World History Chapter 18 Review

John McAdam

A scottish engineer that equipped road beds with a layer of large stones for drainage and on top placed a layer of smoother rocks, prevented heavy wagons from sinking into the mud

Albert Einstein

Greatest scientific thinker of the 20th century, showed the relationship between matter and energy and gave us the Theory of Relativity

Eli Whitney

United States inventor of the mechanical cotton gin (1765-1825). This meant that spinning, weaving and preparation of raw cotton could keep pace with one another. The manufacture of cotton goods took off at a furious pace.

Henry Ford

United States manufacturer of automobiles who pioneered mass production (1863-1947). Manufactured the Model T Ford.

What were the four main types of socialism in the 19th century?

Utopian Socialism, Marxism, Fabian Socialism and Christian Socialism

What changes in transportation helped the progress of the Industrial Revolution?

building better roads, steam engine for water transportation and railroads

impressionism

a movement in 19th century painting, in which artists reacted against realism by seeking to convey their impressions of subjects or moments in time

Charles Townsend

introduced the system of crop rotation

Jethro Tull

invented the seed drill

What false ideas does socialism base its beliefs on?

man is good by nature and it is society that corrupts him AND if society can be improved then man will be improved

Assembly Line

In a factory, an arrangement where a product is moved from worker to worker, with each person performing a single task in the making of the product.

Das Kapital

Karl Marx's book that said all social classes should end and everyone should be equal with equal ownership of businesses

factory system

A method of production that brought many workers and machines together into one building

What force did Karl Marx believe determined the course of history?

economic

Robert Owen

(1771-1858) British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed

Benjamin Disraeli

(1804-1881) Conservative Leader of the British Tory Party who engineered the Reform Bill of 1867, which extended the franchise to the working class. Added the Suez Canal to English overseas holdings.

William Gladstone

(1809-1898) English Prime Minister (Liberal) known as the "Grand Old Man". Instituted liberal reforms which were designed to remove long standing abuses without destroying existing institutions. He believed in Home Rule for Ireland. In 1870 he passed the Education Act of 1870 and the Order in Council which replaced patronage as a means of entering civil service with competitive examinations. He introduced The Ballot Act of 1872 which provided for a secret ballot. He was a strong religious man.

Friedrich Engels

(28 November 1820 - 5 August 1895) He was a German social scientist and philosopher, who developed communist theory alongside his better-known collaborator, Karl Marx, co-authoring The Communist Manifesto (1848).

John Kay

1733, a British inventor who invented the flying shuttle. Made it possible for one person instead of two to operate a loom in textile manufacturing. It increased the output of woven material and therefore also the demand for yarn.

Samuel Crompton

1779, a British inventor who combined the best features of the spinning jenny with the water frame and came up with the spinning mule/Crompton's mule.

George Stephenson

1814, a British inventor who built the first successful steam locomotive. By 1829 his Rocket traveled on the world's first railroad line from Manchester to Liverpool at average speed of 16mph. By the 1840s the era of railroad construction had begun in Europe and the US.

Claude Debussy

A French composer of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, known for his free rhythms and indefinite keys. His music is often compared to the paintings of the impressionists. The piano piece "Claire de lune" ("Moonlight") and the orchestra piece La Mer (The Sea) are two of his best-known works.

James Watt

A Scottish engineer who created the steam engine that worked faster and more efficiently than earlier engines, this man continued improving the engine, inventing a new type of governor to control steam pressure and attaching a flywheel.

Robert Fulton

American inventor who designed the first commercially successful steamboat and the first steam warship (1765-1815)

Samuel Clemens

American writer who wrote under the name Mark Twain and used humor to convey his ideas about man's struggles in life

socialism

An economic system in which the government owns and controls the means of producing goods. Emphasizes the group rather than the individual.

Name two dominant prime ministers of Britain during the late 19th century and their parties.

Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone

Thomas Hardy

British novelist and poet who wrote about man's struggles in this life and portrayed man as engaged in a hopeless struggle with forces beyond his control

Ernest Rutherford

British physicist that said the atom was made up of at least two parts- a positively charged nucleus and negatively charged electrons

William Booth

British religious leader (1829-1912) who founded the salvation army. Wanted to help the poor, working classes by getting other Christians involved in helping.

Henry Moseley

British scientist who helped reorganize and revise Mendeleev's periodic table as more was learned about atoms

Fabians

British socialists who wanted to achieve a socialist society without revolution.

Marxism

Created by Marx and Engels this is the economic and political theory of socialism in which a class struggle would exist until the workers were finally victorious, creating a classless society.

Niels Bohr

Danish physicist who proposed that electrons revolve around the nucleus of atoms in circular paths called orbits; said that the nucleus is made up of two kinds of particles- positive protons and neutral neutrons

William Wilberforce

Deeply religious Englishman who continuously led the effort against slavery in Britain. In 1807 he succeeded in having the Parliament pass a law abolishing the slave trade in English territory.

Division of Labor

Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers

Vincent Van Gogh

Dutch postimpressionist painter noted for his use of color (1853-1890), often distorted the figures in his paintings in an effort to portray the intense emotions he felt towards his subject, a forerunner of expressionism

domestic system

Early industrial labor system in which workers produced goods at home

Parliament Bill of 1911

Eliminates veto power of House of Lords.

Corn Laws

Enacted in 1815, these laws protected British agriculture by placing strict limits on the amount of foreign grain to be imported. They resulted in keeping basic food prices artificially high until their repeal in 1846.

In what country did the Industrial Revolution begin?

England

Why did the the Industrial Revolution start in England?

England had a good food supply because of the agricultural revolution, there was a large and mobile work force and trade was well established and growing. England was also free from the destruction of Napoleon's wars since they were an isolated island nation and their government was stable.

John Dalton

English chemist who developed the Atomic theory of matter through an experiment of gases. His theory states that all elements are composed of atoms and atoms can't be divided or destroyed.

Richard Trevithick

English engineer who built the first railway locomotive (1771-1833)

Richard Arkwright

English inventor and entrepreneur who became the wealthiest and most successful textile manufacturer of the early Industrial Revolution. He invented the water frame, a machine that, with minimal human supervision, could spin several threads at once. (604)

Charles Dickens

English novelist (a realist) who attacked injustices in society through his representation of places like slums and debtors prisons. Wrote Hard Times.

Dwight L. Moody

Evangelist that held many revivals. He believed that conditions in society will only improve when society converts. Preached to the people to accept Christ.

Auguste Rodin

French sculptor - one of his famous pieces is "The Thinker".

Karl Marx

German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have had a profound influence on the social sciences. Predicted violent proletariat revolution, and then government would eventually wither away

George Mueller

He was a German missionary to the orphans of England. He started many orphanages for homeless children mainly in Bristol, England.

Claude Monet

Impressionist painter who used color rather than shape to show emphasis

Henry Cort

In the 1780s, Cort developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined in turn with coke (made from coal, not the drink or drug). Cort also developed heavy-duty steam-powered rolling mills, which were capable of spewing out finished iron in every shape and form.

Christian Socialists

Liberals who believed that Christianity and capitalism were incompatible and believed that society should live according to Sermon on the Mount.

Paul Cezanne

Post-Impressionist painter who used different techniques-did not try to reproduce nature but to find order in nature, believed that the artist could reduce everything in nature to basic geometric shapes

Dmitri Mendeleev

Russian chemist who developed a periodic table of the chemical elements and predicted the discovery of several new elements

Leo Tolstoy

Russian novelist who wrote realistically about life in Russia during the Napoleonic Wars

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations and designed modern Capitalism

William Roentgen

The German physicist who discovered x-rays in 1895 while working with vacuum tubes.

Industrial Revolution

The change from being an agricultural to an industrial nation. It started in England in the textile industry.

Chartism

The movement of supporters of the People's Charter (drawn up in Britain in 1838), which sought to transform Britain into a democracy and demanded universal suffrage for men, vote by secret ballot, equal electoral districts, annual elections, and the elimination of property qualifications for and the payment of stipends to members of Parliament.

enclosure movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

Orville and Wilbur Wright

These brothers were bicycle mechanics from Dayton, Ohio who built and flew the first plane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on December 17, 1903.

Henry Bessemer

This man revolutionized the way to manufacture steel by making the process quicker and more efficient

Robert Raikes

This man started a Sunday school for poor street children and is known as the "Father of the Sunday School Movement."

realism

This movement was a rejection of romanticism and a belief that life should be portrayed as it really is. This was the new style of literature/art that focused on the daily lives and adventures of a common person. This style was a response to Romanticism's supernaturalism and over-emphasis on emotion.

Robert Bakewell

This person was a pioneer in the field of selective animal breeding. He bred animals for certain characteristics.

Utopian Socialism

This was a belief that came out of the philosophes during the French Enlightenment that believed that if things in society were made equal then man's natural goodness could be perfected. It believed that the profit motive of capitalism was the source of evil.

James Hargreaves

This was the man who created the spinning jenny which began the actual Industrial Revolution and the beginning of machines doing a man's work

Charles Darwin

This was the scientist who published the theory of evolution after his travels to the Galapagos Islands

The Communist Manifesto

Written by Marx and Engels and said that goal of history would be reached when the workers rise up and unite against capitalism.

Auguste Renoir

a French artist who was a leading painter in the development of the impressionist style

reform

a campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices

post-impressionism

artists in this category felt like impressionism rejected too many traditional artistic concepts and tried to emphasize universal themes in their paintings and to outline more clearly

What are the four main production methods that helped manufacturers produce more at cheaper prices?

automation, interchangeable parts, division of labor, assembly line

What is the name of the system in which workers worked at home using their own tools and determining how much they wanted to work?

domestic system

Reform Bill of 1832

doubled the amount of middle class men allowed to vote by lowering how much tax a person had to pay in order to be allowed to vote

Gustave Courbet

famous realist painter; The Stone Breakers and The Third Class Carriage

Pierre and Marie Curie

found two new radioactive elements (uranium and pitchblende) that were added to he periodic table

Interchangeable Parts

identical components that can be used in place of one another in manufacturing

welfare state

is a concept of government where the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens. It is based on the principles of equality of opportunity, equitable distribution of wealth, and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life. The general term may cover a variety of forms of economic and social organization

What inventions helped in the development of the textile industry and who invented them?

the flying shuttle by John Kay, the spinning jenny by James Hargreaves, spinning frame by Richard Arkwright

Automation

the use of machinery in place of human labor

proletariat

the workers of a nation

Goals of the Chartist Movement

universal manhood suffrage (the right to vote), the secret ballot, equal electoral districts, pay for members of Parliament, no property qualifications for members of Parliament and annual elections to Parliament

Origin of Species

work of Darwin published in 1859, said that those creatures best able to adapt to their environment survive while those with inferior characteristics survive. This is called the theory of survival of the fittest.

The Descent of Man

work of Darwin published in 1871, applied evolutionary theory to man saying that man developed from animals and not from the hand of the Creator