World History Final

During the seventeenth century, rising levels of global commerce increased prosperity in the Ming and Mughal Empires but also led to which of the following?

A decline in centralized state control

Which of the following was a major consequence of the Renaissance?

A network that consisted of independent, educated people—and those who were not totally reliant on either the state or the church—developed.

Which of the following did the rulers of Ming China, the Ottoman Empire, and Western Europe use to unify their expanded territories?

Artists and architects who projected each ruler's grandeur and power

What did the Spanish use as a model for obtaining Amerindian labor for colonial mines?

Aztec and Incan practices, such as the mita, that demanded labor from conquered villages

Which of the following allowed the Spanish to defeat both the Aztec and Inca Empires?

Both empires suffered from internal weakness and divisions that were exploited by the Spanish.

In what way was the popular effect of the Forbidden City similar to that of Topkapi Palace?

Both projected a sense of awe and power.

Why did European wars expand into global confrontations?

Conflicts over overseas colonies and trade routes replaced earlier regional religious and territorial struggles.

Which of the following prevented English monarchs, such as Queen Elizabeth I, from establishing an absolutist regime?

English monarchs were legally required to obtain the consent of Parliament in order to raise funds.

Which of the following contributed to the political fragmentation of Western Europe—in contrast to China and the Muslim world?

Europe lacked a unifying written language.

Aside from land rents, what was a major source of revenue for the Mughal emperors?

Europeans' increased demand for Indian textiles

What led Portuguese traders to explore the coast of Africa in the mid-sixteenth century?

Gold's value rose dramatically during and after the Black Death, and the Portuguese believed that Africa was a source of precious metals.

Which of the following was used by Tokugawa Ieyasu to secure relative peace, which lasted for two centuries after his death?

He declared himself shogun and established a hereditary system of succession.

Emperor Hongwu's reputation for a harsh and cruel disposition was tempered in which of the following ways?

His wife, Empress Ma, was known for her compassion and emerged as the kinder face of the regime.

What advantage was provided by the English East India Company's royal charter?

It gave exclusive rights to import East Indian goods into England.

In what way did the Canton system seek to control trade?

It required European traders to have Chinese merchants act as guarantors for their good behavior and payment of fees.

Which of the following describes events in the Kongo kingdom in the seventeenth century?

Kidnapping became so prevalent that cultivators worked their fields bearing weapons, leaving their children behind in guarded stockades.

Which of the following was essential to the Aztec state's legitimacy?

Kinship and clan networks

In what way did the Spanish capture of Manila in 1571 inaugurate the first worldwide trade circuit?

Manila gave the Spanish a base to trade silver from the Americas to China, and then Chinese goods to Europe.

Which of the following led Russians to migrate to Siberia?

Many were fleeing serfdom and religious persecution.

What actions did Ottoman officials take to assist the caravan trade transporting goods from China to the Ottoman heartland?

Officials established caravan stations for travelers' refreshment and protection.

The work of which admiral and cartographer provided the foundation for important Ottoman gains in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean?

Piri Reis

Following the crises of the fourteenth century, which of the following was the most resistant to change?

Religious and cultural systems

Which of the following explains why South Asia was less severely affected by the Black Death than were China, Europe, or the Islamic world?

South Asian societies had escaped the Mongol conquest and were not directly linked to Mongol-controlled trade routes.

How did the Asante kingdom use its access to gold to begin its growth and development?

The Asante used their gold to buy firearms, which they used to raid neighboring communities for captives to be sold as slaves.

For what reason did the Tokugawa shoguns expel all foreign traders except for the Dutch?

The Dutch did not proselytize.

Since there was no demand for European products in Asia, what steps did the Dutch take to reduce the need to use precious metals to pay for Asian spices?

The Dutch used their merchant ships to increase their participation in inter-Asian trade.

During the sixteenth century, what impact did the European presence in the Indian Ocean and South China Sea have on Asian dynasties?

The European presence enhanced Asian rulers' wealth and might.

Which of the following best describes the initial relationship that developed between French North American colonists and Amerindians?

The French relied on native peoples' knowledge of trapping and adapted to Amerindian ways.

In Western Christendom during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, which of the following events exemplifies warfare between dynastic monarchies that attempted to consolidate their rule?

The Hundred Years' War

Which of the following was a consequence of the political and economic disorder in the Ottoman Empire in the seventeenth century?

The Mamluks in Egypt asserted political and commercial autonomy.

Which of the following was the most important factor in the Ottoman triumph over their rivals?

The Ottomans integrated diverse religious groups and adapted techniques of administration from the Byzantines.

Which of the following characterized the Portuguese presence in sixteenth-century Macao?

The Portuguese used Macao as an entry into the lucrative import-export trade with China.

Which of the following characterized Spanish tributary empires?

The Spanish controlled territory but worked to extract wealth without extensive settlement of Iberian immigrants.

After 1570, why was Japan supplanted as the primary source of silver for China?

The Spanish took control of the Philippines and used it as a conduit for silver from their colonies in the Americas.

What was the Western European Christian church's response to challenges to its authority following the plague?

The church demanded strict obedience and persecuted those who questioned its doctrines.

Which of the following was an important effect of the Ottoman conquest of Syria and Egypt?

The conquest created a Muslim majority, allowing Ottoman sultans to see themselves as heirs of previous Muslim states that had ruled over the region.

Which of the following is the best description of the economic impact of the Black Death on Afro-Eurasia?

The deaths of many farmers led to food shortages, which in turn led to rapidly rising prices, work stoppages, and unrest.

During the sixteenth century, to what use did Mughals put their increased global and local commerce?

They used the resources to glorify their court's architecture and art.

Which of the following statements best describes the Ottoman rulers' stance toward regional differences within their territory?

They were flexible and tolerant.

Why were the Portuguese and other Europeans motivated to find new routes to Asia?

They were responding to the conquest of Constantinople and the rise of Ottoman power in the Mediterranean.

Which of the following best summarizes the goals of Spanish explorers such as Columbus?

To Christianize the world and accumulate wealth

In general, the slave trade helped shift wealth toward which African social group?

Warrior elites

To project imperial power and grandeur, the Yongle Emperor of the Ming dynasty:

constructed the Forbidden City.

Newfound expertise with the compass and astrolabe allowed Portuguese navigators to:

determine latitude.

The Ming Dynasty's administrative and economic difficulties were evidenced by:

failure to respond effectively to natural disasters.

The main goal of Zheng He's voyages was to:

reestablish trade and collect tribute.

In the late fifteenth century, Ferdinand and Isabella reacted to the Ottoman expansion by:

using the Inquisition to create a more homogeneous state.

Which of the following was a consequence of the Thirty Years' War?

Central Europe's populations and economies did not recover for more than a century.

How did European seaborne commerce in Asia compare with its commerce in the Americas?

In Asia, European merchants struggled to conquer empires or control large territories.

What, according to mercantilist thinkers, was the purpose of colonies?

To enrich the states that had founded them

What was Portugal's primary goal in the Indian Ocean trade?

To take over the trade or tax local merchants

Later Ming officials, in contrast to rulers in Portugal and Spain, viewed overseas expansion as:

a potential source of disorder and instability.

To reestablish political order following the crises of the fourteenth century, ruling households:

stated that their power had a divine source.

Which of the following is credited with forcing pastoral peoples and plague-bearing rodents into closer contact with settled agricultural villages?

Drought in the central Asian steppes

Why was it necessary to continue to import large numbers of African slaves to replenish labor on sugar plantations?

Most of the slaves were men, who suffered high mortality rates due to overwork and poor conditions.