World History Modules 1 and 2

Seti I

"Pharaoh of the Oppression" Policy of enslavement and infanticide

Thutmose III

+ Thutmosis the third was co-regent to Hatshepsut, who was mainly in charge of the first twenty-two years of his reign. After Hatshepsut died, he began campaigns to expand Egypt. During his campaigns, he went into Syria, Nubia, Mitanni, and Canaan.Thutmose's most massive battle was Megiddo's battle, in which he went through a narrow mountain pass and surprised the enemy. Then he laid siege to the city of Megiddo for eight months before he captured the city. Other accomplishments were repairing a temple in Karnak, building a temple to Amun, and building the Tekhen Waty. The Tekhen Waty is currently called the Lateran Obelisk, the world's largest obelisk at 150 feet tall

Narmar

+Narmer, also referred to as Menes, unified lower and upper Egypt through military conquest. He became the first Pharaoh establishing the First Dynasty of Egypt in three thousand one hundred and fifty B.C.E. Narmer expanded Egypt's borders into Canaan and Nubia. Narmer used the resources of his newly acquired territories to build architecture that dotted Egypt's landscape. He married princess Neithhotep to form an alliance with Naqada. Since Narmer's reign was so long ago, few accounts date back to his rule.However, the most famous accounts are the Narmer Palette which depicts him unifying lower and upper Egypt

First Intermediate Period in Egypt

- A time of chaos and poverty - Nile floods ceased (no fertile soil, droughts) - Treasury was bankrupt due to pyramid building - Civil wars broke out and invaders fought against weak throne - Not able to farm, can't buy food

Old Kingdom Egypt

- Era of pyramid building - 2700 BC-2200 BC

transhumant

A form of pastoralism common to the Mediterranean basin and the Sahara; involves moving from one region to another according to the season. Part of the group travels with the animals and others stay in settled villages growing crops only part of the group (usually men and boys) travel with the animals, while others stay in a settled village site and grow crops

Pharaoh

A king of ancient Egypt, considered a god as well as a political and military leader. The term pharaoh, which originally referred to the king's palace, became a form of address for the king himself during this period, further emphasizing the idea of divine kingship. Religiously, the pharaohs associated themselves with the god Amun-Ra, while still recognizing other deities.

Ramses II

A long-lived ruler of New Kingdom Egypt (r. 1290-1224 BCE). He reached an accomodation with the Hittites of Anatolia after a standoff in battle at Kadesh in Syria. He built on a grand scale throughout Egypt.

nomad

A member of a group that has no permanent home, wandering from place to place in search of food and water

Hittites

A people from central Anatolia who established an empire in Anatolia and Syria in the Late Bronze Age. With wealth from the trade in metals and military power based on chariot forces, they vied with New Kingdom Egypt over Syria.

Mesopotamia

A region between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers that developed the first urban societies. In the Bronze Age this area included Sumer and the Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires, In the Iron Age, it was ruled by the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires.

Homo sapiens

A species of the creatures Hominid who have larger brains and to which humans belong, dependent of language and usage of tools.

Divine Kingship in Egypt's History

After political unification, divine kingship, or the idea that a political ruler held his power by favor of a god or gods—or that he was a living incarnation of a god—became firmly established in Egypt. For example, in the mythology that developed around unification, Narmer was portrayed as Horus, a god of Lower Egypt, where Narmer originally ruled. He conquered Set, a god of Upper Egypt. This mythologized version of actual political events added legitimacy to the king's rule.

Who tried to give the Egyptians a new religion?

Akhenaten. In the mid-1300s BCE, one pharaoh attempted to alter this tradition when he chose to worship Aten exclusively and even changed his name to Akhenaten in honor of that god. Some scholars interpret this as the first instance of monotheism, or the belief in a single god. This change did not survive beyond Akhenaten's rule, however.

Rise And Fall of Ptolemaic Dynasty

Alexander the Great conquered all of Egypt, and when he died, he did not name and heir to the throne and had instead said, ". . . that the empire was left "to the best". . ."(Wasson, 2020). Alexander's best generals each took over a section of Alexander's empire Ptolemy taking Egypt. He embraced Egypt's Gods and built temples to them, earning favor with the Egyptian people. Perridicas, one of Alexander's generals, hired Cleomenes, Egypt's finance minister, to spy on Ptolemy, and Ptolemy figured out Perridicas's plan and had Cleomenes executed due to corruption. The execution of Cleomenes established the Ptolemaic Dynasty. The Ptolemaic Dynasty lasted from 305 B.C.E. to 30 B.C.E. In the Ptolemaic Dynasty, and the Pharaoh would usually end up marrying his sister and murdering family members to consolidate power. Cleopatra, the seventh married Ptolemy, the eighth who went against Rome, resulted in his death. Then, Ptolemy, the ninth married Cleopatra and suspiciously died not too long after. Afterward, Cleopatra, the seventh, became queen of Egypt. Cleopatra kept good connections with Julius Ceasar so that he would not take over Rome. He died, and then she tried the same with the Roman General Mark Antony. They fought in the Battle of Actium against Octavian, who was trying to become emperor of Rome. Cleopatra and Mark Antony lost, and Cleopatra the seventh committed suicide, and the roman empire overtook Egypt.

Who united Upper and Lower Egypt?

Although we do not know the specific dates and events, most scholars who study this period believe that sometime around the year 3100 BCE, a leader named either Narmer or Menes—sources are unclear on whether these were the same person!—united Egypt politically when he gained control of both Upper and Lower Egypt.

Hammurabi

Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases.

Australopithecus afarensis

An early australopithecine from East Africa that had a brain size equivalent to a modern chimpanzee's and is thought to be a direct human ancestor.

Bodies of Water in Egypt

Apart from the delta region, where the river spreads out as it flows into the sea, most settlement in the Nile Valley was confined to within a few miles of the river itself. The Nile River flooded annually; this flooding was so regular that the ancient Egyptians set their three seasons—Inundation, or flooding, Growth, and Harvest—around it.

What happened during New Kingdom Period of Egypt

Around 1550 BCE, the New Kingdom period of Egyptian history began with the expulsion of the Hyksos from Egypt and the restoration of centralized political control. This period was Egypt's most prosperous time and marked the peak of its power.

Rise of the Akkadian Empire

Around 2340 Before Common Era (BCE), Sargon of Akkad marched troops into Sumer, capturing the capital city of Uruk effectively, creating the first empire the world would ever see. The Akkadian empire would expand and reach into modern Iran and Syria. Sargon and his predecessors unknowingly changed the way the world would be viewed for all of history. The Blueprint for almost all of the world's empires to come would use the Akkadians as a model.

When were Egyptian hieroglyphics used?

As the Egyptian state grew in power and influence, it was better able to mobilize resources for large-scale projects and required better methods of record-keeping to organize and manage an increasingly large state. During the Middle Kingdom, Egyptians began to write literature, as well. Some writing was preserved on stone or clay, and some was preserved on papyrus, a paper-like product made from reed fiber. Papyrus is very fragile, but due to the hot and dry climate of Egypt, a few papyrus documents have survived. Hieroglyphic writing also became an important tool for historians studying ancient Egypt once it was translated in the early 1800s. (BCE)

Khafre

Built a pyramid at Giza, carved Sphinx

Elamites

Civilization first appearing in the mountains east of Sumer--constantly battled with the Sumerians. (Bauer, 88) Conquered Babylon in the 12th century, ending Kassite reign. A people with their capital in the upland valley of modern Fars who became a cohesive polity that incorporated transhumant people of the Zagros Mountains.

Cleopatra VII

Cleopatra, the seventh, was the last ruler of Egypt. She gained power by being on good terms with Rome's Ruler Julius Ceasar. Her siblings had her exiled from Egypt,but she regained power and exiled her sister with Caesar's help. Forced to marry her brother and rule together with him, she decided to take matters into her own hands and had him killed by the Romans and her sister later. She kept Egypt independent from Rome for twenty-two years until Julius Ceasar died. Then she tried to be on good terms with Mark Anthony, one of Caesar's Generals.However, they lost the battle of Actium against Octavian's faction, who was trying to take over Rome. Then out of despair, she killed herself

What happened during the Old Kingdom

During the Old Kingdom period, Egypt was largely unified as a single state; it gained in complexity and expanded militarily. Old Kingdom rulers built the first pyramids, which were both tombs and monuments for the kings who had them built. Building monumental architecture—such as the Great Pyramid and the Sphinx in Giza, and temples for different gods—required a centralized government that could command vast resources.

Khufu

Egyptian pharaoh who built the great pyramid Most famous pharaoh of the Old Kingdom. Legend has it that he was cruel , but historical records tell us that the people who worked for Khufu were well fed. Best known for his monuments.

What else did Egyptians build in the Old Kingdom

Egyptians also began to build ships, constructed of wooden planks tied together with rope and stuffed with reeds, to trade goods such as ebony, incense, gold, copper, and Lebanese cedar—which was particularly important for construction projects—along maritime routes.

Babylonian Empire

Empire in Mesopotamia which was formed by Hammurabi, the sixth ruler of the invading Amorites

When was Egypt first inhabited?

Evidence of human habitation in Egypt stretches back tens of thousands of years. It was only in about 6000 BCE, however, that widespread settlement began in the region. Around this time, the Sahara Desert expanded. Some scientists think this expansion was caused by a slight shift in the tilt of the Earth. Others have explored changing rainfall patterns, but the specific causes are not entirely clear. The most important result of this expansion of the Sahara for human civilization was that it pushed humans closer to the Nile River in search of reliable water sources.

The three seasons in Egypt were?

Flood, planting, drought

First female ruler of Egypt

Hatshepsut

Summary of Hapshepsut

Hatshepsut was the first female Pharoah. Hatshepsut was married to Thutmose II, the Pharaoh of Egypt when she was alive, and he died when Hatshepsut's stepson Thutmose III was too young to be Pharaoh. So, Hatshepsut became the regent ruler of Egypt until Thutmose III was old enough to rule. However, during her rule asa regent ruler of Egypt, she modified the rules, so she had the power equivalent to a Pharaoh. This rule modification allowed her to crown herself Pharoah, and Thutmose II be king in name only. She referred to herself using feminine pronouns but dressed and depicted herself as a male Pharoah. She commissioned many architecture projects, the most famous being the temple of Hatshepsut. She also established trade with many nations increasing the prosperity of Egypt. After she died, her stepson attempted to remove all records bearing her name and crediting her works

Ptolemy

His ideas on science influenced Muslim and European scholars from Roman times until the Scientific Revolution. He was a Greco-Roman writer famous as a mathematician, astronomer, geographer, astrologer, and poet. He lived in the city of Alexandria in the Roman province of Egypt, wrote in Greek, and held Roman citizenship.

Pyramid of Khufu

Khufu's pyramid is the largest in Egypt. Khufu's pyramid is known as one of the seven wonders of the world and is currently the last one still intact. Pharaoh Khufu commissioned the pyramid during the old kingdom period of Egypt. When the pyramid was undamaged, it was 481.4 feet tall.According to the ancient scholar Herodotus, the pyramid took around twenty years to build.Each stone block of the pyramid weighed at least two tones.

When did the New Kindom Period of Egypt reach its height?

New Kingdom Egypt reached the height of its power under the pharaohs Seti I and Ramesses II, who fought to expand Egyptian power against the Libyans to the west and the Hittites to the north. The city of Kadesh on the border between the two empires was a source of conflict between the Egyptians and the Hittites, and they fought several battles over it, ultimately agreeing to the world's first known peace treaty.

How is Egyptian history divided?

Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, New Kingdom

Ptolemies

One of the regional dynasties that followed the death of Alexander the Great; founded in Egypt

Why did the Akkadian Empire fall?

One theory is that the Akkadians had displeased the Gods and were punished accordingly. The most likely theory is due to extreme drought, an influx of refugees from outside the kingdom causing a strain on the agricultural system along with invasions from other city-states saw the demise of the world's first empires. The most famous of these being Babylon.

What lead to the second intermediate period of Egypt

Political fragmentation led to the Second Intermediate Period. The precise dates are unclear; even though writing allowed for more events to be recorded, most things still were not, and many more records have been lost or destroyed.

Lighthouse of Alexandria

Ptolemy the first commissioned the lighthouse of Alexandria in 300 B.C.E. Completed during the reign of Ptolemy the second, the lighthouse became one of the seven wonders of the world at 460 feet tall, making it the second tallest human made structure. The lighthouse had three floors. As its fame grew, it became a tourist attraction that many people made pilgrimages to the island of Pharos to see it. An earthquake in 1330 C.E destroyed the lighthouse

Hatshepsut

Queen of Egypt (1473-1458 B.C.E.). Dispatched a naval expedition down the Red Sea to Punt (possibly Somalia), the faraway source of myrrh. There is evidence of opposition to a woman as ruler, and after her death her name was frequently expunged. She established trade networks that helped build the wealth of Egypt and commissioned hundreds of construction projects and pieces of statuary, as well as an impressive mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahri. She also ordered repairs to temples that had been neglected or damaged during the period of Hyksos rule.

The earliest evidence of humanity traces her toots to Africa, Lucy

She showed signs of being bipedal among other human like features and her fossils are dated as being 3.2 million years old. She was an Australopithecus afarensis.

Geography of Egypt

Somewhat confusingly, when you look at a map of this area, Lower Egypt is the delta region in the north, and Upper Egypt refers to the southern portion of the country, which is upriver from the delta. You may encounter this terminology when reading about rivers in history, so a good trick is to remember that rivers flow downhill, so the river is lower toward its end at the sea and higher closer to its source! Nile River is the longest, flows S to N, floods; deserts on both sides of the Nile (Sahara and Eastern deserts); Delta at end of Nile; fertile soil for farming

When did the Hyksos invade Egypt?

Taking advantage of this political instability in Egypt, the Hyksos appeared around 1650 BCE. They were a Semitic people, meaning they spoke a language that originated in the Middle East, which indicated that they were not native to Egypt. The Hyksos imposed their own political rulers but also brought many cultural and technological innovations, such as bronze working and pottery techniques, new breeds of animals and new crops, the horse and chariot, the composite bow, battle-axes, and fortification techniques for warfare.

Summary of Hyksos

The Hyksos came peacefully into Egypt and took over Egypt when it was politically unstable. The Hyksos assimilated into Egypt,accepting parts of its culture instead of firmly ruling it. They conquered Egypt using chariots pulled by horses, compound bows, and bronze weaponry. The Hyksos occupation of Egypt lasted around a hundred years. The Egyptians had mastered and adapted Hyksos technology to suit their needs and overthrew the Hyksos

Second Intermediate Period of Egypt

The Hyksos people dominated Egypt from about 1700-1550 B.C.E. They were expelled by a nobleman named Ahmose, who founded the 18th dynasty and began the era known as the New Kingdom. The Hyksos people dominated Egypt from about 1700-1550 B.C.E. They were expelled by a nobleman named Ahmose, who founded the 18th dynasty and began the era known as the New Kingdom.

What happened during the Middle Kingdom period of Egypt

The Middle Kingdom saw Egypt unified again as kings found ways to take back power from regional governors. From the Middle Kingdom era forward, Egyptian kings often kept well-trained standing armies. The ability of the Egyptian state to create and maintain a standing military force and to build fortifications showed that it had regained control of substantial resources.

The Great Sphinx

The Pharaoh Khafre, who lived during the old kingdom period,built the Great Sphinx while building his pyramid. The Sphinx's head has the face of Khafre and the body of a lion. At one time, the Sphinx's face was painted, but wind wore away the paint. Khafre had the Sphinx created from one piece of limestone carved with bronze chisels and stone hammers. The Sphinx is approximately 240 feet long and 66 feet tall, making it one of the world's most monumental sculptures

Why did Sumarians fall

The Sumerians disappeared from history about 2000 B.C. as a result of military domination by various Semitic peoples. In particular, in about 2000 B.C. Sargon established an empire in Mesopotamia which included the area of Sumer. But long before Sargon's conquest Semitic peoples had been entering the area of Sumer.

Who built the pyramids?

The builders of the pyramids were not enslaved people but peasants, working on the pyramids during the farming off-season. These peasants worked alongside specialists like stone cutters, mathematicians, and priests. As a form of taxation, each household was required to provide a worker for these projects, although the wealthy could pay for a substitute. This demonstrates both the power of the state to force people to provide labor and also the advantages enjoyed by elites, who could buy their way out of providing labor.

How did the annual flooding impact the citizens of the Nile River Valley?

This annual flooding was vital to agriculture because it deposited a new layer of nutrient-rich soil each year. In years when the Nile did not flood, the nutrient level in the soil was seriously depleted, and the chance of food shortages increased greatly. Food supplies had political effects, as well, and periods of drought probably contributed to the decline of Egyptian political unity at the ends of both the Old and Middle Kingdoms.

Intermediate periods of Egypt

Time of weakness in between the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom. The periods separated the kingdoms. The term "intermediate" here refers to the fact that during these times Egypt was not a unified political power, and thus was in between powerful kingdoms

Tutankhamun

Tutankhamun, nicknamed the boy king, was born in 1341 B.C.E. and died at 18 in 1323 B.C.E. He married his half-sister Ankhesenamun when he was eight years old. Tutankhamun became Pharaoh at nine and shortly afterward moved to Memphis and brought Egypt back to its old traditions. Also, he had temples and other buildings destroyed in his father's reign repaired. Tutankhamun had a deformed leg, possibly due to the inbreeding across the royal lineage. Today, scientists hypothesize that he died of either malaria, a leg infection, or an abscessed tooth.

Why did the Babylonian Empire fall?

Weak leaders, poor harvests, decreased trade caused the loss of power. they continually faced uprising and foreign invasion that weakened the empire and caused distractions

divine kingship

a form of monarchy where the king is considered to be godly and legitimate; he has absolute power and was chosen by God to rule.

hieroglyphics

a form of writing that used images to express sounds and meanings—likely began in this period. As the Egyptian state grew in power and influence, it was better able to mobilize resources for large-scale projects and required better methods of record-keeping to organize and manage an increasingly large state.

Hyksos

a group of nomadic invaders from southwest Asia who ruled Egypt from 1640 to 1570 B.C.

Hammurabi's Code

a set of 282 laws that dealt with almost every part of daily life

Sargon of Akkad

an ancient Mesopotamian ruler who reigned approximately 2334-2279 BC, and was one of the earliest of the world's great empire builders, conquering all of southern Mesopotamia as well as parts of Syria, Anatolia, and Elam (western Iran). He established the region's first Semitic dynasty and was considered the founder of the Mesopotamian military tradition.

Uruk

an ancient Sumerian city in Southern Iraq, near the Euphrates, important before 2000 b.c. : exclusive archaeological excavations, notably of a ziggurat and of tablets with very early Sumerian script.

Akkadian Empire

began in 2350 BCE when Sargon - King of Akkad - began conquering Sumerian cities. The empire was the first to unite city-states under a single ruler and ruled for 200 years.

Ramses II Summary

en Ramses the second was young,he commissioned the city of Per-Ramses to serve asa base while he went on campaigns with his father into neighboring lands. Ramses became king when his father Seti the first in died in 1290 B.C.E. In his second year as Pharoah, he encountered the Sherdan allies of the Hittites. He defeated them,incorporating them into his army. His most famous battle is Kadesh's battle in which he waited for the Hittite army of Kadesh, but they did not come, and instead, he captured two Hittite spies. The Hittites sent spies to deceive him into setting up camp as they did, the Hittite army was nowhere nearby this caused him to make camp and wait for the rest of his army. He was then overwhelmed by Hittite forces, who were hidden a mile from his camp. He then turned the tide of battle just as the Ptah division of his army came and gave him the extra push to win the battle. Later in life, he married Nefertiti, and when she died, he created a massive tomb devoted to her.

Inundation

flooding

Homo Erectus humanid

is a species of firsts. It was the first of our relatives to have human-like body proportions, with shorter arms and longer legs relative to its torso. It was also the first known hominin to migrate out of Africa, and possibly the first to cook food.

Sumarians used what

levees and irrigation to effectively grow large scale crops.

Nile River

longest river in the world. The river in which early kingdoms in Egypt were centered around.The world's longest river, which flows northward through East Africa into the Mediterranean Sea

Middle Kingdom Egypt

period of order and stability from 2050 BC-1750 BC (2040 BCE - 1640 BCE) Period in ancient Egyptian history characterized by internal strife and hardships, and the invasion, and subsequent take over by the neighboring Hyksos. Saw an end to the anarchy of the First Intermediate Period

Irrigation in Egypt

practices consisted of building mud levees—which were walls of compacted dirt that directed the annual flooding onto farmland and kept it away from living areas—and of digging canals to direct water to fields as crops were growing.

New Kingdom Egypt

the period 1550 BC-1050 BC where Egypt reached the height of its power and glory; King Ahmose key figure

Elites

those individuals who were wealthy and powerful, began building larger tombs which were precursors to the pyramids. These tombs represented a growing divide between the elite and common people in Egyptian society. Only the wealthy and important could afford and be considered as deserving of such elaborate burials

Pre-civilization early man

traveled in nomadic groups never staying in one area for long amounts of time. These groups were mostly hunter gatherer tribes, meaning that how they feed themselves was by hunting animals and gathering fruits, berries, and other forage. This group also fall under the term known as pre-history. This means we only know about this group of people from things like ancient cave paintings and crude tools the groups used.

At the Battle of Actium, Antony and Cleopatra

were defeated by Octavian