World History -REGENTS Practice Q's & Answers

During the 1980's in the Soviet Union, a major element of the economic policy of Perestroika was 1. increased collectivization of farms 2. more reliance on local and regional decision making 3. the expanded use of national Five-Year plans 4. an emphasis on the redistribution of wealth

#2 Traditionally, a communist, or command economy, controls the means of production by having government agencies involved in production planning. Gorbachev's policy of perestroika sought to increase production in vital areas by introducing individual free enterprise.

Which was a major reason for the success of Soviet domination in Eastern Europe after World War II? 1. Eastern Europeans accepted the doctrine of Pan-Slavism 2. the democracies of Western Europe needed greater security 3. the Soviet Union had military forces in Eastern Europe as a result of World War II 4. Western Europeans feared that Nazism would be rekindled in Eastern Europe

#3 - After World War II, Stalin forced pro-communists governments in Czechoslovakia, Poland, and other Eastern European nations. These nations became known as Soviet satellite states.

Which statement describes a characteristic of the British parliamentary system today? 1. the Prime Minister is elected by the majority party in Parliament 2. the monarch serves as a strong head of state 3. the members of the House of Commons are appointed for life 4. the minority party has no vote in the Parliament

A parliamentary democracy is a government ruled democratically by a national representative body that has supreme legislative powers. This Parliament is controlled by a Prime Minister who is elected by the majority party.

gresham's law

"When a government overvalues one type of money and undervalues another, the undervalued money will leave the country or disappear from circulation into hoards, while the overvalued money will flood into circulation."[1] It is commonly stated as: "Bad money drives out good".

Which statement best describes the political situation in the Soviet Union immediately after Lenin's death in 1924? 1. the nation adopted a constitutional monarchy 2. Trotsky and his followers assumed full control of the Communist Party 3. popular elections were held to choose a new general secretary 4. a power struggle developed among Communist Party leaders

A power struggle between Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky erupted after the death of Lenin. Stalin managed to outmaneuver Trotsky, who was forced out of the Communist Party and into exile. An agent of Stalin later assassinated Trotsky.

A major cause of the Russian Revolution of 1917 was the 1. defeat of Germany in the Russian campaign 2. marriage of Czar Nicholas II to a German princess 3. existence of sharp economic differences between social classes 4. appeal of Marxism to the Russian nobility

A rigid class system existed in Russia which allowed landowning nobles, priests, and the Czar to live well, while the peasant class faced many hardships, including poor working conditions in urban areas, poverty, and constant food shortages.

In the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin governed by means of secret police, censorship, and purges. This type of government is called 1. democracy 2. totalitarian 3. limited monarchy 4. theocracy

A totalitarian state is a nation in which the government controls every aspect of citizen's lives through a single party dictatorship. The methods often include the use of censorship, secret police, and terror.

Which geographic factor has contributed most to the economic growth of Japan, Egypt, and Great Britain? 1. variety of natural resources 2. reliable amount of rainfall 3. abundance of arable land 4. access to important waterways

Access to important waterways, such as the Pacific Ocean for Japan, the Nile River for Egypt, and the Atlantic Ocean for Great Britain often leads to trade, an important factor in the economic growth of these nations.

In China and the former Soviet Union, the communist governments discouraged organized religion because religions 1. compete for the loyalties of the people 2. support the principles of laissez-faire 3. favor anarchy over organized government 4. stress economic rather than political values

According to the communist governments of China and the Soviet Union, the only loyalty the people should have is to the Party.

Which conclusion is valid concerning the food shortages some nations of Africa and Asia during the 1970's and 1980's? 1. misuse of the land has destroyed many rich food-producing regions 2. too few people in Africa and Asia are involved in food production 3. acid rain has been the major cause of crop failures 4. European nations stopped shipping food to these regions

African agriculture is mainly devoted to cash crops for trade and commerce. This has led to vast food shortages and famine in some African nations.

One similarity in the leadership of Kemal Ataturk, Gamal Nasser, and Shah Reza Pahlavi is that all these leaders 1. sought to modernize their nations 2. came to power as a result of democratic elections 3. encouraged their people to convert to Hinduism 4. led invasions into Israel

Ataturk and Pahlavi modernized and westernized their countries with the help of Europe and the United States, while Nasser modernized with the help of the Soviet Union.

Recent archeological studies suggest the theory that 1. the earliest humans evolved in the Rift Valley in Africa 2. farming societies developed before hunting and gathering societies 3. all the continents were settled at about the same time 4. the wheel was used by all ancient societies

Australopithecines, one of the earliest known human relatives, dates back 5 million years and was discovered in the Rift Valley of Africa.

Francis Bacon - Baconian Method was an English philosopher, statesman, scientist, jurist, orator, essayist and author. He served both as Attorney General and Lord Chancellor of England. After his death, he remained extremely influential through his works, especially as philosophical advocate and practitioner of the scientific method during the scientific revolution.

Bacon has been called the father of empiricism.[4] His works established and popularised inductive methodologies for scientific inquiry, often called the Baconian method, or simply the scientific method. His demand for a planned procedure of investigating all things natural marked a new turn in the rhetorical and theoretical framework for science, much of which still surrounds conceptions of proper methodology today.

Powder Keg of Europe

Balkans prior to WWI

Since the 1950's, India has experienced conflict with both Pakistan and China over 1. United Nations peacekeeping efforts in the region 2. India's increasing trade with Korea 3. borders and related territorial issues 4. the interpretation of common religious works

British officials drew borders that created a Hindu India and a Muslim Pakistan in 1947. Since this time, there has been conflict between the two nations. India has also experienced problems with China over their shared border.

One similarity between Mao Zedong and Fidel Castro is that they 1. achieved their goals through the use of peaceful resistance 2. worked to protect citizens' rights to freedom of expression 3. considered capitalism to be the best economic system 4. led revolutionary movements that established communist governments

Mao Zedong led a revolution in the 1930's and 1940's which established a communist government in China. The revolution, started by Fidel Castro, established communism in Cuba in 1959. Both communist governments exist today.

What did Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels believe would be the result when communism finally emerged as the dominant political and economic system? 1. Only two classes would exist in society. 2. All the evils of industrial society would disappear. 3. The Soviet Union would become the world's only superpower. 4. Citizens would own their individual homes and farms.

Marx and Engels believed that their economic and political system would create a classless society where the means of production would be controlled by the working class, and a fair distribution of wealth would exist.

Industrialization Topic: According to Karl Marx, history is the record of the 1. granting of more political liberties to all people 2. struggle between classes in society 3. wars and conflicts between national leaders 4. increasing prosperity brought about by industrialization

Marx wrote in The Communist Manifesto (1848) that all of human history is based on the conflict between the bourgeoisie (those who own the means of production) and the proletariat (working class). He predicted that the proletariat would rise up in a violent revolution to overthrow the bourgeoisie and create a society with an equal distribution of goods and services.

The 1917 victory of the communists in Russia was a contradiction of Marxist theory because Russia was 1. already ruled by a socialist government 2. involved in World War I 3. mainly an agricultural society 4. not considered to be a military power

Marx's ideas on political revolutions mainly concerned the plight of the poor working class in industrial societies.

One principle in the theory of mercantilism is that colonies should be 1. granted independence as soon as possible 2. considered an economic burden for the colonial power 3. encouraged to develop their own industries 4. acquired as markets and sources of raw materials

Mercantilism is an economic system where a country's wealth is based upon exporting more products than it imports. To accomplish this, a country must have colonies to provide raw materials, and also to provide a market for the finished products.

In the 1920's and 1930's, the rise of totalitarian governments in Germany, Italy, and Spain was largely the result of 1. the success of the Communists in establishing a command economy in the Soviet Union 2. severe economic and social problems that arose in Europe after World War I 3. the active support of the United States 4. movements demanding the return of the old monarchies

The Great Depression caused many people to lose faith in democracy and turn toward more radical ideas, such as communism and fascism. People were willing to give up individual rights of freedom for the promise of stability offered by these types of totalitarian regimes.

Westernization in Russia came about largely through the 1. efforts of Peter the Great and his successors 2. invasion of Russia by Sweden 3. desire of the United States to seek new markets 4. acceptance of the policies of the Eastern Orthodox Church

Peter the Great helped to westernize Russia by creating new laws aimed at curtailing traditional customs, and by building the modern city of St. Petersburg, which he called his "window to the West." His successors, such as Catherine the Great, continued this trend by adopting other western ideas such as those from the Enlightenment.

The French Revolution of 1789 and the Cuban Revolution of 1959 were similar in that both were caused primarily by the 1. desire of the people to be free from foreign rule 2. pressure of religious leaders for government reform 3. failure of the government to meet the needs of the people 4. ambition of the upper class to attain wealth and property

The French Revolution started because the government was unresponsive to the problems of the majority of the people, such as poverty and hunger. The Cuban Revolution, started by Fidel Castro, was a response to the oppressive and corrupt government of Fulgencio Batista.

The French people supported Napoleon Bonaparte because they hoped he would 1. adopt the ideas of the Protestant Reformation 2. restore Louis XVI to power 3. provide stability for the nation 4. end British control of France

The French people hoped that a strong leader like Napoleon would be able to stop the turmoil that had engulfed the country since the start of the Revolution.

The goal of Mao Zedong's policy known as the Great Leap Forward was to 1. develop foreign export industries in China's coastal urban centers 2. eliminate state-owned industries in rural China 3. modernize China's economic system by dividing China into communes 4. introduce capitalism to the Chinese economy

The Great Leap Forward was an economic program started by Mao Zedong in 1958. The goal was to increase agricultural and industrial products by setting up communes for people to live and work. This policy was a complete failure. Production in industry and agricultural decreased, which led to widespread famine.

In Mexico and India, the Green Revolution has been successful because it has 1. promoted democratic reform 2. increased agricultural productivity 3. introduced western culture and values 4. established economic equality among the people

The Green Revolution applies modern technology to solve the problem of food production. Some of the methods are modern irrigation systems, the use of heavy machinery, and more potent fertilizers and pesticides. The Green Revolution has been more successful in areas with larger farms, that can afford these innovations. Green Revolution is NOT a movement against environmental destruction caused by industries.

One way in which the caste system and apartheid were similar is that both 1. described specific religious practices and beliefs 2. supported a rigid class structure 3. were created by British colonial governments 4. gave power to the lower classes in their respective societies

The Hindu Caste system divided society up into many castes, each with its own rights and duties. Apartheid divided South African society between whites and blacks. Black South Africans enjoyed fewer rights and faced constant discrimination and segregation.

The Holocaust in Europe and the actions of the Khmer Rouge in Kampuchea (Cambodia) were similar in that they were examples of 1. Interdependence 2. Segregation 3. Genocide 4. Empathy

The Holocaust was the systematic murder of the Jewish population in Europe by the Nazis. The Khmer Rouge also practiced a policy of genocide, killing millions in Cambodia during the 1970's.

The primary goal of the Indian National Congress (1855-1947) was to 1. reform the Hindu religion 2. partition India between Muslims and Hindus 3. create a socialist economy 4. gain independence from Great Britain

The Indian National Congress was a nationalistic organization created with the goal of freeing India from British control.

After 1880, European nations sought colonies in Africa primarily because the Europeans were 1. in need of land for their surplus populations 2. competing of raw materials and markets 3. determined to bring Christianity to the Moslem world 4. interested in completing their geographic knowledge of the world

The Industrial Revolution was the driving force behind European imperialism in foreign lands such as Africa. The industrialized countries of the West sought to expand their economies by obtaining raw materials which could be transported back to domestic factories, turned into manufactured goods, and shipped back to colonies markets for sale.

Which conclusion can be drawn from the information in the chart? 1. Developing countries are instituting programs to limit the growth of their populations. 2. Infant mortality is a greater problem in Africa than in Asia. 3. The nations with relatively low birthrates have relatively high per capita incomes. 4. The national birthrate is determined by many different factors.

The Iron Law of Wages states that a low population will mean a higher income as labor resources are more valuable.

In Japan, a major economic problem has been the lack of 1. natural resources 2. investment capital 3. skilled labor 4. experienced management

The Japanese archipelago has very limited natural resources, which is the primary barrier to economic development there.

Which is an accurate statement about Japan's natural resources? 1. Japan has extensively used the seas for fishing 2. large reserves of petroleum are located in the northern part of Japan 3. Japan has large fertile plains suitable for growing grain 4. large coal and iron-ore deposits are located in the mountain region

The Japanese archipelago has very limited natural resources. By far, the most abundant natural resources available to the Japanese is that which can be harvested from the surrounding ocean.

In the Soviet Union, Vladimir Lenin's New Economic Policy (NEP) and Mikhail Gorbachev's policy of Perestroika both sought to 1. increase spending of nuclear weapons 2. strengthen central planning 3. increase production through individual enterprise 4. reduce the influence of middle-class farmers

Traditionally, a communist, or command economy, controls the means of production by having governmental agencies involved in production planning. Both Lenin and Gorbachev sought to increase production in vital areas by introducing individual enterprise.

"When I go to the office, I put on my shirt and I take off my caste; when I come home, I take off my shirt and I put on my caste." What is the main idea of this quotation? 1. the caste system continues to influence Indian society 2. the caste system has been reflected by most Indians 3. successful urban workers in India belong the same Caste 4. the Indian government officially supports the Caste system

You Are Correct! While the Caste System has been outlawed in India, it is still a traditional custom which affects many Indians.

A major impact of Ancient Greece and Rome on Western Civilization was that 1. the Greeks and Romans succeeded in achieving a classless society, which was later copied in Western Europe 2. Greek sculpture and Roman architecture were much admired and copied in the 18th and 19th centuries 3. Greece and Rome transmitted Islamic philosophy to the areas they conquered 4. Greek and Latin are still widely spoken in universities throughout the West

You Are Correct! With the reemergence of democracy, classical Greek and Roman architecture was copied during the 1700s and 1800s.

encomienda

a grant by the Spanish Crown to a colonist in America conferring the right to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area.

The Treaty of Versailles

a humiliating end of the war for Germany. The treaty contained unrealistic monetary reparations, large territorial losses, and most importantly, the "war guilt" clause. The war guilt clause blamed Germany entirely for the war. This in turn led Germany to seek a return to its former status among nations.

imperialism

a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force.

India has developed a mixed economy that

blends free enterprise with socialism

In developing countries, the use of wood, charcoal, and dung as major sources of energy has created an increase in

deforestation and other environmental problems

favorable balance of trade

export more than import

sphere of influence

form of imperialism in which imperial power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges over a region or country

During India's independence movement, Mohandas Gandhi's boycott of British-made products was effective because the British considered India a major

market for manufactured goods

During the Middle Ages, Europeans did not eat potatoes or corn because these vegetables 1. were forbidden by the Catholic Church for religious reasons 2. had not yet been introduced to Europe from the New World 3. were believed to be poisonous 4. were too expensive to import from China

Potatoes and corn were brought to Europe by explorers returning from the Americas during the Age of Exploration which came after the Middle Ages.

Both the Chinese Mandate of Heaven and the Japanese belief that the Emperor descends from the Sun Goddess are similar to the 1. "master race" theory of Adolf Hitler's Third Reich 2. natural rights theory of the Age of Reason 3. divine right theory of the French monarchy 4. Marxist theory of a workers' revolution

The Chinese Mandate of Heaven and the Japanese belief in the divinity of its Emperor are most similar to France's divine right theory, which states that a King rules by right of being chosen by God.

2a Early People & the Neolithic Revolution 2b Religions & Philosophies 2c Rise & Fall of Great Empires 2d African Trading Kingdoms 3c Byzantine Empire 3d Islamic Empires / Spread of Islam 3e Medieval Europe 4a Feudal Japan 4b Mongol Empire 4c European Renaissance 4d Reformation & Counter-Reformation 4e Age of Exploration 5c Global Absolutism 6a Scientific Revolution 6b European Enlightenment 6c French Revolution 6d Latin American Independence 6f Global Nationalism 6g Industrial Revolution 6h Meiji Restoration 6i Imperialism

7a World War One 7b Russian Revolution 7c Between World Wars 7d World War Two 8a Cold War 8b Chinese Communist Revolution 8c Colonial Independence / Collapse of Imperialism 8d Conflict in the Middle East 8e Apartheid in South Africa 8f Collapse of Communism 8g Political Unrest in Latin America 8h Post-Cold War "Hot Spots" 9a Global Interdependence 9b Modern Issues: Economic Trends 9d Modern Issues: Urbanization 9g Modern Issues: Science & Technology 9h Modern Issues: The Environment 9i Modern Issues: Population 9k Modern Issues: Human & Women's Rights

Which political system is the basis of Japan's government today? 1. parliamentary democracy 2. military dictatorship 3. absolute monarchy 4. national socialism

A parliamentary democracy is a government ruled democratically by a national representative body that has supreme legislative powers. This Parliament is controlled by a Prime Minister who is elected by the majority party.

Until the 1500's, China and Japan were similar in that both 1. were invaded by the Mongols 2. welcomed Christian Missionaries 3. had little contact with Western European nations 4. were developing democratic traditions

Both China and Japan practiced isolationism until the 1500's when Christian missionaries from Europe entered both countries.

Which generalization about democracy is most valid? 1. democratic political systems require a highly industrialized society 2. democratic governments first evolved in North America 3. democratic governments prevent their citizens from traveling abroad 4. democratic governments protect basic civil liberties

Civil liberties are simply the rights held by citizens of a nation. In order for a democracy to exist, civil liberties must be protected to allow citizens to be able to elect their leaders.

Which idea did Napoleon Bonaparte, Sun Yat-Sen, and Simone Bolivar have in common? 1. divine right 2. nationalism 3. totalitarianism 4. nonviolence

Each of these men caused nationalism to develop in their respective country or region; Napoleon in early 1800's France, Bolivar in early 1800's Latin America, and Sun Yat-Sen in early 1900's China.

Events in both Eastern Europe in the early 1900's and in the Soviet Union in the late 1980's were mainly the result of 1. movements toward the repression of individual rights 2. declines in the use of advanced technology 3. the influence of religion on government 4. challenges by ethnic groups desiring independence

Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union are inhabited by diverse ethnic and religious groups. This has led to violence in the past as each group sought autonomy and self determination.

The Suez Canal, the Panama Canal, and the Straits of the Dardanelles are similar because they 1. are strategic waterways that have been the center of conflicts 2. was part of the French colonial empire 3. are located in regions that are rich in natural resources 4. prohibit the movement of ships carrying nuclear weapons

Each of these geographic features are examples of strategic waterways from around the world. They are strategic because they provide access to vital trade routes. Two major issues of conflict--U.S. intervention and the question of sovereignty of the canal zone--were a direct result of the terms of the Panama Canal Treaty of 1903. Gaining control or special access to the strait of Dardenelles became a key foreign policy goal of the Russian Empire during the 19th century. During the Napoleonic Wars, Russia—supported by Great Britain in the Dardanelles Operation—blockaded the straits in 1807. Following the Ottoman Empire's defeat in the Russo-Turkish War of 1828-29, in 1833 Russia pressured the Ottomans to sign the Treaty of Hunkiar Iskelesi—which required the straits to be closed to warships of non-Black Sea powers at Russia's request. That would have effectively given Russia a free hand in the Black Sea. That treaty alarmed the losers,[clarification needed] who were concerned that the consequences of potential Russian expansionism in the Black Sea and Mediterranean regions could conflict with their own possessions and economic interest in the regions. At the London Straits Convention in July 1841, the United Kingdom, France, Austria, and Prussia pressured Russia to agree that only Turkish warships could traverse the Dardanelles in peacetime. The United Kingdom and France subsequently sent their fleets through the straits to attack the Crimean Peninsula during the Crimean War in 1853—but this was done as allies of the Ottoman Empire. That convention was formally reaffirmed by the Congress of Paris in 1856, following the Russian defeat in the Crimean War. It remained technically in force into the 20th and 21st centuries. World War I[edit] Main article: Gallipoli Campaign The straits were mined by the Turks to prevent Allied ships from penetrating them, but in minor actions, two submarines, one British and one Australian, did succeed in penetrating the minefields. The British one sank an obsolete Turkish pre-dreadnought battleship off the Golden Horn of Istanbul. Sir Ian Hamilton's Mediterranean Expeditionary Force was unsuccessful in its attempt to capture the Gallipoli peninsula, and its withdrawal was ordered in December 1915, after 8 months' fighting. Total Allied deaths were 43,000 British, 15,000 French, 8,700 Australians, 2,700 New Zealanders and 1,370 Indians. Total Turkish deaths were around 60,000. Following the war, the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres demilitarized the strait and made it an international territory under the control of the League of Nations. This was amended after the Greco-Turkish War (1919-1922) under the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne which restored the straits to Turkey but allowed all foreign warships to traverse the straits freely. Turkey rejected the terms of this treaty and subsequently remilitarized the area. The reversion to this old regime was formalized under the Montreux Convention of July 1936. The convention, which is still technically in force today, treats the straits as an international shipping lane, but Turkey retains the right to restrict the naval traffic of non-Black Sea nations (like Greece or Algeria). Later[edit] Ferry line across the Dardanelles in Çanakkale During World War II, through February 1945, when Turkey was neutral for most of the length of the conflict, the Dardanelles were closed to the ships of the belligerent nations. Turkey declared war on Germany in February 1945, but it did not employ any offensive forces during the war.

Which geographic factor has most strongly influenced Russia's foreign policies and economic development? 1. lack of natural resources 2. vast desert regions 3. limited access to warm-water ports 4. extensive mountain ranges

Historically, Russia has been land-locked due to the fact that much of its water access is located in the northern part of the country and is frozen for most of the year. This makes trading difficult because ships cannot get through these frozen waters safely. Events such as the Crimean War, in which Russia sought to gain control of the Dardanelles Strait between the Black and Aegean Seas, illustrates how this geographic factor has influenced Russia's foreign policies.

Edo

Old name for Tokyo during shogun times; built in first togawa shogunate/early modern period

The events that led to the overthrow of Czar Nicholas II in 1917 and to the forced resignation of Mikhail Gorbachev in 1991 show that 1. economic crises often lead to political change 2. Russian absolutism continued into the 1990's 3. international conflicts often strengthen the power of leaders 4. Russia is an ethnically unified nation

Russia was facing severe economic problems in both time periods. This type of problem often results in a change in government.

A person who practices the Shinto faith would be most likely to 1. visit a shrine placed on the shore of a lake 2. pray five times a day 3. bathe in the Ganges River 4. make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem

Shinto places a great emphasis on nature and the kami, or spirits, which inhabit all living things.

All forms of Animism center around an appreciation for nature which is exhibited by the belief that many Animists hold that all living things contain spirits. Animism is considered to be the original human religion, being defined simply as the belief in the existence of spirits. It dates back to the earliest humans and is still practiced today, making it the oldest form of religious belief on Earth. Animists believe that everything has a spirit. The concepts that humans possess spirits and that these spirits have life apart from human bodies before and after death are central to animism, along with the ideas that animals, plants, and celestial bodies have spirits. Animistic gods often explain the creation of fire, wind, water, man, animals, and other natural earthly things. Although specific beliefs of animism vary widely, similarities between the characteristics of gods and goddesses and rituals practiced by animistic societies exist. The presence of holy men or women, visions, trances, dancing, sacred items, and sacred spaces for worship, and the connection felt to the spirits of ancestors are characteristic of animistic societies.

Shintoism is the Japanese religion that stresses the link between people and forces of nature. This also includes a belief in the divinity of the Japanese Emperors. Shinto is the native religion of Japan with roots stretching back to 500 B.C. It is a polytheistic religion, venerating almost any natural objects ranging from mountains, rivers, water, rocks, and trees. In other words, it is based on animism. Among the natural phenomena, the sun is most appealing to the Japanese and the Sun Goddess is regarded as the principal deity of Shinto, particularly by the Imperial Family. "Nippon" is the Japanese word for Japan. It literally means "the Origin of the Sun". The Japanese national flag is simple, one red disk in the center, and it symbolizes the sun. The word Shinto means "the way of the gods". The Japanese people worship thousands of gods and spirits. Kami is the Japanese word for the spirits. Shinto has no holy book but Shinto followers love nature and worship the kami or spirits of nature. They believe that these kami control the forces of nature. The royal family of Japan traces its ancestors back to the sun goddess. Until the end of World War II, the Japanese thought that their emperor was a god. After World War II, the emperor stated that he was not a god. However, Shintoism is still popularly practiced in Japan today.

Which geographic factor has had the most influence on Poland 1. a severe climate 2. vast deposits of oil 3. location on the great European Plain 4. a rugged coastline

Throughout history, Poland has been an invasion route for invading armies entering and leaving Europe because its location on the great European Plain provides is easier to get through than treading over highlands or mountains.

Eighteenth-century Russia and nineteenth-century Japan were similar in that both countries 1. began the process of modernization after a long period of isolation 2. developed democratic governments after years under absolute monarchies 3. refused to accept western technological ideas 4. adopted socialist economic systems after capitalism had failed

Throughout the 1700's, both Peter the Great and Catherine the Great did much to modernize Russia by adopting ideas from the European Renaissance from which Russia had been isolated. Similarly, the Japanese Meiji Restoration rapidly industrialized Japan after the American Commodore Matthew Perry displayed industrial military power to convince the Japanese to open their ports to trade. Because of geographic isolation, Russia did not take part in the European Renaissance and did not begin to modernize until the reigns of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great in the 1700's. Japan refused to allow European trade beginning in 1639. This foreign policy made it impossible for the Japanese to take part in the Industrial Revolution which started in Europe. Japan's rapid industrialization began with the Meiji Restoration in 1868.

Which of these nations is located closet to the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia? 1. Korea 2. Vietnam 3. Somalia 4. Pakistan

While Korea and Vietnam are both located in Southeast (?) Asia, Vietnam is much closer to the Philippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Somalia is located on the Horn of Africa, and Pakistan is located near India in South Asia.

Geographic diversity in the Middle East has contributed to 1. unequal standards of living 2. a common economic system 3. similar political systems 4. military alliances with Japan

While some nations in the Middle East have large reserves of oil, others do not, and therefore have little of value to trade with the rest of the world.

Taoism and Shintoism are similar in that both religions stress 1. adhering to the five Confucian relationships 2. following the Eightfold Path 3. developing harmony between humans and nature 4. believing in one God

You Are Correct! Taoism is a Chinese philosophy which focuses on nature by emphasizing "the way." This philosophy dictates that people should passively accept nature in order to be in harmony with it. The Japanese Shinto faith states that all living things are inhabited by kami, or spirits.

One reason the cultures of North Africa developed differently from the cultures of the rest of Africa was that these areas of Africa were separated by the 1. Congo River Basin 2. Great Rift Valley 3. Sahara Desert 4. Arabian Sea

You Are Correct! The Sahara Desert has acted as a natural barrier in Africa which resulted in the diffusion of Middle Eastern culture in North Africa, while Sub-Saharan Africa maintained a variety of traditional cultures until the beginning of the Slave Trade and imperialism practiced by Europeans during the Scramble for Africa.

The Confucian view of government and the Chinese Communist view of government were similar in that both stressed 1. loyalty to the government 2. the need for filial piety 3. a civil service system 4. equality of men and women

Both views of government prize loyalty to the state above all else.

A major effect of Josef Stalin's policy of Collectivization on Soviet agriculture was 1. a widespread food shortage throughout the nation 2. an increase in the export of agricultural products 3. a surplus of agricultural goods 4. the immediate creation of many small private farms

A communist, or command economy, controls the means of production by having governmental agencies involved in production planning. In the Soviet Union, this system led to widespread food shortages as production goals were seldom met.

Which is an accurate statement about the Soviet economy under the leadership of Joseph Stalin? 1. a large selection of consumer goods became available 2. the Soviet Union increased its industrial output by developing heavy industry 3. private farmers were encouraged to sell their surplus produce in an open market 4. the government reduced its role in planning industrial production

A communist, or command economy, controls the means of production by having governmental agencies involved in production planning. Stalin used this system to control the Soviet economy and increase production in heavy industry. Industries that are typically considered heavy include: 1. Chemicals and plastics 2. Steel and oil refining, production 3. Mining 4. Industrial machinery 5. Mass transit (railways, airlines, shipbuilders) Another trait of heavy industry is that it most often sells its goods to other industrial customers, rather than to the end consumer. Heavy industries tend to be a part of the supply chain of other products. As a result, their stocks will often rally at the beginning of an economic upturn and are often the first to benefit from an increase in demand.

Most Favored Nation Status

A level of status given to one country by another and enforced by the World Trade Organization. A country grants this clause to another nation if it is interested in increasing trade with that country. Countries achieving most favored nation status are given specific trade advantages such as reduced tariffs on imported goods. Special consideration is given to countries that are classified as "developing" by the World Trade Organization. During the Clinton presidency, congressional representatives heartily debated the merit of granting most favored nation status (MFN) to China and Vietnam. Proponents of granting MFN status argued that a reduction in tariffs on Chinese and Vietnamese goods would give the American consumer access to quality products at relatively low prices, and would serve to enhance a mutually beneficial trade relationship with the two rapidly developing economies. Meanwhile, opponents argued that granting MFN status to the two nations would be unfair given their history of human rights violations. Others thought that the inflow of cheaper goods from the China or Vietnam could put some Americans out of work.

The Magna Carta, the Glorious Revolution, and the writings of John Locke all contributed to Great Britain's development of 1. absolute monarchy 2. ethnic rivalries 3. parliamentary democracy 4. imperialist policies

A parliamentary democracy is a government ruled democratically by a national representative body that has supreme legislative powers. This Parliament is controlled by a Prime Minister who is elected by the majority party.

In Japan, the Meiji Restoration resulted in the 1. division of the nation between the European powers 2. modernization of the nation's industry 3. abolition of the position of emperor 4. government being controlled by the samurai

After being reinstated as the political leader of Japan after Commodore Perry's visit in 1853, the Emperor Meiji feared that Japan would become a victim of Western imperialism as had happened to its neighbor China. Therefore, he set out on a program of rapid industrialization designed to put Japan on par with nations in the West.

Since India's independence in 1947, the government has had the greatest success in 1. increasing overall food production 2. reducing the population 3. eliminating religious conflict 4. controlling industrial pollution

After independence, India switch from the colonial policy of cash crop production, to food production in response to its growing population.

The modernization of Japan during the Meiji Restoration resulted in 1. a return to a feudal system of government 2. the rise of Japan as an imperialistic nation 3. an alliance between China, Korea, Russia, and Japan 4. a strengthening of Japan's isolationist policies

After industrialization, Japan became imperialistic. It began to seek colonies as a source for raw materials and new markets for its finished products. These colonies were taken through warfare. The two best examples of this policy are the Sino-Japanese War fought against China, and the Russo-Japanese War fought against Russia. Both ended with a Japanese victory and the acquisition of new territories.

Congress of Vienna Restores Monarchy to France" "Czar Nicholas I Limits Freedom of the Russian Press" "Reform Movements Crushed in Hungary, Italy, and the German States" These headlines could be described as 1. reactions to the French Revolution 2. movements to unify all of western Europe 3. efforts to improve the conditions of factory workers 4. attempts to promote trade between European nations

After the French Revolution, these actions were taken across Europe and in Russia to limit the effects of nationalism and democracy in these countries.

The political reorganization of Russia after the Communist Revolution of 1917 resulted in 1. the establishment of a two-party political system 2. increased political power for ethnic minorities 3. a limited monarchy with the czar as a figurehead 4. a federation of socialist republics

After the Revolution, Lenin and the Communists gained control over much of the old Russian Empire. They renamed this the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, with Russia, the largest republic, in control. The Soviet Union consisted of diverse peoples throughout both Europe and Asia.

One similarity between the decline of the Roman Empire and the fall of the Manchu Dynasty was that both initially led to 1. improved economic conditions 2. democratically elected governments 3. political chaos and decentralization of government 4. major accomplishments in art, science, and technology

After the Roman Empire fell in 476 CE, Europe was plunged into an extended period of feudalism which lasted nearly 1,000 years. When the Mancu Dynasty fell in 1911, China was ruled by local warlords until Mao Zedong's communist victory in 1949.

One way in which Medieval European society, Latin American colonial society, and society in Imperial China were similar is that each 1. placed great value on public education 2. experienced a surplus of skilled labor 3. was organized according to a rigid class structure 4. de-emphasized the role of religion

All of these societies were contained rigid class structures that were nearly impossible to circumvent.

One similarity between the Sepoys in India, the Boxers in China, and the Mau Mau in Kenya is that these groups 1. tried to drive Europeans out of their countries 2. depended on Western support for their success 3. adopted Marxist economic and political principles 4. sought independence through nonviolence

All three are example of violent rebellion against a colonial power. All three were ultimately a failure. Mau Mau military conflict that took place in British Kenya[B] between 1952 and 1960. It involved Kikuyu-dominated groups summarily called Mau Mau and elements of the British Army, the local Kenya Regiment mostly consisting of the British, auxiliaries and anti-Mau Mau Kikuyu.[5] The capture of rebel leader Dedan Kimathi on 21 October 1956 signalled the ultimate defeat of Mau Mau, and essentially ended the British military campaign. The Mau Mau failed to capture widespread public support,[6] partly due to the British policy of divide and rule,[7] and the movement remained internally divided, despite attempts to unify its various strands. The British, meanwhile, could draw upon their ongoing efforts to put down another rebellion in Malaya.[8] The uprising created a rift between the European colonial community in Kenya and the metropole,[9] but also resulted in violent divisions within the Kikuyu community.[10][11] The financial cost of the uprising to the former colony amounted to £55 million.[12]

The major goal of many minority groups, such as the Kurds, Tamils, and Sikhs, is to 1. obtain self-rule and economic control of a homeland 2. establish a multicultural state 3. install Christianity as the state religion 4. acquire economic aid from the World Bank

All three are minority groups within larger countries. They all wish to have a homeland for themselves and self rule. Kurds want a part of Turkey, Iraq, Iran, etc: Numbering over 22 million, the Kurds are one of the largest non-state nations in the world. Their homeland, Kurdistan, has been forcibly divided and lies mostly within the present-day borders of Turkey, Iraq and Iran, with smaller parts in Syria, Armenia and Azerbaijan Tamils want Tamil Eelam a proposed independent state in Sri Lanka that Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora aspire to create in the north and east of Sri Lanka. Tamil Eelam has no official status or recognition by world states though sections of the Eelam were under de facto control of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) for most of the 2000s. The name is derived from the ancient Tamil name for Sri Lanka, Eelam. Sikhs: The Khalistan movement is a political nationalism[2] movement which seeks to create a separate pure country, called Khalistān in the Punjab region of South Asia. The territorial definition of the proposed country ranges from the Punjab state of India to the greater Punjab region, including the neighbouring Indian states. The Punjab region has been the traditional homeland for the Sikhs. Before its conquest by the British it had been ruled by the Sikhs for 82 years; the Sikh Misls ruled over the entire Punjab from 1767 to 1799 till their confederacy was unified into the Sikh Empire by Maharajah Ranjeet Singh. However, the region also has a substantial number of Hindus and Muslims, and before 1947, the Sikhs formed the largest religious group only in the Ludhiana district of the British province. When the Muslim League demanded a separate country for Muslims via the Lahore Resolution of 1940, a section of Sikh leaders grew concerned that their community would be left without any homeland following the partition of India between the Hindus and the Muslims. They put forward the idea of Khalistan, envisaging it as a theocratic state covering the greater Punjab region.

Since the late 1940's, India, Northern Ireland, and Israel have faced the common problem of 1. adjusting to a post-Communist political and economic system 2. continued violent confrontations between different religious groups 3. economic depression as a result of rapid industrialization 4. uncertainty of their acceptance by the European Community

All three nations are inhabited by diverse ethnic and religious groups. This has led to violence repeatedly since the 1940's. * I didn't read this question properly -I think of the violence as coming from groups OUTSIDE these territories, when in fact they are inside!

The societies of traditional China, Feudal Japan, and Czarist Russia were all characterized by 1. a rigid class structure 2. much interaction with other cultures 3. great economic change 4. rapidly changing social values

All three of these societies had rigid class structures in which one was born into their social status with very few opportunities to advance socially.

The French Revolution, the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, and the Communist Revolution in China were similar in that all three 1. brought about few political changes 2. were influenced by the peasants' desire for more land 3. were inspired by Marxism 4. were supported primarily by the nobility

All three revolutions were successful due to enormous support of the peasant class. Peasants in each nation supported the revolution in hopes of gaining land for farming and habitation.

One major result of the Crusades was the 1. permanent occupation of the Holy Land by the Europeans 2. long-term decrease in European trade 3. conversion of most Muslims to Christianity 4. spread of Middle Eastern culture and technology to Europe

As European Crusaders returned to Europe from the Middle East, they brought with them ideas and technologies. These included the Hindu-Arabic numbering system, the concept of zero, and sailing technologies such as the astrolabe and compass.

The First Sino-Japanese War 1 August 1894 - 17 April 1895 was fought between Qing dynasty China and Meiji Japan, primarily over control of Korea. After more than six months of unbroken successes by the Japanese land and naval forces and the loss of the Chinese port of Weihai, the Qing leadership sued for peace in February 1895. The war demonstrated the failure of the Qing dynasty's attempts to modernize its military and fend off threats to its sovereignty, especially compared with Japan's successful post-Meiji Restoration[1] For the first time, regional dominance in East Asia shifted from China to Japan; the prestige of the Qing Dynasty, along with the classical tradition in China, suffered a major blow. The humiliating loss of Korea as a vassal state sparked an unprecedented public outcry. Within China, the defeat was a catalyst for a series of political upheavals led by Sun Yat-Sen and Kang Youwei, culminating in the 1911 Revolution.

As a newly risen power, Japan turned its attention toward its neighbor Korea. In the interest of its security, Japan wanted to block any other power from annexing or dominating Korea, or at least to ensure Korea's effective independence, resolving to end the centuries-old Chinese suzerainty. As Prussian advisor Major Klemens Meckel put it to the Japanese army, Korea was "a dagger pointed at the heart of Japan".[4] Moreover, Japan realized the potential economic benefits of Korea's coal and iron ore deposits for Japan's growing industrial base, and of Korea's agricultural exports to feed the growing Japanese population. On February 27, 1876, after several confrontations between Korean isolationists and Japanese, Japan imposed the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1876, forcing Korea open to Japanese trade. Similar treaties were signed between Korea and other nations. Korea had traditionally been a tributary state of China's Qing Dynasty, which exerted large influence over the conservative Korean officials gathered around the royal family of the Joseon Dynasty. Opinion in Korea itself was split: conservatives wanted to retain the traditional relationship under China, while reformists wanted to approach Japan and western nations. After two Opium Wars against the British in 1839 and 1856, and the Sino-French War, China was unable to resist the encroachment of western powers (see Unequal Treaties). Japan saw the opportunity to take China's place in the strategically vital Korea.

The Tamils in Sri Lanka, the Sikhs in India, and the Zulus in South Africa have all attempted to 1. establish colonies in Asia 2. practice passive resistance 3. achieve political separatism 4. encourage mercantilism

As independence swept across the former European colonies, many minority groups within these new nations sought independence for themselves. This has led to turmoil and violence.

"Russia Takes Soviet Union Seat" "Taiwan (R.O.C.) Ousted in Favor of People's Republic" "Baltic Republics Join As Full Members" These headlines best illustrate that the United Nations 1. is usually dominated by industrialized countries 2. generally relies on the use of force to enforce its decisions 3. responds to changing political conditions 4. permits developing nations to block the proposals of Westerns nations

As world conditions have changed, the United Nations has changed to meet current, relevant needs.

The revolt in Hungary (1956), the demonstrations in Czechoslovakia (1968), and the formation of solidarity in Poland (1980's) are similar in that they 1. were movements in restore the power of the aristocracy 2. were tolerated by the communist leaders, who accepted the need for change 3. represented a challenge to communist leadership 4. represented attempts to rid these countries of western ideas and influence

At various times, different Soviet satellite states sought to free themselves from communist control. HungaryL Czechoslovakia:velvet revolution Poland: solidarity Romania : killed Ceaucescu, and his wife

In addition to providing water for Indian agriculture, the Ganges River remains important to India because it is 1. the only source of Indian hydroelectric power 2. a sacred river for the Hindu population 3. the birthplace of Hindu culture 4. an unofficial boundary between the Hindus and Muslims

Bathing in the Ganges river is said to wash away sins, and the river water is used in many religious rituals. Many Hindus ask to be cremated along the Ganges and to have their ashes placed in the river.

Changes in Russia under Peter the Great were most similar to changes that occurred in 1. China before the Opium War 2. Japan during the Meiji Restoration 3. Iran after the fall of Shah Pahlevi 4. France during the feudal period

Because of geographic isolation, Russia did not take part in the European Renaissance and did not begin to modernize until the reigns of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great in the 1700's. Japan refused to allow European trade beginning in 1639. This foreign policy made it impossible for the Japanese to take part in the Industrial Revolution which started in Europe. Japan's rapid industrialization began with the Meiji Restoration in 1868.

Central America

Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama

A similarity of the rule of the ancient Mongols and the ancient Greeks is that both 1. protected the human rights of the peoples they controlled 2. destroyed the civilizations they defeated 3. remained isolated and peaceful for centuries 4. established vast empires and spread their cultures to the people they conquered

Both the Mongols and Ancient Greeks established empires that allowed the spreading of ideas through cultural diffusion.

Japan during the Meiji Restoration was similar to Japan after World War II in that during these periods Japan 1. pursued a foreign policy of isolationism and limited political freedoms 2. reduced the powers of the Emperor and the nobility 3. underwent political reform and economic expansion 4. was ruled by dictators and the military

Both time periods represent a radical change in government, followed by an economic boom.

Benazir Bhutto of Pakistan

Benazir Bhutto (21 June 1953 - 27 December 2007) was the 11th Prime Minister of Pakistan, serving two non-consecutive terms in 1988-90 and then 1993-96. A scion of the politically powerful Bhutto family, she was the eldest daughter of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, a former prime minister himself who founded the centre-left Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP). In 1982, three years after her father's assassination, 29-year-old Benazir Bhutto became the chairperson of the PPP—a political party, making her the first woman in Pakistan to head a major political party. In 1988, she became the first woman to be elected as the head of an Islamic state's government; she also remains Pakistan's only female prime minister. Noted for her charismatic authority[1] and political astuteness, Bhutto drove initiatives for Pakistan's economy and national security, and she implemented social-capitalist policies for industrial development and growth. In addition, her political philosophy and economic policies emphasised deregulation (particularly of the financial sector), flexible labour markets, the denationalisation of state-owned corporations, and the withdrawal of subsidies to others. Bhutto's popularity waned amid recession, corruption, and high unemployment which later led to the dismissal of her government by conservative President Ghulam Ishaq Khan. In 1993, Bhutto was elected for a second term after the 1993 parliamentary elections. She survived an attempted coup d'état in 1995, and her hard line against the trade unions and tough rhetorical opposition to her domestic political rivals and to neighbouring India earned her the nickname "Iron Lady";[2] she was also respectfully referred to as "BB". In 1996, charges of corruption levelled against her led to the final dismissal of her government by President Farooq Leghari. Bhutto conceded her defeat in the 1997 Parliamentary elections and went into exile in Dubai in 1999. Nine years later, in 2007, she returned to Pakistan, having reached an understanding with President Pervez Musharraf, who granted her amnesty and withdrew all corruption charges against her. Bhutto was assassinated in a bombing on 27 December 2007, after leaving PPP's last rally in Rawalpindi, two weeks before the scheduled 2008 general election in which she was the leading candidate. Her party subsequently won the elections on a wave of sympathy generated by her assassination.

The philosophies of Confucius and Mao Zedong both emphasized 1. individual rather than cooperative gain 2. industry rather than agriculture 3. group rather than individual welfare 4. religious values rather than economic profits

Both Confucius and Mao Zedong promoted the idea of group welfare above individual desire.

Which was characteristic of France under Napoleon's rule and Germany under Hitler's rule? 1. democratic ideas and diversity were encouraged 2. authoritarian control and a strong sense of nationalism prevailed 3. peaceful relations with neighboring countries wee fostered 4. artistic and literary freedom flourished

Both Hitler and Napoleon encouraged nationalism among their citizens, while retaining absolute control of the government.

The ancient Greek city-state of Sparta and the Soviet Union under Stalin were similar in that both societies 1. were primarily concerned with the health of their people 2. were powerful military states 3. granted universal suffrage to their people 4. placed great emphasis on literature and the arts

Both Sparta and the Soviet Union under Stalin had government systems that attempted to control all aspects of the lives of their citizens. Both maintained this control through the use of a strong military.

The code of bushido of the Japanese samurai is most similar to 1. belief in reincarnation and karma of Hindus 2. practice of chivalry by European knights 3. teachings of Judaism 4. theory of natural rights of the Enlightenment writers

Both bushido, "the way of the warrior," and chivalric practices in Europe were examples of honor codes practiced by warriors in these two feudal societies.

Which is a major reason Cuban and Nicaraguan revolutionary movements were attracted to communism? 1. communist groups promised economic reform and better living standards 2. business owners and the military were supported by communist groups 3. the goal of communism was to encourage religion 4. communist leaders promised to reduce Spanish colonialism in the Western Hemisphere

Both countries had suffered under corrupt governments that did very little to help the majority of citizens who were poor. Socialist ideas of government aid appealed to this group of people.

Recent events in the former nations of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia reflect a nationalist trend of 1. dividing nations along ethnic lines 2. encouraging multiethnic cooperation 3. uniting nations with similar interests 4. supporting the development of a command economy

Both former nations have divided themselves along ethnic lines creating new nations in the process. A multi-ethnic nation born at the end of World War I in the glow of pan-Slavic brotherhood, Czechoslovakia survived dismemberment by the Nazis and more than four decades of Communist rule only to fall apart after just three years of democracy. Czechoslovakia's breakup, though peacefully accomplished, added new potential trouble spots to a Central Europe already convulsed by nationalism. While the Czech Republic's 10.3 million people are almost entirely composed of Czechs, Slovakia's population of 5.2 million includes nearly 600,000 ethnic Hungarians who already feel anxieties about the new Government. http://www.nytimes.com/1993/01/01/world/czechoslovakia-breaks-in-two-to-wide-regret.html Yugoslavia's breakup was a Balkan powder keg of ethnic conflict just waiting to explode.

The Japanese feudal system and the Hindu caste system are similar in that both systems 1. promoted social mobility 2. developed a rigid class structure 3. encouraged the people to take part in government 4. resulted in economic opportunities for the lower classes

Both of these societies had rigid class structures in which one was born into their social status with very few opportunities to advance socially.

A study of the French Revolution and the Russian Revolution of 1917 would lead to the conclusion that 1. revolutions only occur when a majority of citizens become directly involved 2. university students are most often responsible for starting revolutions 3. control of revolutions often shifts from moderates to radicals 4. revolutions seldom result in long-term changes

Both revolutions went through a moderate phase before coming under control of a more radical element. The radical phase of a revolution is generally characterized by widespread violence.

Both the French and the British were interested in controlling Egypt in the mid-19th century because Egypt had 1. control of the spice trade 2. an industrial-based economy 3. vital mineral resources 4. a strategic location

Both the British and the French were interested in controlling Egypt during the mid-1800's, so that they would control the completed Suez Canal which would connect the Mediterranean and Red Seas. Whoever controlled this strategic waterway would control the majority of shipping in this area of the world.

Which condition is most necessary to the process of industrialization in a society? 1. dependence on subsistence agriculture 2. creation of a one-crop economy 3. availability of investment capital 4. capture of foreign lands

Capital, or money that can be invested, is critical to the development of industrialization because without it, machines could not be purchased which could manufacture industrial goods from raw materials.

Suleiman held complete religious and political power. Charles I stormed the English Parliament. Peter the Great expanded serfdom in Russia. The actions of these leaders reflect the concept of 1. scientific theory 2. natural rights 3. mercantilism 4. absolutism Suleiman, Charles I of England, and Peter the Great of Russia all were absolute rulers. This term is defined as a ruler that has complete control over both government and society in their country. Caliph of Islam and the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566.[3] Suleiman became a prominent monarch of 16th-century Europe, presiding over the apex of the Ottoman Empire's military, political and economic power. Suleiman personally led Ottoman armies in conquering the Christian strongholds of Belgrade, Rhodes, as well as most of Hungary before his conquests were checked at the Siege of Vienna in 1529. He annexed much of the Middle East in his conflict with the Safavids and large areas of North Africa as far west as Algeria. Under his rule, the Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and through the Persian Gulf.[4] At the helm of an expanding empire, Suleiman personally instituted major legislative changes relating to society, education, taxation, and criminal law. His canonical law (or the Kanuns) fixed the form of the empire for centuries after his death. Not only was Suleiman a distinguished poet and goldsmith; he also became a great patron of culture, overseeing the "Golden" age of the Ottoman Empire in its artistic, literary and architectural development.[5] Breaking with Ottoman tradition, Suleiman married Roxelana, a former Christian girl converted to Islam from his harem, who became subsequently known and influential as Hürrem Sultan. Their son, Selim II, succeeded Suleiman following his death in 1566 after 46 years of rule. Suleiman's previous heir apparent, Mustafa, had been strangled to death 13 years prior at the sultan's order. His other son Bayezid had been killed by his support and Selim's order in 1561 with four of his sons.

Charles the 1st was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649. After his succession, Charles quarrelled with the Parliament of England, which sought to curb his royal prerogative. Charles believed in the divine right of kings and thought he could govern according to his own conscience. Many of his subjects opposed his policies, in particular the levying of taxes without parliamentary consent, and perceived his actions as those of a tyrannical absolute monarch. His religious policies, coupled with his marriage to a Roman Catholic, generated the antipathy and mistrust of reformed groups such as the Puritans and Calvinists, who thought his views too Catholic. He supported high church ecclesiastics, such as Richard Montagu and William Laud, and failed to successfully aid Protestant forces during the Thirty Years' War. His attempts to force the Church of Scotland to adopt high Anglican practices led to the Bishops' Wars, strengthened the position of the English and Scottish parliaments and helped precipitate his own downfall. From 1642, Charles fought the armies of the English and Scottish parliaments in the English Civil War. After his defeat in 1645, he surrendered to a Scottish force that eventually handed him over to the English Parliament. Charles refused to accept his captors' demands for a constitutional monarchy, and temporarily escaped captivity in November 1647. Re-imprisoned on the Isle of Wight, Charles forged an alliance with Scotland, but by the end of 1648 Oliver Cromwell's New Model Army had consolidated its control over England. Charles was tried, convicted, and executed for high treason in January 1649. The monarchy was abolished and a republic called the Commonwealth of England was declared. In 1660, the English Interregnum ended when the monarchy was restored to Charles's son, Charles II. Peter the Great ruled the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire from 7 May (O.S. 27 April) until his death, jointly ruling before 1696 with his half-brother. Through a number of successful wars he expanded the Tsardom into a much larger empire that became a major European power. He led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political systems with ones that were modern, scientific, westernized, and based on The Enlightenment.[1] Peter's reforms made a lasting impact on Russia and many institutions of Russian government traced their origins to his reign. Peter implemented sweeping reforms aimed at modernizing Russia. Heavily influenced by his advisors from Western Europe, Peter reorganized the Russian army along modern lines and dreamed of making Russia a maritime power. He faced much opposition to these policies at home, but brutally suppressed any and all rebellions against his authority: Streltsy, Bashkirs, Astrakhan, and the greatest civil uprising of his reign, the Bulavin Rebellion. Peter implemented social modernization in an absolute manner by requiring courtiers, state officials, and the military to shave their beards and adopt modern clothing styles.[7] One means of achieving this end was the introduction of taxes for long beards and robes in September 1698.[8] To improve his nation's position on the seas, Peter sought to gain more maritime outlets. His only outlet at the time was the White Sea at Arkhangelsk. The Baltic Sea was at the time controlled by Sweden in the north, while the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea were controlled by the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Empire respectively in the south. Peter attempted to acquire control of the Black Sea; to do so he would have to expel the Tatars from the surrounding areas. As part of an agreement with Poland which ceded Kiev to Russia, Peter was forced to wage war against the Crimean Khan and against the Khan's overlord, the Ottoman Sultan. Peter's primary objective became the capture of the Ottoman fortress of Azov, near the Don River. In the summer of 1695 Peter organized the Azov campaigns to take the fortress, but his attempts ended in failure. Peter returned to Moscow in November of that year and began building a large navy. He launched about thirty ships against the Ottomans in 1696, capturing Azov in July of that year. On 12 September 1698, Peter officially founded the first Russian Navy base, Taganrog. Peter knew that Russia could not face the Ottoman Empire alone. In 1697 he traveled incognito to Europe on an 18-month journey with a large Russian delegation-the so-called "Grand Embassy"—to seek the aid of the European monarchs.[4] Peter's hopes were dashed; France was a traditional ally of the Ottoman Sultan, and Austria was eager to maintain peace in the east while conducting its own wars in the west. Peter, furthermore, had chosen the most inopportune moment; the Europeans at the time were more concerned about who would succeed the childless Spanish King Charles II than about fighting the Ottoman Sultan.

In China, the building of the Great Wall, the use of the tribute system, and the government's support of the Boxer Rebellion are examples of attempts by different dynasties to limit 1. foreign influence 2. nationalism 3. communist expansion 4. industrialization

China has maintained a policy of cultural isolationism. They have used various tools to limit incoming cultural diffusion. The Imperial tributary system of China was the network of trade and foreign relations between China and China's tributaries whose ideals in one form or another, for millennia, drove much of East Asian affairs. Chinese suzerainty over East Asia, governed and enforced through the Imperial tributary system, not only "deeply influenced the culture of the peripheral countries but also drew them into a China-centered, or "sino-centric", international order."[1] The Imperial tributary system shaped foreign policy and trade for over 2,000 years of Imperial China's dominance of the region, and thus played a huge role in the History of Asia, and the History of East Asia in particular.[2] The traditional Chinese international structure was different from many other systems developed in other parts of the world. First, it was premised on the belief that China was the cultural center of the world and that foreigners were "less civilized" or "barbarians." Second, since the Chinese state was considered the center of all humankind, most other foreign rulers were expected to recognize the prominence of the Chinese court.[4] In the Qing period, countries wanting to trade with China had to send "tribute" missions that acknowledged China's superiority and suzerainty via the ritual of ke-tou, or kow-tow, which consisted of three kneelings, each involving three prostrations before the emperor. In return they could trade for a specified number of days at border points designated by Beijing.[4] Since Asian states wanting to trade with China continued to pay regular tribute to the Chinese court, there was little reason for the Chinese to doubt their predominance in the world order. Even the Europeans, who had first entered the Chinese waters as early as the sixteenth century, had submitted to trade within the highly restrictive Chinese system.[4] By conforming to the conditions imposed on them, and by accepting their inferior position, the Westerners strengthened the Chinese belief in the preeminence of the Middle Kingdom and in the tributary system of foreign relations.[5] The Imperial Tributary system began its development during the Han Dynasty (206 bce - 220 ce)[6] with hostage exchanges accepted as the norm.[7] Hostages continued to be used until the Tang dynasty (618-907). Confucianism and the Mandate of Heaven provided the ideological foundations for the tribute system. Emperor Han Wudi (r. 141 - 87 bce) played a critical role in the formation of the system.[8]

Which action best illustrates Mohandas Gandhi's concept of civil disobedience? 1. a British army outpost was bombed as a protest against the British presence in Northern Ireland 2. citizens in the United States went to jail for violation segregation laws 3. French citizens wrote letters to their government to oppose arms sale to Iraq 4. supporters of Ferdinand Marcos attempted a coup d'etat against the Philippine government

Civil Disobedience is the breaking of laws believed to be unjust by a particular group or organization. In the case of segregation, African Americans were willing to go to jail to protest what they saw as an unjust law.

Nicolaus Copernicus Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at its center; book De revolutionibus orbium coelestium On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres just before his death in 1543 is considered a major event in the history of science, triggering the Copernican Revolution and making an important contribution to the Scientific Revolution.

Copernicus was born and died in Royal Prussia, a region that had been a part of the Kingdom of Poland since 1466. He was a polyglot and polymath, obtaining a doctorate in canon law and also practising as a physician, classics scholar, translator, governor, diplomat and economist. In 1517, he derived a quantity theory of money - a key concept in economics - and, in 1519, formulated a version of what later became known as Gresham's law.

Which document is an example of a primary source? 1. a textbook on Russian history 2. an encyclopedia article on religions of the Middle East 3. a novel on the Age of Exploration 4. the diary of a survivor of a Nazi death camp

Correct Answer Number: 4 Explanation: A primary source is firsthand information about people or events of the past, such as that found in a diary or a legal document.

Which historical events are in the correct chronological order? 1. Crusades -> Renaissance -> Neolithic Revolution -> Roman Empire 2. Roman Empire -> Neolithic Revolution -> Crusades -> Renaissance 3. Renaissance ->Neolithic Revolution -> Crusades -> Roman Empire 4. Neolithic Revolution -> Roman Empire -> Crusades -> Renaissance

Correct Answer Number: 4 Explanation: The Neolithic Revolution caused the development of agriculture and allowed humans to settle for the first time. The Roman Empire was was one of the most expanisve human civilizations ever recorded, but ended when tribes from Northern Europe invaded and finally took over Rome. Pope Urban II then launched the Crusades to kill all Muslims living in the Holy Land. This encouraged cultural diffusion and an interest in economic development which led to interaction with others and in turn led to to the rebirth of Europe, known as the Renaissance. cultural diffusion: the spreading out of culture, culture traits, or a cultural pattern from a central point.

David Ben-Gurion, Golda Meir, and Menachem Begin

David Ben-Gurion David Ben-Gurion was the primary founder and the first Prime Minister of Israel. Ben-Gurion's passion for Zionism, which began early in life, led him to become a major Zionist leader and Executive Head of the World Zionist Organization in 1946 Golda Meir was an Israeli teacher, kibbutznik, politician and the fourth Prime Minister of Israel. Meir was elected Prime Minister of Israel on March 17, 1969, after serving as Minister of Labour and Foreign Minister. Meir was elected Prime Minister of Israel on March 17, 1969, after serving as Minister of Labour and Foreign Minister.[2] Israel's first woman and the world's fourth woman to hold such an office, she was described as the "Iron Lady" of Israeli politics years before the epithet became associated with British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.[3] Former Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion used to call Meir "the best man in the government"; she was often portrayed as the "strong-willed, straight-talking, grey-bunned grandmother of the Jewish people".[4] Meir resigned as prime minister in 1974, the year following the Yom Kippur War. She died in 1978 of lymphoma Menachem Begin was an Israeli politician, founder of Likud and the sixth Prime Minister of the State of Israel. Before the creation of the state of Israel, he was the leader of the Zionist militant group Irgun, the Revisionist breakaway from the larger Jewish paramilitary organization Haganah. He proclaimed a revolt, on 1 February 1944, against the British mandatory government, which was opposed by the Jewish Agency. As head of the Irgun, he targeted the British in Palestine.[2] During his leadership Irgun targeted the Arabs in the Deir Yassin massacre.

The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased in recent years. Environmentalists suggest this change is a direct result of the 1. improper storage of solid and nuclear waste 2. overcutting of forests and the increased use of fossil fuels 3. dumping of inorganic material into lakes and rivers 4. use of herbicides and toxic substances such as asbestos and DDT

Deforestation and the use of fossil fuels are both suspected of increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. This is of worldwide concern because of its potential effects on the environment, such as global warming due to an weakening of the ozone layer which protects the earth from harmful solar radiation.

A major environmental problem affecting Latin America, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia has been 1. air pollution 2. Deforestation 3. disposal of nuclear waste 4. acid rain

Deforestation is the widespread destruction of forests, primarily the tropical rain forests of Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Africa. This is of worldwide concern because of its potential effects on the environment, such as global warming due to an increase in carbon dioxide.

In the 1980?s, the governments of both Brazil and Malaysia supported the cutting of timber in their rain forests as a means of 1. achieving economic prosperity 2. increasing the national debt 3. controlling rebellions of indigenous peoples 4. preventing exploitation by imperialist nations

Deforestation is used to clear land for farming or habitation. This is done in response to growing populations in such areas as Brazil and Malaysia.

A major factor contributing to the destruction of the Amazon rain forests is the 1. movement of people from rural to urban areas 2. attempt of native peoples to end illegal drug traffic 3. need for more farmland 4. spread of Christianity

Deforestation is used to clear land for farming or habitation. This is done in response to growing populations in such regions as Latin America and Africa.

Deng Xioaping's economic reforms in China differ from the previous economic policies of Mao Zedong in that Deng's reforms 1. discourage private ownership of businesses 2. promote further collectivization 3. include elements of capitalism 4. decrease trade with the United States

Deng Xiaoping ended the policy of communes and set up limited privatization in both agriculture and industry. The result was increased production in both areas. This was part of his Four Modernizations program, which included agriculture, industry, science and technology, and defense.

In recent years, a major success of the European Union (EU) has been the 1. creation of a single military force 2. rejection of national sovereignty 3. adoption of a single language 4. elimination of trade barriers

The European Union has recently eliminated tariffs between all member nations. This stimulates trade in a free market environment.

Speaker A: The gods approached Vishnu, the lord of creatures, and said: "Indicate to us that one person among mortals who alone is worthy of the highest rank . . ." Vishnu reflected, and brought forth a glorious son who became the first king. Speaker B: The traditional African society, whether it had a chief or not, was a society of equals and it conducted its business through discussion. Speaker C: Ideally, the best form of government is one where every citizen not only has a voice but also, at least occasionally, is called on to take actual part. Speaker D: A monarch's authority comes directly from God, and this is how the leadership and power in a society should be determined. Which speakers would support the theory explaining the power of France's Louis XIV, Spain's Philip II, and England's Elizabeth I? 1. A and D 2. B and C 3. A and C 4. B and D

Divine Right theory of government believes that the ruler's authority comes from God. France's Louis XIV, Spain's Philip II, and England's Elizabeth I all believed in this theory and used it to justify their rule during Europe's Age of Absolutism.

"God hath power to create or destroy, make or unmake, at his pleasure; to give life or send death; to judge...and to be judged (by) none...And the like power have kings;..." Which idea is described by this passage? 1. theory of divine right 2. enlightened despotism 3. Social Darwinism 4. constitutional monarchy

Divine right was a theory championed by absolute monarchs in Europe, such as Louis XIV of France, who felt that because he had been born into royalty, his power and authority to rule was derived from God. Louis 14th - Sun King The Sun King was a nickname that King Louis XIV received because he chose the sun as his personal symbol, associated with apollo god of peace and arts and gave life to everythin. Some sources state that "the Sun King" was a nickname that the king called himself, but others say it was given to him by his subjects.

Korea greatly influenced the development of early Japan by 1. acting as a bridge for ideas from China 2. providing Japan with the technology for industrialization 3. serving as a barrier against Chinese aggression 4. protecting Japan from early European exploration

During the 300s-400s AD, Korea acted as a conduit for the transfer of culture from China to Japan. Archaeological discoveries indicate that a continuous flow of new technologies, materials, and immigrants was arriving in Japan from the Korea Peninsula. The Japanese learned how to cast bronze spearheads and bells, and historical records indicate that, by the late 5th century, Korean artisans had brought in more advanced methods of working iron, making swords and armor, firing finer and more durable ceramics, and manufacturing stirrups, bridles, and saddles. The Chinese writing system was introduced to Japan at about the same time. Writing made it possible for a new specialized class of scribes to compile and keep records, and it opened Japan to the influence of Chinese literary, religious, and philosophical culture. Soon after, Korean scholars introduced Confucianism and Buddhism to Japan.

Berlin Blockade (1948-1949) -Premier Khrushchev's visit to the United States (1959) -Cuban missile crisis (1962) -Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (1963) -Joint Apollo-Soyuz space mission (1975) -Russian invasion of Afghanistan (1979) What does this list of events suggest about the Cold War Era? 1. throughout the period, the United States and the Soviet Union were reluctant to solve conflicts 2. the level of tension between the United States and the Soviet Union varied 3. economics played a key role in causing conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union 4. the United Nations was instrumental in reducing tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union

During the Cold War, tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States often varied between near cooperation and near war.

The withdrawal of France from Indochina, the involvement of the Soviet Union in Cuba, and the United States support of the Contras in Nicaragua illustrate that nations 1. consistently discard traditional foreign policy goals after changes in administration 2. tend to base foreign policy decisions on what they believe to be their self-interests 3. no longer use warfare as a means to resolve international conflict 4. tend to refer foreign policy conflicts to the United Nations

During the Cold War, the Soviet Union and the United States sought new spheres of influence throughout the world.

Which statement reflects an argument of Enlightenment philosophers against the belief in the divine right of kings? 1. god has chosen all government rulers 2. independence is built by military might 3. a capitalist economic system is necessary for democracy 4. the power of the government is derived from the governed

During the Enlightenment, philosophers opposed the idea that rulers were granted political power divinely. Rather, the thinkers of the Enlightenment felt that the power of government is derived from the governed. This idea can be seen in many ideas from this period such as the social contract.

"The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains...Workers of the world, unite!" This statement was made in response to conditions resulting from the 1. Protestant Reformation 2. Counter-Reformation 3. Commercial Revolution 4. Industrial Revolution

During the Industrial Revolution, workers (the proletariat) often suffered under harsh working conditions and with little pay in the factories of the bourgeoisie. These conditions led Marx and Engles to draft the Communist Manifesto to urge workers to revolt against the upper classes in favor of a system of socialism, where all citizens would benefit from all of the property and resources in a nation.

-Europeans sought new markets for their goods. -Many Europeans migrated to the cities in search of jobs. -European middle class gained political power. What was the major cause of these changes in Europe? 1. Industrial Revolution 2. rise of feudalism 3. Congress of Vienna 4. French Revolution

During the Industrial Revolution, workers flocked to urban areas in order to find and secure work in the factories located there. Europeans sought to increase their wealth by securing new markets for their goods. And, the Middle Class became the prominent class in society as they became wealthy from the fruits of the Industrial Revolution.

One way in which the civilizations of the Sumerians, the Phoenicians, and the Maya were similar is that each 1. developed extensive writing systems 2. emphasized equality in education 3. established monotheistic religions 4. encouraged democratic participation in government

Each of the civilizations developed extensive writing systems. The Sumerians developed the first known writing system, cuneiform, which was pictographic in nature. The Phoenicians developed an alphabet made of letters which could be combined to form words. Later, this Phoenician language was adopted by the Greeks and the Romans, and became the basis for many modern European languages.

Which societal condition was basic to the development of Greek philosophy? 1. rigid social classes 2. emphasis on individualism 3. religious uniformity 4. mass education

Education was an important part of life in the Greek City-State of Athens. However, education was limited to male citizens.

Traditional African art has had the greatest influence on 1. classical Roman mosaics and pottery 2. Renaissance painting 3. 20th century sculpture and painting 4. Medieval European architecture

Elements of traditional African art, such as abstract patterning rather than representation, can be seen in many examples of 20th century sculpture and painting.

Disputes over India's control of Kashmir, Jammu, and Punjab are examples of the continuing problem of 1. territorial claims based on religion 2. Chinese claims to this region 3. terrorist actions by Serbian refugees 4. the policy of nonalignment

Ethnic and religious loyalties continue to cause problems around the world.

"Compared to other peoples of the world we have the greatest (largest) population and our civilization is four thousand years old...Today we are the poorest and weakest nation in the world and occupy the lowest position in international affairs. Other men are the carving knife and serving dish, we are the fish and the meat. As a consequence...we are being transformed everywhere into a colony of the foreign powers." Which events formed the basis for the ideas expressed in this early 1900's passage? 1. Opium War and Boxer Rebellion 2. Mau Mau uprising and adoption of apartheid 3. Sepoy Mutiny and the Salt March 4. Haitian Revolution and Cortes' march on Mexico City

European actions during the Opium War resulted the establishment of European Spheres of Influence in China because Europeans did not wish to govern the populous country, but rather control trade to their own benefit. After the Boxer Rebellion was put down by Western forces, China was forced to accept Western dominance of their nation.

Take up the White Man's burden— Send forth the best ye breed Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. --Rudyard Kipling, "The White Man's Burden" The phrase "White Man's burden" in this excerpt refers to the 1. negative attitude of Europeans toward peoples of the non-Western world 2. advantages Europeans would gain by colonizing Africa, Asia, and Latin America 3. positive role of the Roman Catholic Church in Africa and Asia 4. challenges non-Europeans faced when trading with the Europeans

Europeans felt that the people in the areas they were colonizing during the 1800's were heathen savages, for whom they were doing a favor, by showing them the ways of the "civilized" West.

During the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, one similarity in the work of many scientists and philosophers was that they 1. relied heavily on the ideas of medieval thinkers 2. favored an absolute monarchy as a way of improving economic conditions 3. received support from the Catholic Church 4. examined natural laws governing the universe

Explaining the world through the use of natural laws was commonplace for both scientists wishing to explain natural phenomenon and philosophers concerned with the nature of man and government.

Feudal societies such as those found in Europe during the Middle Ages and in Japan prior to the Meiji Resoration, are dominated by rigid class systems in which the landed nobility controled the daily lives of those living on their property in exchange for providing protection for them.

Feudal Hierchy from top to bottom in Japan 1. Shogun - a hereditary commander-in-chief in feudal Japan. Because of the military power concentrated in his hands and the consequent weakness of the nominal head of state (the mikado or emperor), the shogun was generally the real ruler of the country until feudalism was abolished in 1867. 2. Daimo - (in feudal Japan) one of the great lords who were vassals of the shogun. 3. Peasants 4. Merchants

Before a nation can begin to industrialize, that nation must first develop 1. a democratic government 2. a rigid class structure 3. a strong religious foundation 4. an adequate food supply

For a surplus of labor to occur, agriculture production must become efficient so that many more people can be fed by the labor of fewer workers. Then, displaced agricultural workers will be able to provide their labor in industries.

Which statement best reflects a belief of Mohandas Gandhi? 1. Muslims and Hindus must be separated if true peace is to come to India 2. India must adopt the British factory system 3. The caste system must remain an important cornerstone of Hindu society 4. India must achieve independence, but not at the expense of further dividing the Indian people

Gandhi believed independence should not come at the price of causing further conflict in India, such as what already existed between the Hindu and Muslim populations.

What would a study of the recent civil wars in Cambodia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, and Rwanda show about these conflicts? 1. Ethnic conflict was not a factor in the late 20th century. 2. The United Nations was successful in resolving these disputes. 3. Genocide was used as a political and military tactic. 4. Civilians were not affected by these disputes.

Genocide was a tool used in all three country's civil wars. This resulted in the death of millions, and worldwide concern over the use of such tactics.

One reason India gained its independence from Great Britain in 1947 was that

Great Britain did not have the resources to maintain an empire after World War II

The code of Hammurabi is an example of 1. written rules for legal procedures 2. the power of strong kings to control trade 3. regulations on the way to conduct wars against neighboring nations 4. the power of a legislature to veto laws passed by absolute monarchs The code of Hammurabi is an example of 1. written rules for legal procedures 2. the power of strong kings to control trade 3. regulations on the way to conduct wars against neighboring nations 4. the power of a legislature to veto laws passed by absolute monarchs

Hammurabi's Code was the first major collection of laws in history. It contain both criminal law, dealing with murder and theft, and civil law dealing with private rights and matters, such as business contracts and property inheritance.

Alexander the Great's conquests of Greece, Asia Minor, Egypt, and Persia led to the 1. spread of Hellenic culture 2. adoption of a feudal system 3. establishment of representative democracy 4. spread of Islamic culture throughout Europe

Hellenistic culture was a blending of Greek, Asian, Persian, and Egyptian traditions. This culture was developed and spread as Alexander made his conquests across the ancient world.

A topographical map would most likely be used to 1. identify the major agricultural products of Egypt 2. determine the population of Beijing, China 3. estimate the elevation of Bangkok, Thailand 4. count the number of provinces in India

Topographical maps show the lay of the land, and thus would be ideal for use in estimating the elevation of Bangkok, Thailand.

Throughout the 1800's, Russia was interested in acquiring Turkey mainly because Russia wanted 1. to maintain peace in the Middle East 2. access to the Mediterranean Sea 3. to reestablish the Byzantine Empire 4. the rich farmland of the Anatolian Plateau

Historically, Russia has been land-locked due to the fact that much of its water access is located in the northern part of the country and is frozen for most of the year. This makes trading difficult because ships cannot get through these frozen waters safely. Events such as the Crimean War, in which Russia sought to gain control of the Dardanelles Strait held by Turkey and located between the Black and Aegean Seas, illustrates how this geographic factor has influenced Russia's foreign policies.

Within their respective nations, both Ho Chi Minh and Fidel Castro achieved their goals by 1. seeking aid and support from the European Union 2. using armed conflict to bring a communist government to power 3. following a policy of nonalignment 4. working to build a capitalist system

Ho Chi Minh led the violent revolution that created a communist regime in Vietnam. Fidel Castro was the leader of a communist revolution in Cuba.

Which factor helped most to bring about the Protestant Reformation? 1. the Catholic clergy had lost faith in their religion 2. Islam was attracting many converts in Western Europe 3. kings and princes in Northern Europe resented the power of the Catholic Church 4. the exploration of the Americas led to the introduction of new religious ideas

In addition to disagreement over the practices of the Catholic Church, such as the selling of indulgences, many members of royalty in Northern Europe were resentful of the vast lands owned by the Church, as well as the tithe demanded annually which only seemed to benefit far-off Rome.

In the 20th century, an economic weakness of many Central American nations has been 1. a reliance on monsoons for water to irrigate crops 2. an overdependence on one or two cash crops for export 3. chronic labor shortages caused by slow population growth 4. excessive investment in foreign manufacturing industries

Many Latin American countries depend completely on one or two cash crops as the prime source of income. This has limited food production in some areas and led to periodic food shortages.

Many people in Southeast Asia hope for the timely arrival of the summer monsoons each year because 1. floods are the only way to water their farmlands 2. daily temperatures often reach 100 degrees Fahrenheit 3. little rain has fallen for many months 4. oases provide water for nomadic herders

In monsoon climates, moisture-bearing winds reverse direction once a year, creating a distinct wet season and a dry season. Thus, the people of Southeast Asia hope for the timely arrival of these seasonal rains in order to provide water for their crops.

In France, a person drinks coffee imported from Brazil, works at a computer made in Japan, and uses gasoline from Saudi Arabia in a German automobile. This situation illustrates the concept of 1. empathy 2. scarcity 3. interdependence 4. world citizenship

Interdependence refers to the idea that nations of the world are mutually dependent on each other for the goods that they produce. A nation's goods are exported all over the world, and different items are imported from other nations.

A study of the policy of "ethnic cleansing" in Bosnia and the Holocaust in Europe would suggest that 1. world opinion is effective in stopping genocide 2. countries generally use reason and negotiation in dealing with important ethnic issues 3. anti-Semitism and ethnic hatred remain powerful forces in the 20th century 4. military leaders cannot be held responsible for acts committed during wartime

Intolerance of other ethnic and religious groups has led to devastating violence in the 20th century. This continues to be a problem today, as evidenced by recent events in Bosnia and Rwanda.

Which activity is the best example of cultural diffusion in Africa? 1. weaving kente cloth in Ghana 2. using masks in traditional African ceremonies 3. discovering bronze sculptures from Benin 4. practicing of Islam in Nigeria

Islam was founded in Saudi Arabia and was transmitted throughout the Middle East, India, and northern Africa.

"A constitution? What for? The Koran is the oldest and most efficient constitution in the world." --King Faisal of Saudi Arabia (1966) "The form of government of Iran is that of an Islamic Republic." --Article 1, Iranian Constitution (1979) These quotations best support the idea that 1. the laws of Islam can be used to govern a country 2. every country needs elected leaders 3. Muslims believe in a weak central government 4. religion should be separated from government

Islamic life is regulated by the Koran and the Sharia. The Koran is the Islamic holy book. The Sharia is the Islamic system of laws developed from the Koran. Many countries with a large Muslim population have returned to the use of these two books as a system of government. The movement in modern times is referred to Islamic Fundamentalism.

Israel is a country that has 1. an abundance of oil 2. a democratically elected government 3. Islam as its official religion 4. friendly ties to Jordan

Israel's government is a Parliamentary Democracy.

Economic development in Japan after World War II and in Communist China since the 1980's is similar in that both nations have sought to 1. end foreign investment 2. develop their vast natural resources to achieve economic growth 3. utilize the concepts of capitalism to improve their economies 4. nationalize most major industries and restrict competition

Japan and China have nationalized most major industries in an effort to limit foreign competition in their countries.

A major effect of geography on Japan is that the 1. export of oil has helped Japan maintain a favorable balance of trade 2. fertile plains have enabled Japan to keep food prices low 3. mountains have prevented invasions obey foreign nations 4. scarcity of natural resources has forced Japan to obtain raw materials from other nations

Japan has very few natural resources except the surrounding seas. Therefore, Japan takes advantage of its irregular coastline to promote trade with other countries. Raw materials are imported to Japan, and then turned into consumer goods such as automobiles and electronics, which are then exported to other nations.

The emergence of Japan as a world economic power has been based mostly on Japan's 1. development of nuclear power 2. abundance of fossil fuels 3. strong traditional of military rule 4. business enterprise and organization

Japanese businesses are very well regulated and organized. This has enabled them to out compete competitors around the world and help build a very strong economy in Japan.

The term that best describes the position of Jews in Czarist Russia is 1. political elite 2. persecuted minority 3. landed gentry 4. military leaders

Jews in Czarist Russia suffered under an anti-Semitic regime.

Which factor best accounts for the existence of cash-crop production as a major form of agriculture in many Central American nations today? 1. demand of world markets for such crops 2. lack of modern agricultural technology 3. inadequate supply of water and other natural resources 4. peasant ownership of most farmlands

Many Latin American nations rely on one or two cash crops as the basis of their economies. This is due to the demand of the world market for such products, and the inability of Latin America to attract sufficient capital investment for industrialization.

In the People's Republic of China, which factor best reflects Marxism? 1. communal work teams on farms 2. ownership of small farms by individuals 3. small family-owned businesses in villages 4. foreign influence on the economy

Karl Marx wrote of sharing work and output with all members of society, which is best shown in this question by the example of "communal work teams on farms."

One way in which Kwame Nkurmah, Jomo Kenyatta, and Kenneth Kaunda are similar is that they all 1. supported the United Nations military action in the Persian Gulf War 2. played a major role in independence movements in Africa 3. rejected financial aid from the World Bank 4. opposed the Pan-African movement All three leaders were influential in the independence movements of Africa.

Kwame Nkurmah: Kwame Nkrumah, P.C. was the leader of Ghana and its predecessor state, the Gold Coast, from 1951 to 1966. Jomo Kenyatta: Jomo Kenyatta was the leader of Kenya from independence in 1963 to his death in 1978, serving first as Prime Minister and then as President. He is considered the founding father of the Kenyan nation Kenneth Kaunda: also known as KK, served as the first President of Zambia, from 1964 to 1991. Kaunda is the youngest of eight children born to an ordained Church of Scotland missionary and teacher

Since World War II, what action have many Latin American nations taken to improve their economies? 1. reinforcing traditional farming methods 2. encouraging citizens to emigrate to other nations 3. adopting protectionist policies 4. encouraging industrial development

Latin America has focused its economies an industrializing since World War II. The problem has been finding investment capital to begin such a process. This is difficult due to the continued political instability in the region.

Brazil's establishment of an equal partnership with foreign investors and Venezuela's control of its highly profitable oil industry are examples of 1. Neocolonialism 2. new imperialism 3. economic nationalism 4. Fascism

Latin America has nationalized many industries in an attempt to break from its colonial past, and control its own future.

Which generalization about geography of Latin America is accurate? 1. geographic features prevented foreign imperialism 2. harsh climatic conditions have prevented the development of large-scale agriculture 3. the lack of geographic barriers facilitated the development of transportation and communication systems 4. great variations in latitude and landforms resulted in a diversity of climates

Latin America stretches from the Rio Grande River, continues past the Equator, and finally ends just north of Antarctica. Latin America also contains a variety of landforms including the Andes Mountains, the Amazon River Basin, Brazilian Highlands, and various deserts. Due to the variations in latitude and landforms, Latin America contains several different types of climate such as humid sub-tropical, humid continental, as well as dry desert regions.

John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau would be most likely to support 1. a return to feudalism in Europe 2. a government ruled by a divine right monarchy 3. a society ruled by the Catholic Church 4. a society in which the people chose the ruler

Locke and Rousseau's ideas from the Enlightenment formed the basis of modern democracy.

Mansa Musa's journey to Mecca in the 1300's is evidence that 1. the Crusades had a great influence on western Africa 2. most African leaders were educated in the Middle East 3. European culture was superior to the cultures of western Africa 4. Islam had a major influence on the Mali Empire

Mansa Musa was fulfilling one of the Five Pillars of Islam by making a pilgrimage from Mali to Mecca. This indicates that Islam had a major influence on the Mali Empire, because one of its greatest rulers was a practicing Muslim.

Which statement best describes the political situation in Africa after World War II? 1. increased nationalism led to independence for many African nations 2. France and West Germany sought to establish colonies in Africa 3. European nations increased their control over their African colonies 4. the United Nations opposed the idea of self-determination for African nations

Many Africans returning from the war resented being treated as second class citizens in their own nations. Nationalism developed and independence movements gained strength as many European countries were unable or unwilling to fight to hold their colonies.

Which political trend exists in present-day Latin America? 1. Most countries are becoming military juntas. 2. Communism is spreading throughout the region. 3. Democracy is replacing dictatorship. 4. Religious leaders are making government policy.

Many Latin America countries are slowly forming democratic governments, as aid to communist dictators has disappeared with the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Which type of government has resulted from the changing political trends in much of Latin America during the 1990's? 1. monarchy 2. military juntas 3. democracy 4. fascism

Many Latin America countries are slowly forming democratic governments, as aid to communist groups has disappeared with the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Within the past decade, the decision of the United States Government to grant China "most favored nation" status was important to China because this decision 1. allowed China to join the Southeast Treaty Organization (SEATO) 2. increased China's ability to trade with the United States 3. helped protect China from a possible Japanese invasion 4. eliminated Russian influence in East Asia

Most Favored Nation status would allow China more access to markets in the United States. The intended results would be a strengthening of China

Which factor most limited the development of African nationalism? 1. European support of an educational system based on local traditions and language 2. the prior experience of Africans with economic self-sufficiency 3. political boundaries imposed by Europeans that had little relationship to African tribal boundaries 4. the European practice of making decisions based on local customs

Most of the current boundaries in Africa are a result of colonialism. Therefore, many nations are composed of many different tribal and ethnic groups. These groups often feel more loyalty toward their tribal or ethnic group than they do to their nation.

The major reason the Mexican Government strongly supported the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was that this agreement would 1. raise tariffs on United States products entering Mexico 2. reduce Mexico's economic dependence on Europe 3. promote investment and economic growth in Mexico 4. stimulate trade between Asia and Latin America

NAFTA eliminated tariffs between the United States, Mexico, and Canada. This has led to increased interest in investing in Mexican business and industry.

..., you, Africa, suffered like a beast Your ashes strewn to the wind that roams the desert, Your tyrants built the lustrous, magic temples To preserve your soul, preserve your suffering. Barbaric right of fist and the white right to whip, You had the right to die, you could also weep. --Patrice Lumumba, "Dawn in the Heart of Africa" This African poem is discussing the evils of 1. imperialism 2. communism 3. nationalism 4. regionalism

Native Africans suffered tremendously due to European imperialism which caused the Slave Trade, and forced many to choose between their native culture and the practices of European colonizers.

"If we are to remain free, if we are to enjoy the full benefits of Africa's enormous wealth, we must unite to plan for the full exploitation of our human and material resources in the interest of all our people" -Kwame Nkrumah (1950's) This quotation best expresses the major goal of 1. colonialism 2. Pan-Africanism 3. imperialism 4. urbanization

Pan-Africanism was a nationalistic movement in Africa that stressed the unity of all Africans regardless of borders.

A similarity of the goals of Nelson Mandela and Mohandas Gandhi is that both leaders wanted to 1. secure political power for the majority of the people 2. encourage a greater degree of industrialization 3. improve the economy by expanding governmental control 4. gain independence from the Soviet Union

Nelson Mandela fought to give rights to black South Africans, the majority population, while Gandhi worked toward ending British domination of India and restoring control back to the majority natives.

We believe in nonaggression and noninterference by one country in the affairs of another and the growth of tolerance between them and the capacity for peaceful coexistence. We, therefore, endeavor to maintain friendly relations with all countries, even though we may disagree with them in their policies." -Jawaharlal Nehru, Prime Minister of India This statement describes the foreign policy known as 1. imperialism 2. mercantilism 3. isolationism 4. nonalignment

Nonaligned nations, such as India, wished to remain free of cold war entanglements while pursuing economic and social progress.

Since World War II, people in both Africa and Latin America have moved from rural to urban areas. The major cause of this movement has been the 1. rejection of traditional custom 2. expectation of improved economic opportunities 3. guarantee of better housing 4. fear of civil war

People in both regions have moved to the cities in hopes of greater economic opportunities. This is known as urbanization, and is common in many third world nations.

With which nation are Pol Pot, the Khmer Rouge, and genocide associated? 1. Korea 2. Japan 3. Myanmar (Burma) 4. Cambodia (Kampuchea)

Pol Pot was the leader of the Khmer Rouge, who followed a policy of genocide in the country of Cambodia (Kampuchea). Democratic Kampuchea (Khmer: កម្ពុជាប្រជាធិបតេយ្យ, Kâmpŭchéa Prâcheathippadey) (DK) was the name of the Khmer Rouge (KR)-controlled state that, between 1975 and 1979, ruled the Southeast Asian country of Cambodia. It was founded when the Khmer Rouge forces defeated the Khmer Republic of Lon Nol in 1975. During its rule between 1975 and 1979, the state and its ruling Khmer Rouge regime is widely believed to have been responsible for the deaths of millions of Cambodians through forced labor and genocide. After losing control of most of Cambodian territory to Vietnamese occupation, it survived as a rump state supported by the Westand China. In June 1982, the Khmer Rouge formed the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea with two non-communist guerilla factions, which retained international recognition.[2] The state was renamed Cambodia in 1990 in the run up to the UN-sponsored Paris Peace Agreement conference of 1991. A rump state is the remnant of a once-larger state, left with a reduced territory in the wake of secession, annexation, irredentism, occupation, decolonization, or a successful coup d'état or revolution on part of its former territory.[1] In the latter case, a government stops short of going in exile because it still controls part of its former territory. For example, after the Qing government assumed control over most of China, the previous Ming regime turned to resistance in the south until its eventual conquest.

In which region of the world did the American Revolution and the French Revolution have the greatest influence during the 1800's? 1. Southeast Asia 2. Latin America 3. South Asia 4. sub-Saharan Africa

The American Revolution (1776) and the French Revolution (1789) both sought to put Enlightenment philosophies into practice, and inspired individuals in Latin American colonies to declare independence from Spain.

One important result of the French Revolution was that 1. France enjoyed a lengthy period of peace and prosperity 2. the church was restored to its former role and power in the French government 3. political power shifted to the bourgeoisie 4. France lost its spirit of nationalism Prior to the French Revolution, the bourgeoisie, or middle class, belonged to the Third Estate, which had the largest tax burden and virtually no rights. The bourgeoisie gained an enormous amount of political power when the National Assembly issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man, and drafted a new constitution for France.

Prior to the French Revolution, the bourgeoisie, or middle class, belonged to the Third Estate, which had the largest tax burden and virtually no rights. The bourgeoisie gained an enormous amount of political power when the National Assembly issued the Declaration of the Rights of Man, and drafted a new constitution for France.

A major problem currently facing the Republic of South Africa is the 1. continuation of attacks from neighboring Zimbabwe 2. move toward the creation of a theocratic state 3. struggle for power between different groups within South Africa's black majority 4. continued international economic embargo against South Africa

Rival groups within South Africa's majority black population continue to contend for control of the country.

Which statement best describes a relationship between World War I and the Bolshevik Revolution? 1. World War I created conditions in Russia that helped trigger a revolution. 2. World War I postponed the revolution in Russia by restoring confidence in the Czar. 3. Opposing Russian forces cooperated to fight the foreign invaders. 4. World War I gave the Czar's army the needed experience to suppress the revolution.

Russia performed poorly in World War One. They were ill-equipped to deal with a modern war, which led to high casualties and a series of humiliating defeats. This coupled with shortages of food, housing, and heating fuel created the conditions that allowed Lenin to gain the support of the peasants by promising an end to these problems.

Which statement best describes the relationship between World War I and the Russian Revolution? 1. World War I created conditions within Russia that helped trigger a revolution 2. World War I postponed the Russian Revolution by restoring confidence in the Czar 3. the Russian Revolution inspired the Russian people to win World War I 4. World War I gave the Czar's army the needed experience to suppress the Russian Revolution

Russia's involvement in World War One led to a series of military defeats as the Russian army was ill-equipped to deal with modern battle conditions. Russia also experienced a severe food shortage due to the war, which in turn led to riots and the eventual abdication of Czar Nicholas II in March of 1917. These events set the conditions for the Russian Revolution.

Which situation resulted from the Russo-Japanese War of 1905? 1. Japan lost its status as a world power 2. the Japanese Emperor encouraged reforms in Russia 3. dissident groups challenged the power of the Russian Czar 4. Russia gained control of China and Japan

Russia's loss to Japan in the Russo-Japanese War (1905) indicated that there was a weakness in the Russian government which led to a series of confrontations between Czar Nicholas II and Russian dissidents.

"When I go to the office, I put on my shirt and I take off my Caste; when I come home, I take off my shirt and I put on my Caste." What is the main idea of this quotation? 1. the Caste system continues to influence Indian society 2. the Caste system has been reflected by most Indians 3. successful urban workers in India belong the same Caste 4. the Indian government officially supports the Caste system

Shortly after India achieved independence, the Caste system was officially outlawed. While one cannot be discriminated against because of their Caste, it is still an influential social institution.

One effect that mountain ranges, rain forests, and river systems have had on Latin America has been to 1. encourage cultural diffusion 2. limit the development of transportation and communication systems 3. permit the nations of the area to use a single form of government 4. allow the development of large amounts of arable land

These natural resources have made it difficult to develop transportation and communication systems because of the costs associated with building infrastructure in areas with dense vegetation, steep elevations, and rivers that are barely navigable.

"Today you won't find a single African head of state who stands on a podium and declares: 'I am a Marxist.' Instead all the talk is about...currency, private enterprise, and getting hold of capital." --Tei Mante of Ghana Which statement about the economies of African nations is best supported by the information in this quotation? 1. African nations remain heavily dependent on China and North Korea for trade, capital, and food 2. African nations are more concerned with obtaining investment capital than with discussing political philosophies 3. African nations realize they must cooperate 4. the failure of capitalism in Africa has helped the communists grow in strength

Since the collapse of communism in the Soviet Union, and the subsequent withdrawal of support, many African nations have turned toward capitalism to modernize and industrialize.

In the 1990's under the leadership of Boris Yeltsin, Russia attempted to become 1. a democracy with a market economy 2. a dictatorship with a command economy 3. an autocracy practicing mercantilism 4. an oligarchy based on serfdom

Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia has been working toward a democratic form of government with a capitalist economy. Yeltsin replaced Gorbechev who resigned as USSR dissolved. Putin replaced Yeltsin.

Since the end of apartheid in South Africa, what has been one of the major challenges to the current government? 1. establishing diplomatic relations with Europe 2. resolving regional and ethnic rivalries 3. guaranteeing religious freedom for all groups 4. improving transportation throughout the country

South Africa, like many other African nations, is made up of many different ethnic groups. The current challenge is to build a government where all groups feel represented. This has proved difficult for other nations, and has often led to violence.

In Spain, an effect of the Inquisition during the 16th century was to 1. prevent the introduction of Protestant religions 2. reintroduce Moorish culture to the Iberian Peninsula 3. encourage the development of the Industrial Revolution 4. implement the ideas of the Renaissance in major cities

Spain and the Catholic Church used the Inquisition, or Church Courts, to try, convict, and execute many Protestants for heresy. This eventually led to witch hunts and widespread anti-Semitism. Thousands of people died as a result and the spread of Protestantism was halted.

Under Joseph Stalin, life in the Soviet Union was characterized by 1. an abundance of consumer goods 2. political instability and numerous civil wars 3. support for small family-run farms 4. the use of censorship and the secret police

Stalin used terror and violence in an attempt to control all aspects of the lives of the citizens. A main tool of this policy was a secret police, which often jailed or executed political dissenters.

The main course of the Arab-Israeli conflicts from 1948 to 1973 was the clash between 1. Islamic Fundamentalism and Orthodox Judaism 2. Arab socialism and Israeli capitalism 3. Arab nationalism and Jewish nationalism 4. Israeli technology and Saudi Arabian economic goals

The Arab-Israeli conflict stems from the division of Palestine by the United Nations in 1947. Separate Jewish and Arab states were created. The Jews accepted this plan, while the Arabs did not. Shortly after, the Jews created the state of Israel, which caused all of the neighboring Arab nations to attack. There has been nearly constant warfare in this region since the creation of Israel.

One action taken by both V.I. Lenin and Joseph Stalin was 1. attempting to bring democracy to Russia 2. jailing or murdering potential opponents 3. supporting the Russian Orthodox Church 4. providing economic aid to Japan after World War I and World War II Totalitarian governments often resort to violence and terror as a means to control their country.

Totalitarian governments often resort to violence and terror as a means to control their country.

Why was the Balkan region referred to as the "Powder Keg of Europe" prior to World War I? 1. The aggression of the Ottoman Empire was disrupting the balance of power. 2. Yugoslavia was invading its neighboring countries. 3. Nationalistic and imperialistic rivalries were increasing. 4. The area was the leading supplier of military equipment to the rest of the world.

Tensions were caused by the multinational conflict between the Slavic peoples of the Balkan region, who had Russian support, the weakening Ottoman Empire, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. All tried to control this region and limit each other

An effect of a mountainous topography on Inca and Chinese civilizations was the development of 1. industrialization 2. single-crop economy 3. desalinization projects 4. terrace farming

Terrace farming allows crops to be grown on the sides of elevated terrain. This agricultural practice was widespread among the Inca in the Andes Mountains and the early Chinese.

Which factor contributes most to the recurring food shortages in Africa? 1. poor distribution of agricultural products 2. extensive river systems 3. location between two major oceans 4. rainforest environment

You Are Correct! The poor distribution of agriculture resources causes yearly food shortages in some parts of Africa.

The Taiping Rebellion aimed at the overthrow of the Qing dynasty imperial government; the Chinese empire was therefore against it. The Taiping Rebellion lasted 14 years and killed at least 20 million people. The defeat of the Taiping Rebellion strengthened the Qing Imperial government. Similarities: The main similarity is that both rebellions were defeated with substantial outside foreign military help.

The Boxer Rebellion aimed at expelling all foreigners, and all foreign influence, from China. It was supported by the Qing imperial government. The Boxer Rebellion lasted less than 2 years and killed less than 500,000 people. The defeat of the Boxer Rebellion severely weakened the Qing Imperial government.

Which empire introduced the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Cyrillic alphabet to Russia? 1. Mongol 2. Byzantine 3. British 4. Gupta

The Byzantine Empire introduced both the Eastern Orthodox Religion and the Cyrillic alphabet to the early Russian civilization.

Which statement best describes the Roman Catholic Church in most Latin American countries in the 1980's? 1. the activities of the church are controlled by the national governments 2. the church has confined its activities to religious issues 3. the church has become active in social and human rights issues 4. most people see the church as having little influence in daily life

The Catholic Church, along with other religious groups, has been a champion of social and human rights in Latin America.

After World War II, the Chinese Communists were successful in their revolution mainly because the 1. United States refused to support the Nationalists 2. communists had the support of the peasants 3. communists had more technologically advanced weapons 4. nationalist had been defeated by Japan

The Chinese Communists were successful due to the overwhelming support of both peasants and women. These groups were promised better living conditions and equality in exchange for their support.

Monarch of Australia?

The Commonwealth of Nations, commonly known as the Commonwealth (formerly the British Commonwealth),[1] is an intergovernmental organisation of 53 member states[2] that were mostly territories of the former British Empire. The Commonwealth operates by intergovernmental consensus of the member states, organised through the Commonwealth Secretariat, and non-governmental organisations, organised through the Commonwealth Foundation.[3] The Commonwealth dates back to the mid 20th century with the decolonisation of the British Empire through increased self-governance of its territories. It was formally constituted by the London Declaration in 1949, which established the member states as "free and equal".[4] The symbol of this free association is Queen Elizabeth II who is the Head of the Commonwealth. The Queen is also the monarch of 16 members of the Commonwealth, known as Commonwealth realms. The other members of the Commonwealth have different persons as head of state: 32 members are republics and five members are monarchies with a different monarch. Member states have no legal obligation to one another. Instead, they are united by language, history, culture, and their shared values of democracy, human rights, and the rule of law.[3] These values are enshrined in the Commonwealth Charter[5] and promoted by the quadrennial Commonwealth Games. On 3 October 2013, after 48 years of membership, Gambia became the most recent nation to withdraw from the Commonwealth.[6] The Commonwealth covers more than 29,958,050 km2 (11,566,870 sq mi), almost a quarter of the world land area, and spans all the continents. With an estimated population of 2.328 billion, near a third of the world population,[7] the Commonwealth in 2014 produced a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of $10.45 trillion, representing 17% of the gross world product when measured in purchasing power parity (PPP) and 14% of the gross world product when measured nominally. Under the formula of the London Declaration, Queen Elizabeth II is the Head of the Commonwealth, a title that is by law a part of Elizabeth's royal titles in each of the Commonwealth realms,[23] the 16 members of the Commonwealth that recognise the Queen as their monarch. However, when the monarch dies, the successor to the crown does not automatically become Head of the Commonwealth.[24] The position is symbolic, representing the free association of independent members,[23] the majority of which (32) are republics, and five have monarchs of different royal houses (Brunei, Lesotho, Malaysia, Swaziland, and Tonga).

What were two indirect results of the Crusades? 1. trade and commerce increased and the feudal system was strengthened 2. trade and commerce declined and the feudal system was strengthened 3. trade and commerce increased and the feudal system was weakened 4. trade and commerce declined and the feudal system was weakened

The Crusades provided new opportunities for the serfs living on medieval manors in Europe to travel to the Middle East to fight the Muslims. As the Crusades ended, Europeans brought back spices and other items which caused trade between the two areas to increase.

One way in which the Meiji Restoration in Japan and the Golden Age of India are similar is that in each region these events led to 1. the persecution of minority peoples 2. periods of rapid change 3. the rise of feudalism as the dominant political system 4. governments ruled by absolute monarchs

The Meiji Restoration in Japan resulted in a radical change in government, and the rapid industrialization of the country. The Golden Age of India under the Gupta regime brought many advancements in such areas as science and technology. Gupta is an ancient Indian empire, founded by Maharaja Sri Gupta, which existed from approximately 320 to 550 CE and covered much of the Indian Subcontinent.[1] The peace and prosperity created under the leadership of the Guptas enabled the pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavours.[2] This period is called the Golden Age of India[3] and was marked by extensive inventions and discoveries in science, technology, engineering, art, dialectic, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion and philosophy that crystallized the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture.[4] Chandra Gupta I, Samudra Gupta, and Chandra Gupta II were the most notable rulers of the Gupta dynasty.[5] The 4th century CE Sanskrit poet Kalidasa credits Guptas with having conquered about twenty one kingdoms, both in and outside India, including the kingdoms of Parasikas, the Hunas, the Kambojas, tribes located in the west and east Oxus valleys, the Kinnaras, Kiratas etc.[6] The high points of this cultural creativity are magnificent architecture, sculptures and paintings.[7] The Gupta period produced scholars such as Kalidasa, Aryabhata, Varahamihira, Vishnu Sharma and Vatsyayana who made great advancements in many academic fields.[8][9] Science and political administration reached new heights during the Gupta era.[10] Strong trade ties also made the region an important cultural center and set the region up as a base that would influence nearby kingdoms and regions in Burma, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia.[11] The earliest available Indian epics are also thought to have been written around this period. The empire gradually declined because of many factors such as substantial loss of territory and imperial authority caused by their own erstwhile feudatories and the invasion by the Huna peoples from Central Asia.[12] After the collapse of the Gupta Empire in the 6th century, India was again ruled by numerous regional kingdoms. A minor line of the Gupta clan continued to rule Magadha after the disintegration of the empire. These Guptas were ultimately ousted by Vardhana ruler Harsha Vardhana, who established an empire in the first half of the 7th century.

The Meiji Restoration led to enormous changes in Japan's political and social structure, and spanned both the late Edo period (often called Late Tokugawa shogunate) and the beginning of the Meiji period.

The Meji Restoration period spanned from 1868 to 1912 and was responsible for the emergence of Japan as a modernized nation in the early twentieth century.

The Mongols played a significant role in Russian history by 1. supporting Czar Nicholas II during the Russian Revolution 2. supporting the rule of Ivan the Terrible 3. ending the reign of Catherine the Great 4. isolating Russia from Western Europe during the early Renaissance

The Mongols controlled Russia from the early 1200's until 1480, during which time Russian contact with Europe was limited.

One result of the Neolithic Revolution was 1. an increase in the number of nomadic tribes 2. a reliance on hunting and gathering for food 3. the establishment of villages and the rise of governments 4. a decrease in trade between cultural groups

The Neolithic Revolution occurred 10,000 years ago when humans began to grow crops from seeds and domesticate animals. These developments allowed humans to establish villages and form governments.

The main purpose of the Organization of American States (OAS) is to 1. integrate the economies of Latin American nations 2. encourage United States military involvement in the region 3. destroy the power of Colombian drug lords 4. provide a way to resolve regional problems peacefully

The OAS was formed in 1948 to help promote democracy, human rights, and economic cooperation between nations of Latin America and the United States.

A major purpose of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the Organization of American States (OAS), and the European Union (EU) is to 1. encourage political and economic cooperation between member nations 2. end colonialism in member nations 3. control overpopulation in member nations 4. provide military assistance to member nations

The OAU, OAS, and EU were set up to encourage political and economic cooperation between member states.

An analysis of the Russo-Japanese War and the Boer War shows that one reason nations go to war is to 1. assist oppressed people 2. spread religious beliefs 3. satisfy imperialist goals 4. honor provisions of a treaty

The Russo-Japanese war was a result of Japan's need to acquire territory for natural resources. The same is true of the Boer War in South Africa between the Boers and the British, who were seeking to control important natural resources.

The Sepoy Rebellion in India and the Boxer Rebellion in China were similar in that both were 1. attempts to improve foreign trade 2. nonviolent resistance efforts 3. revolts against foreign influence 4. revolutions against traditional monarchs

The Sepoy Rebellion was a revolt against British authority in India. The Boxer Rebellion was a similar revolt against British imperialist policy in China.

The Soviet Union's reaction to the 1968 revolt in Czechoslovakia was to 1. permit limited political and economic reforms in Czechoslovakia 2. withdraw Soviet troops from Eastern Europe 3. send Soviet troops to occupy Czechoslovakia 4. bring the matter to the attention of the United Nations

The Soviet Union sent troops into Czechoslovakia in 1968 to overthrow the current government and replace it with a pro-communist regime. This proved to the world that the Soviets were willing to use military force to keep their control over Eastern Europe.

During the 1980's, the Soviet Union experimented with modifications of its command economy by 1. eliminating central planning 2. allowing private ownership of major industries 3. introducing some market economy strategies 4. legalizing independent trade unions

The Soviet Union sought to boost its weak economy by using market economy strategies.

In Eastern Europe during the 1950's and 1960's, the Soviet Union responded to challenges to its control by 1. allowing free elections, when necessary 2. imposing prompt and severe repression 3. obtaining United Nations assistance 4. granting independence to its satellite nations

The Soviet Union used its military power to maintain control over its satellite states. This became known as the Brezhnev Doctrine, which maintained the Soviet Union's right to intervene in the domestic affairs of any Warsaw Pact nation.

The Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), concerning Latin America, and the Berlin Conference (1884-1885), concerning Africa, were similar in that each agreement 1. provided for self-government by the native peoples 2. declared that in these areas monarchs rule by divine right 3. divided each area into European-controlled segments 4. suppressed revolts by native peoples against European imperialists

The Treaty of Tordesillas divided Latin America between the Spanish and Portuguese, while, the Berlin Conference carved Africa into colonies controlled by many different European nations.

In the Ancient Kingdom of Mali and in the Roman Republic, an important feature of life was the development of 1. codified laws 2. social and political equality 3. the Islamic religion 4. agricultural communes

The Twelve Tables of Law from Rome and the establishment of codified law by Mansa Musa in Mali were both important developments in these societies.

A major development in relations between the Soviet Union and the United States occurred in the late 1980's when the two nations agreed to 1. purchase all their oil from Mexico 2. withdraw from the United Nations 3. eliminate a group of nuclear missiles 4. ban arms sales to developing nations

The United States and Soviet Union worked together throughout the 1970s and 1980s to reduce the number of nuclear weapons each possessed.

In recent years, which factor has been a major reason for the economic tensions between the United States and Japan? 1. Japan's trade deficit with the United States was very high 2. the United States refused to place quotas on Japanese goods 3. the United States imported more from Japan than it exported to Japan 4. Japan lowered tariffs on goods imported from the United States

The United States currently has a trade deficit with Japan (and China). This has caused some consumers in the U.S. to boycott Japanese goods in favor of products made in the U.S.A..

In the past decade, Japanese automobile manufacturers have sought to improve Japanese-American trade relations by 1. drastically lowering the price of Japanese automobiles for American consumers 2. allowing an unlimited number of American automobiles to be sold in Japan 3. importing most spare parts from Mexico 4. building an increasing number of Japanese automobiles in the United States

The United States has a trade deficit with Japan. To offset this imbalance, Japan has agreed to create American jobs by manufacturing some of their automobiles in the United States.

Which statement best explains why most of the population of the people's Republic of China live in the eastern third of the nation? 1. best agricultural land is in the East 2. largest forests are in the East 3. best fishing areas are off the eastern coast 4. largest oil deposits are in the East

The coastal region of China contain the best agricultural lands as well as access to the Pacific Ocean, making it much easier to live on than the interior of the country which is dominated by deserts and other harsh geographic features.

In Eastern Europe after World War I, the greatest obstacle to national unity in many nation-states was the 1. great ethnic diversity found in the region 2. economic dependence of Eastern Europe on Japan 3. acceptance of democratic traditions by most Eastern Europeans 4. expansion of United States influence in the region

The collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman empire left many regions in turmoil. Newly formed countries, such as Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia were multinational, which led to infighting and ethnic violence.

The growth of feudalism in Europe during the Middle Ages was primarily caused by the 1. rivalry between the colonial empires 2. suppression of internationalism 3. decline of the Roman Catholic Church 4. collapse of a strong central government

The collapse of the Roman Empire was finalized in 476 CE, when the city of Rome was sacked. For nearly 1,000 years afterward no single centralized government was able to maintain control of Europe. As a result, the region became dominated by feudalism in order to meet the basic need for protection which was necessary for survival.

One way in which Simón Bolívar, Jomo Kenyatta, and Ho Chi Minh are similar is that each leader 1. sought independence from colonial rule 2. ruled during a period of peace and prosperity 3. demanded human rights for all citizens 4. established a totalitarian government Simon Bolivar was an independence leader in Latin America, Jomo Kenyatta did the same for Kenya, and Ho Chi Minh in Vietnam. Jomo Kenyatta was the leader of Kenya from independence in 1963 to his death in 1978, serving first as Prime Minister (1963-64) and then as President (1964-78). He is considered the founding father of the Kenyan nation.[1] Kenyatta was a well-educated intellectual who authored several books, and is remembered as a Pan-Africanist. He is also the father of Kenya's fourth and current President, Uhuru Kenyatta. Kenyatta was arrested in October 1952 and indicted with five others on the charges of "managing and being a member" of the Mau Mau Society, a radical anti-colonial movement engaged in rebellion against Kenya's British rulers. The accused were known as the "Kapenguria Six".[citation needed]

The defence, led by British barrister D. N. Pritt, argued that the white settlers were trying to scapegoat Kenyatta and that there was no evidence tying him to the Mau Mau. The court sentenced Kenyatta on 8 April 1953 to seven years' imprisonment with hard labour and indefinite restriction thereafter.[13] The subsequent appeal was refused by the British Privy Council in 1954.Kenyatta remained in prison until 1959, after which he was detained in Lodwar, a remote part of Kenya. While contemporary opinion linked Kenyatta with the Mau Mau, historians have questioned his alleged leadership of the radical movement.[15] Kenyatta was in truth a political moderate. His marriage of Colonial Chief's daughters, his post independence Kikuyu allies mainly being former colonial collaborators (though also from his tribe), and his short shrift treatment of former Mau Mau fighters after he came to power, all strongly suggest he had scant regard for the Mau Mau. Mzee Jomo Kenyatta, as he was popularly known, was an important and influential statesman in Africa. He is credited with leading Kenya to independence and setting up the country as a relatively prosperous capitalist state. He pursued a moderate pro-Western, anti-Communist economic philosophy and foreign policy.[20][21][22] He oversaw a peaceful land reform process, oversaw the setting up of the institutions of independent Kenya, and also oversaw Kenya's admission into the United Nations. However, Kenyatta was not without major flaws, and did also bequeath Kenya some major problems which continue to bedevil the country to date, hindering her development, and threatening her existence as a peaceful unitary multi-ethnic state.[23] He failed to mould Kenya, being its founding father, into a homogeneous multi-ethnic state. Instead, the country became and remains a de facto confederation of competing tribes. His authoritarian style, characterized by patronage, favouritism, tribalism and/or nepotism drew criticism and dissent, and set a bad example followed by his successors. He had the Constitution radically amended to expand his powers, consolidating executive power.[24] He is also criticised for having ruled through a post colonial clique consisting largely of his relatives, other Kikuyus, mostly from his native Kiambu district, Offspring of former colonial chiefs, and African Kikuyu colonial collaborators and their offspring, while giving scant reward to those whom most consider the real fighters for Kenya's independence.[citation needed] This clique became and remains the wealthiest, most powerful and most influential class in Kenya to date.[19][25] Kenyatta has further been criticised for encouraging the culture of wealth accumulation by public officials using the power and influence of their offices, thereby deeply entrenching corruption in Kenya.[26] He is regularly charged with having personally grabbed and accumulated huge land holdings in Kenya. "The regime of Kenya's first president, Jomo Kenyatta, was riddled with land grabbing which was perpetrated by him for his benefit and members of his family...between 1964 and 1966, one-sixth of European settlers' lands that were intended for settlement of landless and land-scarce Africans were cheaply sold to the then President Kenyatta and his wife Ngina as well as his children...throughout the years of President Kenyatta's administration, his relatives friends and officials in his administration also benefited from the vice with wanton impunity." a report by Kenya's Truth, Justice and Reconciliation Commission was recently quoted as saying.[27] His policies are also criticised for leading to a large income and development inequality gap in the country. Development and resource allocation in the country during his reign was seen to have favoured some regions of the country over others.[23] His resettlement of many Kikuyu tribesmen in the country's Rift Valley province is widely considered to have been done unfairly.[23][28] One of his famous sayings is the following : "When the Missionaries arrived, the Africans had the land and the Missionaries had the Bible. They taught how to pray with our eyes closed. When we opened them, they had the land and we had the Bible."[citation needed]

Which slogan expressed the ideals of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917? 1. Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity 2. Bread, Land, and Peace 3. Land and Liberty 4. Nationalism, Democracy, and the People's Livelihood

The early goals of the Bolshevik Party were to remove Russia from World War One, redistribute land to the peasants, and ensure that everyone had enough to eat.

Apartheid was a series of laws that segregated and discriminated against the majority black population of South Africa. This policy was started and upheld by the minority white population who held all governmental power.

The election of Nelson Mandela, a black South African, marked the beginning of a new era in South African history. Apartheid laws had been repealed and the government began working toward the equally of all of its citizens.

In colonial Latin America, the main purpose of the encomienda system was to 1. insure that the Indians were humanely treated 2. provide a steady labor supply for early colonists 3. prevent slaver in Spain's New World colonies 4. build and maintain forts to repel foreign invaders

The encomienda system forced Native Americans to perform agricultural and mining work in Latin American colonies.

Which societal condition was basic to the development of Greek philosophy and Renaissance art? 1. rigid social classes 2. emphasis on individualism 3. religious uniformity 4. mass education

The flowering of civilization that occurred during Ancient Greece and Renaissance Italy can be attributed to the emphasis that both societies placed on individual worth. This emphasis caused contemporaries of both periods to excel in their endeavors and contributions to the world.

During the late 1980's and early 1990's, the Soviet Union experienced ethnic tensions that were most similar to those experienced by 1. Japan in the early 17th century 2. Austria-Hungary in the late 19th century 3. Spain in the mid-18th century 4. Cuba in the late 20th century

The former Soviet Union and the old Austria-Hungary Empire were inhabited by diverse ethnic and religious groups. This often led to violence in the past as each group sought independence and self determination.

Which statement best explains the periods of the Gupta Empire of India, the Golden Age of Greece, and the Renaissance in Italy? 1. the winning of a war often inspires scientific and artistic achievement 2. a combination of wealth and a time of relative peace often leads to cultural achievement 3. a dictatorship usually encourages cultural growth and development 4. periods of censorship are needed for a nation to achieve cultural and scientific greatness

Times of peace allow societies to create great works and trade with their neighbors. This trade usually results in the accumulation of wealth and the exchange of ideas which allows for the development and adoption of new innovations.

Which group has been a major force in calling for the protection of human rights in Central America during the 1980's and 1990's? 1. Caudillos 2. military generals 3. Landowners 4. liberation theology clergy

The liberation theology clergy has been instrumental in gaining support for the protection of human rights in Latin America; a movement in Christian theology, developed mainly by Latin American Roman Catholics, that emphasizes liberation from social, political, and economic oppression as an anticipation of ultimate salvation. proposes that knowledge of God based on revelation leads necessarily to a Christian theological praxis that opposes unjust social and political structures. It has been described as "an interpretation of Christian faith through the poor's suffering, their struggle and hope, and a critique of society and the Catholic faith and Christianity through the eyes of the poor".[1] Detractors have called it Christianized Marxism.[2] The best known form of liberation theology is that which developed in Latin America in the 1950s, however various other forms of liberation theology have since developed, including Asian, Black, and Palestinian liberation theologies, among others.[citation needed] Although liberation theology has grown into an international and inter-denominational movement, it began as a movement within the Catholic Church in Latin America in the 1950s-1960s. Liberation theology arose principally as a moral reaction to the poverty seen[according to whom?] as having been caused by social injustice in that region. The term was coined in 1971 by the Peruvian priest Gustavo Gutiérrez, who wrote one of the movement's most famous books, A Theology of Liberation. Other noted exponents are Leonardo Boff of Brazil, Jon Sobrino of Spain, and Juan Luis Segundo of Uruguay.[3][4] The influence of Latin American liberation theology diminished after proponents were accused[by whom?] of using "Marxist concepts" leading to admonishment by the Vatican's Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (CDF) in 1984 and 1986. The Vatican criticized certain forms of Latin American liberation theology for focusing on institutionalized or systemic sin, apparently to the exclusion of individual offenders and offenses; and for identifying Catholic Church hierarchy in South America as members of the same privileged class that had long been oppressing indigenous populations from the arrival of Pizarro onward

Punjab Region The Punjab , "five rivers" is a geographical region in South Asia comprising vast areas of eastern Pakistan and northern India. In Pakistan, it includes the Punjab province, Islamabad, parts of Azad Kashmir (namely Bhimber and Mirpur) and parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (namely Peshawar); In India, it includes Punjab state and Chandigarh union territory, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu Division, parts of Delhi and parts of Rajasthan.

The name of the region is a compound of two Persian words[1] and was introduced to the region by the Turkic Muslim conquerors of India and more formally popularized during the Mughal empire. Punjab literally means "(The Land of) Five Waters" referring to the following rivers: the Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Beas.[8] All are tributaries of the Indus River, the Chenab being the largest. It has been inhabited by Harappans, proto-Dravidians and Indo-Aryans and has seen numerous invasions by the Persians, Greeks, Kushans, Ghaznavids, Timurids, Mughals, Afghans, British and others. The people of the Punjab today are called Punjabis and their principal language is called Punjabi. The main religions of the Punjab region are Islam, Hinduism, and Sikhism. Other religious groups are Christians, Jains and Buddhists. In 1947, with the dissolution of British India, the region was partitioned between India and Pakistan.

The Sun King Louis XIV chose the sun as his emblem. The sun was associated with Apollo, god of peace and arts, and was also the heavenly body which gave life to all things, regulating everything as it rose and set. Like Apollo, the warrior-king Louis XIV brought peace, was a patron of the arts, and dispensed his bounty. The regularity of his work habits and his ritual risings and retirings (levee and couchee) were another point of solar comparison. Throughout Versailles, decoration combines images and attributes of Apollo (laurel, lyre, tripod) with the king's portraits and emblems (the double LL, the royal crown, the sceptre and hand of justice). The Apollo Salon is the main room of the Grand Apartment because it was originally the monarch's state chamber.

The path of the sun is also traced in the layout of the gardens.Young Louis XIV liked to dance and to play in different court performances. Young Louis XIV liked to dance and to play in different court performances. Once he had to play SUN in the Ballet de la Nuit. After that performance he decided to choose SUN as his symbol. He was an absolute monarch, as expressed in the famous quote attributed to him, "L'etat c'est moi" (I am the state). Identifying himself with Apollo, the Greek god of the sun, Louis XIV came to be called "the Sun King." Today Louis XIV is perhaps best remembered as the king who built Versailles.

PERIOD RENAISSANCE: During the Renaissance, which development contributed most to the Protestant Reformation? 1. interest in Ancient Greece and Rome 2. advances in mathematics and science 3. questioning of traditional authority 4. attention to realism and detail

The popularity of the philosophy of Humanism, or the emphasis on individuality, caused many to question traditional authority during the Renaissance. Of course, the most traditional source of authority at this time in Europe was the Catholic Church, which had engaged in practices that many found distasteful such as the selling of indulgences.

The printing press, the astrolabe, and the Mercator projection were technological advances that contributed to the 1. exploration and overseas expansion of the colonial empires 2. unification of Germany and Italy in the late 1800's 3. growth of industry in Latin America during the late 1900's 4. spread of Islam in the 700's and 800's

The printing press helped spread ideas and information, such as maps. The astrolabe and the Mercator projection were tools explorers used to navigate the oceans more accurately.

Which factor has most limited the development of national unity in India, Lebanon, and Bosnia-Herzegovina? 1. lack of natural resources 2. inability to end colonialism 3. religious and ethnic differences 4. rapid growth of industry All three regions are inhabited by diverse ethnic and religious groups. This has limited the development of national unity in these areas, and has often led to violence. Christians versus Muslims in Lebanon: Lebanon is bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south. The earliest evidence of civilization in Lebanon dates back more than seven thousand years, predating recorded history.[7] Lebanon was the home of the Phoenicians and their kingdom, a maritime culture that flourished for over a thousand years (c. 1550-539 BC). In 64 BC, the region came under the rule of the Roman Empire, and eventually became one of the Empire's leading centers of Christianity. In the Mount Lebanon range a monastic tradition known as the Maronite Church was established. As the Arab Muslims conquered the region, the Maronites held onto their religion and identity. However, a new religious group, the Druze, established themselves in Mount Lebanon as well, a religious divide that would last for centuries. During the Crusades, the Maronites re-established contact with the Roman Catholic Church and asserted their communion with Rome. The ties they established with the Latins have influenced the region into the modern era.

The region eventually came under the rule of the Ottoman Empire from 1516 to 1918. Following the collapse of the Empire after World War I, the five provinces that constitute modern Lebanon were mandated to France. The French expanded the borders of Mount Lebanon Governorate, which was mostly populated by Maronites and Druze, to include more Muslims. Lebanon gained independence in 1943, establishing a unique political system - "confessionalism" - that is, a power-sharing mechanism based on religious communities. Bechara El Khoury (independent Lebanon's first president), Riad El-Solh (Lebanon's first prime minister) and Emir Majid Arslan (Lebanon's first minister of defence) are considered the founders of the modern Republic of Lebanon and are national heroes for having led the country's independence. French troops withdrew from Lebanon in 1946.[8] Before the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990), the country experienced a period of relative calm and renowned prosperity, driven by tourism, agriculture, commerce, and banking.[9] Because of its financial power and diversity in its heyday, Lebanon was compared to Switzerland,[10] and its capital Beirut attracted so many tourists that it was known as "the Paris of the Middle East".[11] At the end of the war, there were extensive efforts to revive the economy and rebuild national infrastructure. In 1975, following increasing sectarian tensions, a full-scale civil war broke out in Lebanon. The Lebanese Civil War pitted a coalition of Christian groups against the joint forces of the PLO, left-wing Druze and Muslim militias. In June 1976 Syria sent in its own troops, ostensibly to restore peace. In October 1976 the Arab League agreed to establish a predominantly Syrian Arab Deterrent Force, which was charged with restoring calm.[38] In 1982, the PLO attacks from Lebanon on Israel led to an Israeli invasion. A multinational force of American, French and Italian contingents (joined in 1983 by a British contingent) were deployed in Beirut after the Israeli siege of the city, to supervise the evacuation of the PLO. It returned in September 1982 after the assassination of Bashir Gemayel and subsequent fighting, during which a number of massacres were committed, such as in Damour,[39] in Sabra and Shatila,[40] and in several refugee camps.[41] The multinational force was withdrawn in the spring of 1984, following a devastating bombing attack during the previous year. According to a videotape released by Osama Bin Laden in 2004, images of the bombing of Lebanon were what made him conceive the attack on the United States on 11 September 2001, in order to deter further attacks resulting in the deaths of women and children.[42] In September 1988, the Parliament failed to elect a successor to President Gemayel as a result of differences between the Christians, Muslims, and Syrians. The Arab League Summit of May 1989 led to the formation of a Saudi-Moroccan-Algerian committee to solve the crisis. On 16 September 1989 the committee issued a peace plan which was accepted by all. A ceasefire was established, the ports and airports were re-opened and refugees began to return.[38] In the same month, the Lebanese Parliament agreed to the Taif Agreement, which included an outline timetable for Syrian withdrawal from Lebanon and a formula for the de-confessionalisation of the Lebanese political system.[38] The war ended at the end of 1990 after sixteen years, resulting in massive loss of human life and property, while devastating the country's economy. It is estimated that 150,000 people were killed and another 200,000 wounded.[43] Nearly a million civilians were displaced by the war, and some never returned.[44] Parts of Lebanon were left in ruins.[45] The Taif Agreement has still not been implemented in full and Lebanon's political system continues to be divided along sectarian lines.

Which statement best describes the effects of the works of Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Sir Isaac Newton, and René Descartes? 1. The acceptance of traditional authority was strengthened. 2. The scientific method was used to solve problems. 3. Funding to education was increased by the English government. 4. Interest in Greek and Roman drama was renewed.

The scientific method uses experimentation and observation to prove theories. All three people used this method in their work, which resulted in others following their example.

"Europe is waking out of a long, deep sleep...time was when learning was only found in the religious orders...learning has passed to secular princes and peers." This quotation best describes the 1. Renaissance 2. decline of the Roman Empire 3. Crusades 4. rise of Christianity

The term "renaissance" is used to describe the cultural rebirth of Europe after the Dark Ages.

"Germany Will Make Reparations For WWI" "OPEC Supports Oil Embargo Against Western Nations" "UN Imposes Sanctions on Iraq" Which conclusion can be drawn from these headlines? 1. economic measures are often designed to achieve political goals 2. communism as an economic system has failed 3. economic policies are often formulated to encourage investment 4. nationalism plays a small role in economic decisionmaking

The use of economic sanctions has been a effective political tool for many nations.

Many scientist believe that the ?greenhouse effect? is the result of 1. overgrazing on land in developing nations 2. using large amounts of gasoline, oil, and coal in developed nations 3. testing nuclear weapons in violation of the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 4. using natural fertilizers to increase crop production

The use of these products releases carbon dioxide, which is believed to destroy the ozone layer, which protects the earth from harmful solar radiation.

Which characteristic was common to the Golden Age of Greece and the Italian Renaissance? 1. a strong military led to national unity 2. written constitutions led to the establishment of democratic governments 3. prosperity led to the creation of many works of art 4. political instability led directly to the formation of unified nation-states

The wealth of both the Golden Age of Greece and the Italian Renaissance allowed these societies to concentrate on culture and support the arts.

Blockade of Berlin · Operation of the Berlin Airlift · Organization of the Warsaw Pact · Construction of the Berlin Wall These events of the Cold War are examples of 1. efforts to prevent military conflict between the superpowers 2. situations that increased tensions between communist and democratic nations in Europe 3. attempts to weaken the Soviet Union's control of its Eastern European allies 4. policies of peaceful coexistence and détente

These are all examples of situations that caused conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

The adoption of the Eastern Orthodox religion and the Cyrillic alphabet by the Russian people occurred as a result of 1. territorial expansion during the reign of Catherine the Great 2. the westernization policies of Peter the Great 3. contact with Byzantine culture in the 10th century 4. the influence of the Crusaders during the Middle Ages

These cultural elements were transmitted from the Byzantine to Russia around the turn of the first millennium.

One similarity in the leadership of Latin Americas Jose de San Martin, Toussaint l'Ouverture, Bernanrdo O'Higgins, and Pedro I was that each leader 1. opposed United States intervention in Haiti 2. led a struggle to gain freedom for the people of his nation 3. opposed membership of his nation in the League of Nations 4. established an absolute monarchy in his nation

These men each led independence movements in parts of Latin America. San Martin - Argentina L'Ouverture - Haiti O'Higgins - Chile Pedro I - Portugal (then french invasion) and moved gov to Brazil

In 1917, Bolshevik leaders in Russia sought peace with Germany because the new Russian government 1. decided to join forces with Germany and the Central Powers 2. needed to concentrate its troops and resources on its war with Turkey 3. wanted to retain power and avoid German occupation 4. needed to control the Baltic Sea and wanted a warm water port You Are Correct! V.I. Lenin ended Russian involvement in World War in March of 1918 when he signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. This cost Russia a large amount of land, but allowed Lenin to focus on gaining control of his newly won country.

V.I. Lenin ended Russian involvement in World War in March of 1918 when he signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. This cost Russia a large amount of land, but allowed Lenin to focus on gaining control of his newly won country.

Which statement best describes an impact of topography on eastern Europe? 1. Many different languages, religions, and customs developed. 2. A Russian czar ruled the area as a single empire. 3. An extensive single-crop agricultural system emerged. 4. Neighbors who were more powerful could not invade the region.

Various geographical features, such as, rivers, mountains, and plains, can cause civilizations to develop differently depending on their needs for survival.

A major problem facing many Central American nations is that their nation's wealth is 1. generally invested in consumer industries 2. controlled by a small group of landed elite 3. distributed throughout the large middle class 4. held mainly by government agencies

Wealth in many Latin American countries is not distributed evenly. Instead, a small group of landowning elite control most of the economic power of these nations. México México City Guatemala Guatemala City Belize Belmopán Nicaragua Managua Jamaica Kingston Cuba La Havana Haiti Port-au-prince Puerto Rico San Juan Panamá Panamá City Republica Dominicana Santa Domingo El Salvador San Salvador Costa Rica San José Honduras Tegucigalpa

One factor that enabled the Renaissance to flourish in Northern Italy was that the region had 1. a wealthy class that invested in the arts 2. a socialist for of government 3. limited contact with the Byzantine Empire 4. a shrinking middle class

Wealthy families, such as the Medici, in Northern Italy invested in the arts and hired world-class artists such as Michelangelo and Botticelli, thus encouraging the movement toward individual expression embodied by Humanism.

In many Latin American nations, a major effect of colonial rule has been the 1. concentration of power in a small group of landowners 2. minor political role of the military 3. equal distribution of wealth among social classes 4. economic control held by the Indian population

When Latin American colonies gained their independence from Spain and Portugal, political power was most often transferred from Peninsulares to Creoles. In the colonial caste system of Spanish America and Spanish Philippines, a peninsular (Spanish pronunciation: [peninsuˈlar], pl. peninsulares) was a Spanish-born Spaniard, or mainland Spaniard, residing in the New World or the Spanish East Indies, as opposed to a person of full Spanish descent born in the Americas or Philippines, who were known as criollos. The word peninsular makes reference to the Iberian Peninsula in Europe where Spain is located.

In Latin America during the early period of Spanish colonialism, the deaths of large numbers of the native people led to 1. a decline in Spanish immigration to the Americas 2. the removal of most Spanish troops from the Americas 3. the importation of slaves from Africa 4. improved health care in the colonies

When Native American proved to be an unsuitable labor force for Spanish colonies, Europeans began importing African slaves to meet this demand.

Which statement about reforms in China during the 1980's and 1990's is most accurate? 1. Political reforms resulted in the overthrow of communism. 2. Economic reforms were more successful than political reforms. 3. Political reforms increased individual rights. 4. Economic reforms forced China to return to a policy of isolationism.

While the Four Modernizations program was a success economically, very little progress was made in the way of political reform. China remains an oppressive government to its people.

In 19th-century China, the Opium War resulted in 1. the control of Hong Kong being returned to China 2. the removal of all British naval forces from China 3. an increase in European spheres of influence in China 4. the rejection of Buddhism by the Chinese people

With their victory in the Opium War (1839-1842), Europeans demonstrated their superior military might and secured trading concessions that ultimately led to the carving of China into Spheres of Influence, each dominated by a different nation.

During the 19th century, Europeans were able to divide China in Spheres of Influence mainly because the 1. Chinese were eager to adopt western culture 2. Europeans had technologically superior military forces 3. Europeans were willing to adopt Chinese customs 4. Chinese lacked raw materials and resources

With their victory in the Opium War (1839-1842), Europeans demonstrated their superior military might and secured trading concessions that ultimately led to the carving of China into Spheres of Influence, each dominated by a different nation. The carving up of China by unequal treaties into various large spheres or regions of influence controlled by France, Germany, Russia, Britain and Japan, resulted in: 1) US demanding equal trade access and its open door policy and respect for chinese sovereignty; which prevented china from becoming colonized by each of those powers 2) Taiping Rebellion against the Manchu Qing Dynasty 3) eventually the Boxer Rebellion aimed at expelling foreigners

One similarity between Axum, Kush, and Nubia was that they were 1. military leaders in the Neolithic Age 2. rivers along which early trade developed 3. writers of epic poems about Greek cities 4. early civilizations in Africa

You Are Correct! All of these civilizations were located in Africa - very close to one another in southern Egypt, parts of Sudan and Ethiopia. Axum The Kingdom of Aksum or Axum, also known as the Aksumite Empire, was a trading nation in the area of Eritrea and northern Ethiopia,[2] which existed from approximately 100-940 AD. was a major player in the commerce between the Roman Empire and Ancient India. The Aksumite rulers facilitated trade by minting their own currency, the state established its hegemony over the declining Kingdom of Kush and regularly entered the politics of the kingdoms on the Arabian Peninsula, eventually extending its rule over the region with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom. Erected many large stele. Its ancient capital, also called Aksum, was in northern Ethiopia. The Kingdom used the name "Ethiopia" as early as the 4th century.[4][5] It is also the alleged resting place of the Ark of the Covenant and the purported home of the Queen of Sheba.[6] The Kingdom of Kush or Kush (/kʊʃ, kʌʃ/) was an ancient African kingdom situated on the confluences of the Blue Nile, White Nile and River Atbara in what is now the Republic of Sudan. Established after the Bronze Age collapse and the disintegration of the New Kingdom of Egypt, it was centered at Napata in its early phase. After King Kashta ("the Kushite") invaded Egypt in the 8th century BC, the Kushite kings ruled as pharaohs of the Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt for a century, until they were expelled by Psamtik I in 656 BC. During Classical antiquity, the Kushite imperial capital was at Meroe. In early Greek geography, the Meroitic kingdom was known as Ethiopia. The Kushite kingdom with its capital at Meroe persisted until the 4th century AD, when it weakened and disintegrated due to internal rebellion. By the 1st century AD, the Kushite capital had been captured by the Beja Dynasty, who tried to revive the empire. The Kushite capital was eventually captured and burnt to the ground by the Kingdom of Axum. is a region along the Nile river located in what is today northern Sudan and southern Egypt. One of earliest indigenous civilizations, with a history that can be traced from 2000 B.C. onward through Nubian monuments and artifacts as well as written records from Egypt and Rome, it was home to one of the African empires. There were a number of large Nubian kingdoms throughout the Postclassical Era, the last of which collapsed in 1504, when Nubia became divided between Egypt and the Sennar sultanate resulting in the Arabization of much of the Nubian population. Nubia was again united within Ottoman Egypt in the 19th century, and within Anglo-Egyptian Sudan from 1899 to 1956.

Which statement best explains why India was partitioned in 1947? 1. the British feared a united India 2. one region wanted to remain under British control 3. religious differences led to political division 4. communist supporters wanted a separate state

You Are Correct! British officials drew borders that created a Hindu India and a Muslim Pakistan in 1947 due to religious tensions resulting in violence between the two groups.

The Middle Ages in Western Europe was characterized by 1. the manor system and the importance of land ownership 2. absolute monarchies and strong central governments 3. decreased emphasis on religion in daily life 4. extensive trade with Asia and the Middle East

You Are Correct! Manorialism was the cornerstone of European society in the Middle Ages. Nobility who held land, the only thing of value during the period, ruled these manors. The most important difference between feudalism and manorialism was their concept. The first was a political and military institution, while the manorial system was an economic organization of a feudal estate. It lacked the military character of feudalism that based on a system of fiefs according to which the land was held by a vassal from his lord in return for political allegiance and military service. Serfdom is the status of peasants under feudalism, specifically relating to manorialism. It was a condition of bondage which developed primarily during the High Middle Ages in Europe and lasted in some countries until the mid-19th century.

One similarity between the Ancient African kingdoms of Egypt, Ghana, Mali and Songhai is that all of these kingdoms were located 1. in mountainous terrain 2. in coastal areas 3. on major trading routes 4. in rain forest areas

You Are Correct! SAHEL Empires - - All of these civilizations were located on major trade routes in Africa. 3 of them - Ghana, Mali, and Songhai emerged in grassyland areas of savanna, the sahel. Located in the Western region of Africa, Ancient Ghana occupied an area that includes the present-day nations of Mauritania and Mali, was the first of three powerful centralized states to emerge in the savanna, a vast, flat grassland area between the Sahara Desert on the north and the coastal rain forest along the Atlantic Ocean to the south. Ghana flourished in the 8th through 11th Centuries because of its control of major routes of the Trans-Saharan trade of salt and gold. - See more at: http://www.blackpast.org/gah/ghana-ca-750-1076#sthash.FFj5sll1.dpuf The Mali Empire was the second of three West African empires to emerge in the vast savanna grasslands located between the Sahara Desert to the north and the coastal rain forest in the south. Beginning as a series of small successor trading states, Ancient Ghana, the empire grew to encompass the territory between the Atlantic Ocean and Lake Chad, a distance of nearly 1,800 miles. Encompassing all or part of the modern nations of Mauritania, Senegal, Gambia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, Nigeria, and Chad, at its height in 1300, Mali was one of the largest empires in the world. - See more at: http://www.blackpast.org/gah/mali-empire-ca-1200#sthash.RrPcoPWK.dpuf The Songhai Empire was the largest and last of the three major pre-colonial empires to emerge in West Africa. From its capital at Gao on the Niger River, Songhai expanded in all directions until it stretched from the Atlantic Ocean (modern Senegal and Gambia) to what is now Northwest Nigeria and central Niger. Gao, Songhai's capital, which remains to this day a small Niger River trading center, was home to the famous Goa Mosque and the Tomb of Askia, the most important of the Songhai emperors. The cities of Timbuktu and Djenne were the other major cultural and commercial centers of the empire.

In China, the development of ethnocentrism was most influenced by 1. its historic reliance on foreign nations 2. a long history of democratic government 3. a strong belief in Christianity 4. its geographic isolation

You Are Correct! The Gobi Desert to the North, the Himalayan Mountains to the Southwest, and the seas to the East all contribute to the geographic isolation of China. This isolation hindered cultural contact for many years which resulted in China considering itself the "Middle Kingdom," or the center of human civilization.

The Ancient Romans' most significant contribution to Europe has been in the area of 1. economics 2. poetry 3. drama 4. law

You Are Correct! The Twelve Tables of Law are considered the first example of codified law in Europe and were created in Ancient Rome.

What event was used by Mohandas Gandhi to bring world attention to the injustices of British colonialism?

salt march aka The Dandi March, also known as the Salt Satyagraha, began on 12 March 1930 and was an important part of the Indian independence movement. It was a direct action campaign of tax resistance and nonviolent protest against the British salt monopoly in colonial India, and triggered the wider Civil Disobedience Movement. This was the most significant organised challenge to British authority since the Non-cooperation movement of 1920-22, and directly followed the Purna Swaraj declaration of independence by the Indian National Congress on 26 January 1930. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi) led the Dandi march from his base, Sabarmati Ashram near Ahmedabad, to the coastal village of Dandi, located at a small town called Navsari, in the state of Gujarat. As he continued on this 24-day, 240-mile (390 km) march to Dandi to produce salt without paying the tax, growing numbers of Indians joined him along the way. When Gandhi broke the salt laws at 6:30 am on 6 April 1930, it sparked large scale acts of civil disobedience against the British Raj salt laws by millions of Indians.[1] The campaign had a significant effect on changing world and British attitude towards Indian independence[2][3] and caused large numbers of Indians to join the fight for the first time. After making salt at Dandi, Gandhi continued southward along the coast, producing salt and addressing meetings on the way. The Congress Party planned to stage a satyagraha at the Dharasana Salt Works, 25 miles south of Dandi. However, Gandhi was arrested on the midnight of 4-5 May 1930, just days before the planned action at Dharasana. The Dandi March and the ensuing Dharasana Satyagraha drew worldwide attention to the Indian independence movement through extensive newspaper and newsreel coverage. The satyagraha against the salt tax continued for almost a year, ending with Gandhi's release from jail and negotiations with Viceroy Lord Irwin at the Second Round Table Conference.[4] Over 80,000 Indians were jailed as a result of the Salt Satyagraha.[5] However, it failed to result in major concessions from the British.[6] The Salt Satyagraha campaign was based upon Gandhi's principles of nonviolent protest called satyagraha, which he loosely translated as "truth-force."[7] Literally, it is formed from the Sanskrit words satya, "truth", and agraha, "force". In early 1930 the Indian National Congress chose satyagraha as their main tactic for winning Indian independence from British rule and appointed Gandhi to organise the campaign. Gandhi chose the 1882 British Salt Act as the first target of satyagraha. The Salt March to Dandi, and the beating by British police of hundreds of nonviolent protesters in Dharasana, which received worldwide news coverage, demonstrated the effective use of civil disobedience as a technique for fighting social and political injustice.[8] The satyagraha teachings of Gandhi and the March to Dandi had a significant influence on American activists Martin Luther King, Jr., James Bevel, and others during the movement for civil rights for blacks and other minority groups in the 1960s.[9]

The four main cause of World War One are

the Alliance System, Imperialism, Nationalism, and Militarism.

The conflict between Israel and the Arab nations since 1948 was often considered part of the Cold War primarily because 1. the policy of detente evolved from this conflict 2. communist governments were established in many Arab nations 3. the leadership of Joseph Stalin strongly influenced the policies of Saddam Hussein 4. the United States supported Israel and the Soviet Union supported several Arab nations

the conflict in the Middle East has often been a surrogate for cold war tensions. The United States supported Israel, while the Soviets supported Egypt under Gamal Nasser, and other nations opposed to the United States and Israel.

self-government was an idea born in .......

the enlightenment

caste

the system of dividing society into hereditary classes; any class or group of people who inherit exclusive privileges or are perceived as socially distinct. "those educated in private schools belong to a privileged caste"

During the Cold War Era, many Asian and African nations followed a policy of nonalignment because they 1. had the same goals and needs as the Soviet Union 2. needed the natural resources of Western European nations 3. wished to receive aid from the Soviet Union and the United States 4. were afraid of losing their vote in the United Nations

these nations hoped to receive aid from both the Soviet Union and the United States while remaining neutral. The main goal of most of these nations was economic progress while remaining free from cold war entanglements.

Indira Gandhi of India

was the fourth Prime Minister of India and a central figure of the Indian National Congress party. Gandhi, who served from 1966 to 1977 and then again from 1980 until her assassination in 1984, is the second-longest-serving Prime Minister of India and the only woman to hold the office. Indira Gandhi was the only child of the first Indian Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. She served as the Chief of Staff of her father's highly centralised administration between 1947 and 1964 and came to wield considerable unofficial influence in government.[citation needed] She was elected Congress President in 1959. Upon her father's death in 1964, Gandhi refused to enter Congress party leadership contest and instead chose to become a cabinet minister in the government led by Lal Bahadur Shastri. In Congress' party parliamentary leadership election held in early 1966 upon the death of Shastri, she defeated her rival, Morarji Desai, to become leader and thus succeed Shastri as the prime minister of India. As the Prime Minister of India, Gandhi was known for her political ruthlessness and unprecedented centralisation of power. She went to war with Pakistan in support of the independence movement and war of independence in East Pakistan, which resulted in an Indian victory and the creation of Bangladesh, as well as increasing India's influence to the point where it became the regional hegemon of South Asia. Gandhi also presided over a state of emergency from 1975 to 1977 during which she ruled by decree and made lasting changes to the constitution of India. She was assassinated in 1984 by her Sikh bodyguards a few months after she ordered the storming of the Sikh holy Temple in Amritsar. In 2001, Gandhi was voted the greatest Indian Prime Minister in a poll organised by India Today. She was also named "Woman of the Millennium" in a poll organised by the BBC in 1999.[1]

Thomas Locke

wrote Two Treatises of Government (1690), englightenment

Jean-Jaques Rousseau

wrote in his Social Contract (1762); enlightenment