1902

threat of British invasion is trigger for second war Britain vs. France, Germany, and Belgium Britain helped by thousands of troops from Australia, Canada, and India most South Africans used as laborers, forbidden to carry arms disease claims many European troops and horses colonial troops confine Boer families in concentration camps; thousands die from malnutrition, disease 1902: Britain victorious; annexes Boer lands to create unified South Africa

Triangular Trade definition

three-way transatlantic trade system of the 16th to 19th centuries in which western Europeans traded goods (rum and guns) for African slaves, who were transported to the New World and sold for raw materials

Which was a primary motivation for the European extension of influence and control over territories in Asia?

to gain access to raw materials and large new markets

cede definition

to give up or hand over

gunboat diplomacy definition

use of a nation's naval military strength to gain another state's cooperation