World Music Test 3
New Negro Movement
Believed art should show the elevated nature of African Americans and their artistic culture ("the talented tenth")
Technique
Describes the unique way that Black musicians manipulate aspects of musical time, text, and pitch to deepen their interpretation of a song's meaning and message.
Escolas de Samba
Samba schools of Brazil.
SNCC singers
Sang old spirituals as they prepared for marches and sit-ins
GRIOT
"Praise singer." A person/group of people in Africa who sing "praises" to someone or about something. This can be religious, political, ceremonial, etc.
CHARANGA
"Sweet sounding ensemble." A Cuban music and dance tradition that is made of wooden flutes, violins, piano, the string bass, the guiro, the timbales, and sometimes the maracas.
Enredo
Song
Soca
Soul of calypso
KORA
A 21-string spike-harp chordophone from Africa that is played with the thumbs. It can play melody, accompaniment, and bass.
DANZÓN
A Cuban music and dance tradition that is made of wooden flutes, violins, piano, the string bass, the guiro, the timbales, maracas, conga drums, bongos, and the cowbell.
REGGAETON
A Jamaican music tradition that derived from reggae dance music, Caribbean traditional/popular music, and rap/hip hop.
BOOGALOO
A Latin music genre that combined characteristics of mambo, son, cha cha cha, African American rhythm and blues, and soul in the 1960s.
Mariachi
A Latin music genre that is a symbol of the working class
BLUES
A broad term for a genre associated with Black musicians. "Classically" is known as a blend of rural traditions, early jazz, and early 20th century vaudeville music.
KONI
A chordophone instrument with six strings that is also referred to as a "hunter's harp." It is similar to the kora.
AFROBEAT
A combination of African music with that of pop, funk, and jazz styles in the 1970s and 80s.
Danzon
A creolized Cuban music and dance style played by a charanga ensemble. The official music and dance genre of Cuba. This is a slow, formal partner dance with syncopated beats. This style is not directly tied to any one person, but was popularized and influenced by charanga ensembles.
danzon-mambo
A dance style coming from danzon that was "afro-cubanized" by the addition of conga drums to the charanga percussion section playing syncopated rhythms. This style was heavily influenced by Arcano y sus Maravillas, a charanga group whose primary influencers were Orestes and Israel Lopez.
Cha cha cha
A dance style that came out of danzon from Cuba that has relatively simple dance rhythms and singing. This style was heavily influenced by a different alumnus of Arcano y sus Maravillas: Enrique Jorrin.
MBIRA DZAVADZIMU
A finger-piano that some people attach bottle caps to for a varied timbral effect.
INTERSECTIONALITY
A framework describing the interwoven nature of social categorizations creating challenges for people who are categorized in multiple minorities. For example, being a black (race) female (gender).
ROCK AND ROLL
A genre coming out of African American music, specifically R&B. Picked up by some white American artists, but pioneered by artists like Chuck Berry and Little Richard.
HIP HOP
A genre of music that originated in 1970s/80s in both black and brown communities in the Bronx of NYC which involved DJs, MCs (rapping), breakdancing, and graffiti.
GUITARRÓN
A large, six string bass guitar. Found in Mexican Mariachi bands.
BOSSA NOVA
A more relaxed style of samba that began around the 1950s. Most consumers were middle-class, white people and involved the batida guitar style. Later influenced jazz circles.
MOTOWN
A movement by black American music artists in which they "toned down" some of their characteristically black musical elements/techniques and appearances in an attempt to reach a wider (white) audience. Dictated their music, dress, dance, and even hairstyles.
TROPICALIA
A movement in Brazil that attacked the purist views of Brazilian culture, while also attacking the conformist view to the rest of the world. Preferred a mixture of "traditional" and avant-garde.
SAMBA
A multicultural music and dance tradition that combines aspects of Brazil, West and Central Africa, and Euro-Portugal. Commonly is percussion heavy with driving rhythms, polyrhythmic textures, improvisation, and a call-and-response dialogue.
SALSA/LATIN JAZZ
A music and dance genre that describes a broad term of dance music. Can be more singing and dance oriented or more instrumental improvisation oriented. Became very popular in the 1970s.
TANGO
A music and dance style that came from Buenos Aires (poor and ethnically mixed area).
LATIN TRAP
A music genre derived from Reggaeton and the "Hip hop south."
MARIACHI
A music style developed in west-central Mexico in the mid 19-th century. Became a symbol of the rural working class. Usually, an ensemble would include 1-2 violins, guitars, vinuela, and harp. Today, trumpets and the guiarron have been added.
POLYVOCALITY
A musical conversation with high and low pitches and alternating rhythmic patterns.
SPIRITUALS
A musical genre that originated on plantations that was a blend of Christian ideals and some music traditions with characteristically African musical elements such as call-and-response dialogue. It was often used as a coping mechanism and a way to dream and hope for a better future (often relating to the Israelites when they were in bondage or wandering).
Ras shorty
A musician who merged tassa drumming with calypso
Fela Anikulapo-Kuti
A nigerian social activist, bandleader, composer, vocalist, saxophonist, and iconic figure of Afrobeat music. Wrote music about his mother's tragic death.
Timbales
A pair of metal-framed drums of European military origin used often in salsa music.
STEEL BAND
A pan ensemble made of oil drums. Often includes tenors, double tenors, double seconds, guitar pans, cello pans, and bass pans. Are sometimes accompanied by a rhythmic percussion section called the "engine room."
SOUL
A powerful musical quality found in some African American music (and others) that is a combination of faith, courage, strength, anger, righteous indignation, and sadness.
HARLEM RENAISSANCE
A revival of African American blues music, jazz music, theater, literature, sculpture, and other mediums of artistic expression that flourished in the 1920s and 30s, centering in Harlem, Manhattan.
BATÁ DRUMMING
A ritualistic type of percussion that is involved with the Santeria religion in Cuba.
JIM CROW
A set of laws in the 1870s and onward that legalized segregation and racism.
CLAVE (INSTRUMENT)
A set of two wooden percussion instruments that are played by striking them together.
RUMBA
A style of music and dance that originated in cuba. Rumba often includes the claves, the conga drums, and the Palitos.
SON
A syncretic Cuban music genre that blends African and Spanish characteristics.
Bandoneon
A type of button-box accordion
JELI
A type of griot who are professional singers who are part of a hereditary line of musicians.
SAMBA-ENREDO
A type of samba that is performed by schools or samba for the Brazilian Carnival.
BATUCADA
A type of samba with African roots, performed by a Bateria ensemble.
BALA
A xylophone-like instrument (idiophone) that is made of gourds.
Birimintingo
The improvisational, soloistic style of instrumental performance used on instruments like the kora, bala, and koni in Mande jeliya music
ATUMPAN
The lower voiced African (Ghana) talking drum of the Fontomfrom ensemble.
clave-idiophone used for rhythm, guitarron- chordophone used for harmony and sometimes melody, timbales- membranophone used for rhythm
What are 3 instruments from Latin American music traditions?
Kora-chordophone for melody and harmony, atumpan-membranophone for rhythm, endongo-chordophone used for melody and harmony
What are 3 instruments from West African music traditions?
Oral tradition. It is soulful or emotion filled. There are participatory elements. Call-and-response Improv!
What are some features of Black American Musics that have their roots in the traditional musics of Africa?
Sound quality, technique, and delivery style
What are the 3 aesthetics of black music?
Spanish, French, and English (British
What are the 3 languages spoken in Trinidad and Tobego?
Kumbengo, Birimintingo, and Sataro
What are the 3 main types of kora/voice textures in West Africa?
Percussion instruments, driving rhythms, polyrhythmic textures, call-and-response elements, improv
What are the common features found in Latin muisc?
Complex polyphonic textures, layered ostinatos, conversational element, improv, timbral variety
What are the five unifying features of West African music?
djing, mcing, breakdancing, graffiti
What are the four elements of hip hop?
Kumbengo- accompaniment, Birimintingo- solo improv, Sataro- Declamatory vocalization
What are the three types of textures common in kora music?
Enredo Batucada
What are the two main parts of a samba?
Tonal Languages=pitch, call and response, speech like rhythms
What aspects of West African languages such as Twi makes it possible for certain drums, like the atumpan, to literally speak? How are spoken and drum speech related?
from Benin. Kidjo uses Fon language. Unifying musical features from Africa in her music, such as improvisation, timbral variety, conversational elements in the voices and instrumentation, and layered ostinatos. Western/international = homophonic backup voices, guitar accompaniment, and form (verse, chorus).
What is the ethnicity of Angélique Kidjo, and how is this specifically reflected in her music? Contrastingly, what features of her music reflect an international, cosmopolitan approach rather than a more localized one?
Rattles, shakers, drums, and animal-imitating instruments
What kinds of Samba instruments came out of Brazil?
Military drums, tambourines, triangles
What kinds of Samba instruments came out of Europe/Portugal?
musical bows, drums, and bells
What kinds of Samba instruments came out of West and Central Africa?
Keita
What surname is the Rorla line in Ghana?
top selling artists in race records catalog= popular among young white adults/teens. performed in traveling troupes and vaudeville shows. first electric recording to be featured on a radio broadcast.
What were some of the important achievements (artistic and professional) of Bessie Smith that make her such an important figure in Black American music?
Rio de Janeiro
Where was the location of Samba's first association with Carnival?
Calypso
a descendant of West African music omong genres of music in Trinidad and Tobego
Guiro
a percussion instrument consisting of a notched gourd which is scraped by a stick (idiophone)
Batida guitar playing
a rhythmic approach where the accompanying chords are inserted between the syncopated notes of the sung (or played) melody while the upper and lower guitar strings were used both for chords and reproduce the characteristic rhythms of high-and-low pitched samba percussion
clave rhythm
a rhythmic pattern combination of beats and off-beats that is used in the rumba genre of Brazil and Cuba. It is also used in other latin genres. It is important because it continues to be seen, used, and recognized as a "Latin" rhythm and shows up in songs written today. It emphasizes the groove of the song.
Panorama
a steel pan competition in February that is treated similarly to marching band.
Rural blues
associated mainly with black male musicians who would sing and accompany themselves on guitar, though there were also a number of prominent women artists.
Classic blues
blended elements of rural blues, early jazz, and early 20th century vaudeville music.
Salsa
dance music with vocals. Features a clave rhythm that drives the music forward in tempo and energy. Notable musicians include Tito Puente, Fania All-Stars, and Francisco Aguabella.
#BlackLivesMatter
founded by 3 queer Black women following the murder of Trayvon Martin and the acquittal of George Zimmerman in 2012.
Sataro
improvisatory, speechlike style of singing in jeliya vocal art
Carnival (Brazil)
is an annual Brazilian festival held between the Friday afternoon (51 days before Easter) and Ash Wednesday at noon, which marks the beginning of Lent, the forty-day period before Easter. Massive event with large parades across the country
Mahalia Jackson
sang for MLKJ and organizers of the march on Washington in 1963.
Urban blues
showcased amplified bands with electric guitars instead of accompanying themselves on guitar.
Nina Simone/Sam Cooke
wrote and recorded songs that uplifted the struggle and pushed for the alleviation of racist laws, practices, and behaviors
chromatic scale
How is the steel pan tuned?
Son
An Afro-Cuban dance style that later influenced danzon, danzon-mambo, cha cha cha, salsa, and mambo. This is more heavily influenced by African-influenced. One person who influenced this genre was Arsenio Rodriguez.
FONTOMFROM
An Akan drum/percussion ensemble containing the from, atumpan, eguankoba, and dawuro.
ISICATHAMIYA
An acapella genre that is a mixture of traditional south african music and chorale, hymnal style christian music. Typically sings in homophonic chords with other features of south african music.
ENDONGO
An eight stringed chordophone instrument in the lyre family. Also called a "Bowl Lyre"
MINSTRELSY
An entertainment show that was known to make jokes of African American music, expressions, gestures, and their skin. Often involved performers in blackface, singing or performing in skits.
rural music of the countryside, emerged from the port district (mixed ancestry and european), Span., ital, polka, bandoneon, generally for the lower classes, scandalous
How has the Argentinian tango been influenced by both elements within Argentina and beyond?
Steel drum repertoire (western classical covers/arrangements, etc.) Steel drums out to the war
How has the music of Trinidad and Tobago been influenced by the mixed sentiments toward european/american culture and influence?
born in New York City, parents from the Dominican Republic and Trinidad. Latin Trap influence. Tito Puente uses elements from the cha cha cha, mambo, Afro-Cuban precision, and even has jazz influences. born in NYC
In what senses might Tito Puente and Cardi B be described as individuals with complex, multiple ethic/musical identities?
Delivery style
Includes what the artists wear, how they dance, how they move on the stage, and how the audience is invited to join in, to move along or dance along with the musicians. Facial expressions, gestures, etc.
Tassa Drumming
Old Indian music found in trinidad. Has a larger drum, and lead drum, and cymbals.
Kumbengo
The accompaniment style of instrumental performance used on instruments like the kora, bala, and koni in Mande jeliya music.
royal drum ensemble, (dawuro, eukawgoba, from, atumpan) leader in communities has a set of drums, has a spotter when they're dancing, tied into strength of the chief/leader. now that we have government
Traditionally, what is the function of the frontonfrom ensemble and its music in Akan societies? Has modernization changed this? If so, how?
Tonal language
Twi is what kind of language?
